考研英语阅读理解精读训练题目及答案解析 UNIT 25

TEXT ONE

Aptera is certainly not the sort of name an old-school carmaker would give to its newest creation. Biologists will recognise it as the term for scuttling wingless insects—silverfish and suchlike. But Steve Fambro, the boss of the eponymous Californian company that plans to make and sell electric vehicles under this name, hopes they will soon be swarming over the state's highways.

Unlike Tesla, another boutique electric-vehicle maker from the Golden State, Aptera is aiming for the bottom end of the market. A Tesla sports car will set you back $98,000 (or it would if you could get your hands on one: Tesla has delayed shipment of its first 50 cars until next year). An Aptera, by contrast, starts at $26,900, and should be available this time next year. And instead of a Ferrari knock-off, you get a space-age tricycle. But Aptera and Tesla have things in common. They are both small. They were both started by people with no experience in the motor industry. And they are both aiming to start by roping in the eco-fashionistas of California, and then work outwards to the mainstream.

The name Aptera was chosen because the vehicle resembles a small, wingless aircraft. Its three-wheel design exempts it from onerous federal testing regulations. The outer shell is made of a carbon-fibre composite, rather than metal. The lines are

wind-tunnel aerodynamic. And protuberances are kept to a minimum. Wing mirrors, for example, are replaced by a rear-facing camera with a 180° field of view and the exhaust valves are recessed to minimise turbulence. In the pure plug-in version, those valves are for waste heat from the electronics. There is also a petrol-electric hybrid, with a single-cylinder generator that extends the range from 200km to 1,130km. Top speed is 150kph.

One reason for the emergence of firms such as Aptera is that designing a new vehicle has become as much an exercise in software simulation as in metal (or even

carbon-fibre) bashing. That enables the firm's engineers to do extensive development work—even things like crash-testing—on a computer. This is much cheaper than building endless prototypes and driving lots of them into walls. Another reason is the widespread availability of previously specialised components such as lithium-ion batteries. That means that an upstart such as Aptera can focus on the electronic brains of the vehicle and its final assembly, rather than having to make everything from scratch. It can thus, it believes, turn a profit without having to produce large volumes.

Automotive history is littered with failed attempts to build electric cars, and sceptics might think the latest batch will be no different. That there is a fashion for such vehicles, though, is hard to deny. Besides Aptera and Tesla—which are, in their different ways, the most conspicuous examples—Venture Vehicles of Los Angeles is proposing an electric version of the Dutch Carver three-wheeled motorbike, while Phoenix Motorcars of Ontario, California, has produced a sports-utility truck.

Meanwhile, REV A, an Indian firm, and Think Global, a Norwegian one, are making two-door hatchbacks. Indeed, according to the Venture Capital Journal, about $220m has been invested in such small firms over the past year and a half.

1.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the common characterists of Tesla and Aptera?

[A] Both of them are envioroment-friendly.

[B] Both of them are from small companies of California and then expand outwards.

[C] Both of them are originated from the marginal status of the industry.

[D] Both of them are created by green hands of automobile business.

2. The petrol-electric hybrid version of Aptera is different from its other versions in that_____

[A] Top speed of the hybrid is higher than than of the other versions.

[B] The hybrid possesses a stronger capacity of long-distance drive with rapid speed.

[C] The hybrid has a special generator that is characterized by a sole cylinder.

[D] The hybrid generate more turbulence than the other versions.

3.The word “protuberance” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probab ly means_____

[A] protrusion.

[B] accessory.

[C] adjunct.

[D] impetus.

4. Firms such as Aptera are growing up because of the following reasons except_____

[A] Technologies of metal bashing simulation are well developped.

[B] The cost of making cars is greatly reduced.

[C] Some specialized parts are available to them.

[D] Large venture investment is devoted to such business.

5. Towards to the future of the electric cars, the author’s attitude can be said to be _____

[A] optimistic.

[B] lukewarm.

[C] wait-and-see.

[D] enthusiastic.

篇章剖析：

这篇文章讲述了一些新型汽车的情况。第一段讲述了Aptera在推出其最新产品；第二、三段讲述这一新产品的特点；第四段讲述Aptera公司目前的研发优势；第五段讲述许多公司现在都开始进军该领域。

词汇注释：

scuttle v. 仓皇奔逃；匆匆跑走eponymous adj. 齐名的

swarm v. 挤满t ricycle n. 三轮车

onerous adj. 麻烦的aerodynamic adj. 空气动力的

protuberance n. 凸起valve n. 阀门

lithium n. 锂litter v. 乱丢，弄乱

hatchback n. 有仓门式后背的车

难句突破：

(1) But Steve Fambro, the boss of the eponymous Californian company that plans to make and sell electric vehicles under this name, hopes they will soon be swarming over the state's highways.

[主体句式] But Steve Fambro hopes …

[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，the boss

of…是做主语的同位语；该同位语中that引导的是定语从句，用来修饰company 。

[句子译文]

但是计划用这个名字来制造并销售电动汽车的齐名的加利福尼亚公司老总Steve Fambro希望它们很快就能挤满加州的高速公路。

(1)Besides Aptera and Tesla—which are, in their different ways, the most conspicuous

examples—Venture Vehicles of Los Angeles is proposing an electric version of the Dutch Carver three-wheeled motorbike, while Phoenix Motorcars of Ontario,

California, has produced a sports-utility truck.

[主体句式] Besides Apter a and Tesla, Venture Vehicles …is proposing… while…

[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。while引导的是句子的伴随状语。

[句子译文]

除了Aptera和Tesla这两个最有名的例子，洛杉矶的冒险汽车公司也在计划制造德国Carver三轮摩托车式的电动车，而加州安大略的凤凰汽车公司已经制造了

一种运动型载重卡车。

题目分析：

[答案] B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 细节题。第一段中提到了它们之间的共同点有三个“But Aptera and Tesla have things in common. They are both small. They were both started by people with no experience in the motor industry. And they are both aiming to start by roping in the eco-fashionistas of California, and then work outwards to the

mainstream”，体积小，创始人都是该行业的新手，环保；而且这两个公司都

是小公司，后来渐渐向主流发展，可见原先是出于行业的边缘。选项中只有

B不是共同点，因为不存在“expand outwards”。

[答案] B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆ [分析] 细节题。根据第三段“There is also a petrol-electric hybrid, with a

single-cylinder generator that extends the range from 200km to 1,130km. Top speed is 150kph ”，可见

混合版本可以将行程延长200到1130公里，这就是区别之处，因此答案为B 选项。A 、D 选项都不是混合版的特征。C 选项的表述虽然符合混合版的特征，但是却不是它区别于其他版本车的主要原因。

[答案] A

[难度系数]

☆

[分析] 猜词题。根据第三段“And protuberances are kept to a minimum. Wing

mirrors, for example, are replaced by a rear-facing camera with a 180° field of view and the exhaust valves are recessed to minimise turbulence ”，

讲述该特征时举的例子——比如风镜由180度视角的朝后的摄像机代替，可以看出主要为了避免有突出的部分。选项中A 最为符合。

[答案] D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析]细节题。根据第四段。这样的公司能成长起来是因为模拟演习已经发展起来，这样就可以节约试验成本；先前那些专门的配件随处都可以买到；选项中，A、C选项是正确的，B选项是A、C选项的结果；D选项在文章没有提

[答案] A

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析]

态度题。根据最后一段，都是一些成功的案例，因此，作者对电气汽车的未来的态度是乐观的，因此正确答案为A选项。D选项有一定的干扰性，但是从文中可以看出作者的语气一直比较平淡客观，虽然持支持的态度但是没有表现出“热心”的层面，该选项过于夸张，因而是错误的。

参考译文：

Aptera 肯定不是传统汽车制造商会给新产品起的名字。生物学家会认为这是一种行色匆匆走路的无翼昆虫的名字，比如蠹虫等。但是计划用这个名字来制造并销售电动汽车的加利福尼亚公司老总Steve Fambro希望这种车很快就能挤满加州的高速公路。

Tesla 是金色之州（加州）的另一家流行电动汽车制造商，但Aptera与前者不同，其目标是低端市场。一辆Tesla运动跑车得花九万八千美元（或者说你如果能亲自开上一辆就得花这么多钱，因为Tesla第一批的50辆车推迟到明年才能到货）。而一辆Aptera起步价仅为两万六千九百美元，而且明年的这个时候应该就可以提货了。你拿到的并不是法拉利的缩版，而是太空时代的三轮车。但是Aptera和Tesla也有相似之处，两种车体积都很小，两家创始人都是这个行业的新手，目标都是要从环保理念盛行的加州起步，然后再逐渐扩展到主流市场。

起Aptera这个名字是因为这种汽车像小小的无翼飞机。三轮的造型使其免受繁琐的联邦检测法规的约束。车的外壳是碳类合成物，而不是金属。其设计为风道空气动力，且尽可能避免凸出部分，比如风镜由180度视角的向后摄像机代替，排气阀凹进去从而将气流减到最小。在插入式车型中，这些阀门是用来为电器散发出来的废热而设计的。还有一种汽油和电力混合汽车，只有一个气缸加速器，可以将行程延长200到1130公里，最高时速为150公里/小时。

像Aptera这样的公司之所以能够兴起，其中一个原因就是设计新型汽车的软件模拟演习几乎能与金属（甚至碳材料）撞击演习相媲美。这就使得公司的工程师可以在电脑上进行大量的研发工作，甚至是碰撞试验，要比制造无数个汽车模型再撞墙测试廉价得多。另外一个原因就是随着先前那些专门供应的部件、比如锂电池已随处可得，这意味着像Aptera 这样的新秀可以将精力集中于汽车的电子脑和最终的装配上，而不是所有的东西都得从头来过。它相信这样一来，不用很大的制造量就可以获利了。

在汽车制造历史上有许多制造电动汽车失败的故事，一些怀疑论者可能认为这批最新汽车也差不多。但是现在制造这种汽车的风气正盛，这是无法否认的。除了Aptera和Tesla这两个最有名的例子，洛杉矶的冒险汽车公司也在计划制造德国Carver三轮摩托车式的电动车，而加州安大略的凤凰汽车公司已经制造了一种运动型载重卡车。同时，印度REV A公司和挪威的思想全球公司也在制造双门有仓门式后背的汽车。据《风险资本期刊》称，过去的一年半中有大约两亿两千万美元注入到了这样的小公司中。

TEXT TWO

When Archaeopteryx, a feathered skeleton that was seemingly half dinosaur and half bird, turned up in 1862—three years after the publication of “The Origin of Species”—the origin of birds became a subject of raging debate among palaeontologists. Suggestions that they were the direct descendants of theropod dinosaurs (a group of bipedal meat-eaters that include Allosaurus, V elociraptor and Tyrannosaurus) caused quite a flap. Today, most researchers agree that birds are, indeed, a branch of the Dinosauria. How they made the transition from the land to the sky, though, has yet to be agreed. But a paper in this week's Current Biology, by Christopher Glen and Michael Bennett of the University of Queensland, makes a strong case that they did it by jumping.

Considering the diversity of life on Earth, flight is surprisingly rare. It has evolved only four times: among the insects about 300m years ago, the pterosaurs (230m), the birds (150m) and the bats (50m). That suggests it is a hard trick to pull off. For birds, there is general agreement that feathers came before flight. Fossils from north-eastern China show animals that had feathers but clearly could not have flown, as well as ones that look like proper birds. The best guesses are that feathers evolved either for insulation (as fur did in mammals) or for display, and that natural selection took advantage by turning them into a means of transport.

There are two broad schools of thought about what happened next. One argues that birds' immediate ancestors lived in trees. Members of this school think that powered flight developed as a natural extension of gliding (such controlled falling is used as a

way of travelling from tree to tree by several arboreal species today). Gliding itself developed because of the lift provided by feathered forearms.

The alternative is that flight evolved on the ground. Some researchers who belong to this school of thought suggest that the power provided by flapping protowings may have given their owners an edge in the pursuit of prey. Others hypothesise that feathery forearms helped animals steer and stabilise themselves.

Unfortunately, behaviour does not fossilise, so it looked as though the question might never be answered. But Dr Glen, a palaeobiologist, and Dr Bennett, a biomechanic, think they have worked out how to do so. Their crucial observation is that in modern birds the curvature of the third toe (which carries a lot of weight during walking and climbing) varies with species' lifestyles. Birds that spend lots of time climbing around on the trunks of trees have dramatically curved third toes. Those that hop around on branches have mildly curved ones. Those that forag e mainly on the ground have the least curved of all.

The two researchers compared these observations with their findings for the bird-like dinosaurs and dinosaur-like birds of China. They noticed that the toes of both feathered dinosaurs and of the earliest flying birds were similar to those of modern birds that spend most of their time on the ground. Flight, in other words, came before birds took to the trees. They are not fallen angels, but risen reptiles.

1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the current debate on the origin of birds?

[A] The opinion that birds were the direct descendants of dinosaurs gives the world a shock.

[B] Palaeontologists have get consensus on the specie’s transition from the land to the sky.

[C] Palaeontologists have different opinions on the process of the transition.

[D] The paper in this week's Current Biology demostrate that the specie moved by hopping before they flied.

2. The reason why flight is surprisingly rare is that _____

[A] life on earth is diversified.

[B] many species of this kind were eliminated during evolution.

[C] feathers evolved not for a means of transport.

[D] it is very hard to have such evolution.

3.The two schools of thought have different opinions on _____

[A] the functions of feathered forearams in transition from ground to sky.

[B] the location of living place before the ani mals’ evolution to birds.

[C] the development of powered flight.

[D] the power provided by either gliding or flapping.

4. The conclusion of the study carried out by Dr. Glen and Dr. Bennet is that_____

[A] powered flight developed as feathered forearms provided lift.

[B] flight evolved on the ground before they descend on the trees.

[C] earliest birds share similar toes with their modern counterparts.

[D] earliest flying birds evovled from feathered dinosaurs.

5.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of opinions of Dr. Glen and Dr. Bennet?

[A]Birds realized the transition from reptile to flight by jumping.

[B] Dinasaurs are, as a matter of fact, the direct ancester of birds.

[C]Feathers evolves not for the purpose of flight.

[D] Bird’s behaviors is indeed fossilised by their various shape of the third toe.

篇章剖析：

这篇文章讲述了关于鸟类进化的一些研究情况。第一段讲述研究者对于鸟类如何从陆地转到空中生活的进化史有一定的分歧；第二段讲述了鸟类羽毛出现的过程；第三、四段讲述了两派不同看法；第五、六段讲述研究者根据鸟类脚趾情况断定了上述转化是如何发生的。

词汇注释：

Archaeopteryx n. 始祖鸟palaeontologists n. 古生物学家

theropod adj. 兽脚亚目的bipedal adj. 两足动物的

Allosaurus n. 异龙Velociraptor n.

Tyrannosaurus n. 暴龙arboreal adj. 树栖的

biomechanic n. 生物力学家curvature n. 弯曲

hop v.跳跃forage v. 翻寻搜寻食物

难句突破：

(1)When Archaeopteryx, a feathered skeleton that was seemingly half dinosaur and

half bird, turned up in 1862—three years after the publication of “The Origin of Species”—the origin of birds became a subject of raging debate among

palaeontologists.

[主体句式] When Archaeopteryx turned up …, the origin of birds became…

[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，when引导的是时间状语从句。

[句子译文] 当始祖鸟——一种一半是恐龙一半是鸟类的羽毛动物——的骨架出现在1862年，也就是《物种起源》出版的三年后，鸟类的起源成为古生物学家激烈争论的主题。

(2)Fossils from north-eastern China show animals that had feathers but clearly could

not have flown, as well as ones that look like proper birds.

[主体句式] Fossils …show animals … as well as ones …

[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。两个that引导的都是定语从句修饰前面的名词。

[句子译文] 华东发现的化石表明拥有羽毛的动物当时不一定能飞行，即使那些看起来完全像鸟类的也是这样。

。题目分析：

[答案] D

[难度系数] ☆☆

[分析]细节题。A选项，第一段中有提到了这点；B选项，第一段提到许多研究者同意鸟类是恐龙的一个分支，与这点相符；C选项，第一段提到了他们在该问题上有争议；D选项，是靠跳跃实现由地到空的转变，不是移动。因此，答案为D选项。

[答案] D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

[分析] 细节题。根据第二段“Considering the diversity of life on Earth, flight is surprisingly rare. It has evolved only four times: among the insects about 300m years ago, the pterosaurs (230m), the birds (150m) and the bats (50m). That suggests it is a hard trick to pull

off”，非行动物只进化了四次，进化是很艰难的过程，因此飞行动物品种少。答案为D选项。

[答案] C

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析]细节题。根据第三段和第四段，两派科学家在鸟类的飞行是靠滑行还是靠翅膀提供的升力形成的这一点上有分歧，选项C符合题意。此外B选项比较具有干扰性，文章中提到两种观点认为这些动物在进化为鸟类之前是分别住在地面上和树上，但这只是一个表面的原因，深层次的原因还在C选项。

[答案] B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析]细节题。根据第五段和第六段，他们通过研究鸟类脚趾得出结论，鸟类是一开始是在地上生活，后来在到树上生活之前就可以飞翔了，那么它们的飞翔是从地面发展而来的。答案为B选项。C选项具有一定的迷惑性，但是要注意的是“modern counterparts”范围过于广泛，而文中指的是“modern birds that spend most of their time on the ground”，因此该选项错误。

[答案] B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 细节题。B选项，这一点不符合他们的观点，文章中的意思应该是鸟类是恐龙的直接后裔。A选项是正确的，这一点在第一段中就有所提及“But a paper in this week's Current Biology, by Christopher Glen and Michael Bennett of the University of Queensland, makes a strong case that they did it by jumping”。C选项的表述也是正确的，因为文章提到羽毛的出现甚至在鸟类掌握飞行能力之后，因此不是为了这个目的。D选项的表述是正确的，文章倒数第二段提到“Unfortunately, behaviour does not fossilise, so it looked as though the question might never be answered. But Dr Glen, a palaeobiologist, and Dr Bennett, a biomechanic, think they have worked out how to do so”，进而指出他们采用的方法就是研究鸟类的第三脚趾。因此答案为B选项。

参考译文：

当始祖鸟——一种一半是恐龙一半是鸟类的羽毛动物——的骨架出现在1862年，也就是《物种起源》出版的三年后，鸟类的起源成为古生物学家激烈争论的主题。有人提出它们是兽脚亚目的恐龙（一群两足食肉恐龙，包括异龙、…和暴龙）的直接后裔，这引起了一片哗然。现在，许多研究者同意鸟类实际上是恐龙的一个分支。但是，它们是如何从陆地转到空中生活，在这个问题上还有分歧存在。但是本周《当今生物》发表了昆士兰州Christopher Glen 和Michael Bennett的一篇文章，证明了正是靠跳跃实现了这种转变的。

鉴于陆地上生命的多样性，飞行动物的种类相对是比较少的。飞行动物只进化过四次：三亿年前昆虫类的进化，两亿三千万年前的翼龙，一亿五千万年前的鸟类和五千万年前的蝙蝠。这表明了进化是艰难的历程。大家普遍同意在能够飞行之前，这些动物先有了翅膀。华东发现的化石表明拥有羽毛的动物当时不一定能飞行，即使那些看起来完全像鸟类的也是这样。可能的情况就是羽毛的出现或者是充当隔离层（作用和动物的皮毛一样），或者是为了好看，而自然选择又将它们转变成运动的工具。

对于接下来的进化，有两派不同看法。一派认为鸟类的直接祖先生长在树上，该派成员认为滑行（今天还有些树栖种类动物依靠这种有控制的坠落来从一棵树转移到另外一棵树上）自然会发展成为飞行。滑行自身也会发展，因为长了羽毛的前臂为其提供了升力。

另外一派的观点是飞行是从地面活动发展而来的。该派的一些研究者认为相当于翅膀的那个部分拍动起来产生的动力让这些动物在捕食时动起来。其他的一些假设还有长了羽毛的前臂有助于动物前行或保持平衡。

不幸的是，动作不能变成化石，因此看起来这个问题可能永远都没有答案了。但是古生物学家Glen博士和生物力学家Bennett博士认为他们已经找出了具体的方案。他们关键的观察报告是有关于现代鸟类第三个脚趾（在行走或爬行的时候这个脚趾承载许多重量）的弯曲度因鸟类生活方式的不同而各有差异。多数时候在树干上爬行鸟类的第

三个脚趾非常弯曲，而在树上跳来跳去的鸟类第三个脚趾稍微弯曲，而那些在地上搜索食物的鸟类第三个脚趾是最不弯曲的。

这两位研究者将这些观察结果与中国的类鸟类恐龙和类恐龙鸟类的发现作了比较，他们发现有翅膀的恐龙和最早飞行的鸟类的脚趾与那些大多数时间在地上活动的鸟类相似。换句话说，鸟类在上树生活之前就可以飞翔了。它们不是坠落的天使，而是飞起来的爬行动物。

TEXT THREE

Everyone is interested in whether different foods or nutrients affect our odds of getting diseases like cancer or of developing risk factors for those diseases, such as too much weight or high blood pressure. But there are many barriers to studying dietary change, which is why we still have no easy answers to the question of what, exactly, we should eat to be at our healthiest. It's also why you can be forgiven for often feeling whipsawed by headlines: Is coffee good or bad? What about alcohol, garlic, or chocolate?

This week researchers reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association that breast cancer survivors who cram their diets with fruits and vegetables are no more likely to escape a recurrence than women who stick to the usual five-a-day recommendation. Does that mean fruits and vegetables don't protect against cancer? No—just that in this specific group of women with breast cancer, the extra greens and additional apples didn't seem to help.

We asked researchers to explain why studies involving dietary changes are so hard to do—and what consumers should keep in mind when they read about them. Here's what the experts said:

Most diet studies take place in the real world. That means study subjects are keeping diaries of what they eat as they go rather than having their intake strictly controlled by someone else. You can give them meal advice, counseling, and how-to books up to their ears, but at the end of the day, they are on their own when it comes to what they put in their mouths. It's easier to get people to add something—like garlic, in the form of tasty sandwich spreads, or dark chocolate—than to take something away; no wonder a recent study comparing low-fat and low-carb diet plans found that almost no one was sticking to them by the end.

In studies focusing on diet, including the recent study on breast cancer recurrence, the amount of calories subjects reported eating would have caused them to lose far

more weight than they actually did lose. The misreporting isn't necessarily vicious, but the inaccuracies add up. Say you're phoned about your daily intake on a day when it was someone's birthday at work and you had a slice of cake. You may not report it, thinking that a typical day wouldn't include the cake...forgetting yesterday's "special occasion" piece of pizza, and the Big Gulp of the day before. Or, despite the portion size guides you get, you characterize your bagel from the deli as a 4-ounce standard serving when a 4-ounce bagel hasn't been sighted in any major city for a decade. "You can't put a camera in everyone's belly and see exactly what they ate," says Christopher Gardner, a nutrition scientist at the Stanford Prevention Research Center who has recently published research on garlic and diet plans. You can get around this in some studies by taking objective measurements. Weight, for example, or if you're assessing intake of fruits and veggies, you can measure the level of pigments called carotenoids in the blood. In the breast cancer study, blood tests showed that the study subjects actually did eat more fruits and veggies (carotenoid concentration was 73 percent higher in those women after one year and 43 percent higher after four years). But objective measures can't definitively nail down whether someone is eating nutrients in certain proportions.

1. One can be forgiven for feeling whipsawed by feeling whipsawed by those headlines because_____

[A] there is no solid and convincing scientific hypothesis on these subjects.

[B] they question about what the healthiest food is has no answers.

[C] opinions on these subjects are quite contradictory.

[D] there is no authoritative answer to these questions.

2.Which one of the following statements is TURE of the conclusion of the study on breast cancer recurrence ?

[A] Women who stick to the five-a-day recommendation are less likely to have a recurrence.

[B] Women who eat extra greens and vegetables are less likely to escape a recurrence.

[C] Women could not depend on fruit diet to avoid the breast cancer recurrence.

[D] Fruits and vegetables are no good to women with breast cancer.

3.From the results of the studies focusing on diet, it can be inferred that_____

[A] the amount of calories set in diet could not help people to lose weight.

[B] people are reluctant to take part in such studies.

[C] it is difficult to get valuable conclusion from these studies.

[D] this kind of studies is not objective enough.

4.The fact that a 4-ounce bagel hasn't been sighted in any major city for a decade implies that _____

[A] you should re-examine the standard size of the food you intake.

[B] you tend to give an inaccurate report of your actual diet.

[C] you fail to cooperate with the doctor by false record of your daily food.

[D] you make a mistake in noting down the size of standard serving.

5.The limitation of the objective measurements mentioned in the last paragraph is that _____

[A] they could only assess the proportion of fruits and veggies study subjects have taken.

[B] they could not have the subjects follow exactly the food proportion of their diet.

[C] they could not identify the levels of all the nutrients in patients’ blood.

[D] they could not tell the exact proportions of nutrients study subjects have eaten.

篇章剖析：

这篇文章讲述了关于饮食的一些研究所存在的问题。第一段讲述了人们对于食物和营养的困惑；第二段讲述研究表明蔬菜和水果对于防止癌症复发没有改善作用；第三、四段讲述专家对这些问题的解释；第五段讲述饮食研究中存在的一些人们没有进行客观报告的问题；第六段讲述更加客观的测量方法。

词汇注释：

whipsaw v. 拉锯calorie n. 卡路里

bagel n. 百吉饼deli n. 熟食店

pigment n. 色素carotenoid n. 类胡萝卜素

难句突破：

(1)But there are many barriers to studying dietary change, which is why we still have

no easy answers to the question of what, exactly, we should eat to be at our healthiest.

[主体句式] But there are many barriers …, which is why…

[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，which引导的定语从句用来修饰整个主句；定语从句中，why引导的是表语从句，该从句中what引导的是宾语从句。

[句子译文]但是要进行饮食变化的调查有太多的障碍，这就是我们为什么不能轻松地告诉人们什么食物是最健康的。

(2)You can give them meal advice, counseling, and how-to books up to their ears, but

at the end of the day, they are on their own when it comes to what they put in their mouths.

[主体句式] You can give them…, but …

[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，后面分句中when引导的是时间状语从句。

[句子译文] 你可以告诉他们一些用餐建议，告诉他们应该买些什么，但是这一天里，他们究竟往自己嘴里塞些什么东西就是由不得别人了。

[答案] D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 推理题。根据第一段“But there are many barriers to studying dietary change,

which is why we still have no easy answers to the question of what, exactly, we should eat to be at our healthiest”，因为要进行摄入食物变化调查的障碍很多，因此在该问题上并没有一定的答案，选项中D 最为符合题意。

[答案] B

[难度系数] ☆ [分析] 细节题。根据第二段“breast cancer survivors who

cram their diets with fruits and vegetables are no more likely to escape a recurrence than women who stick to the usual five-a-day recommendation”，该研究报道表明吃大量的蔬菜、水果并不能让患有乳癌的妇女避免复发，那么B 选项是正确的。D 选项，虽然蔬菜、水果不能帮助妇女避免癌症复发，但是还是对她们身体有好处的。

[答案] D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆ [分析] 推理题。根据第五段“the amount of calories subjects reported eating would

have caused them to lose far more weight than they actually did lose”，这种研究的结果表明，受实验者报告自己摄入的卡路里数量本来可以让他们体重降的幅度更大的，这和他们自己报告的情况不够切实有关。因此，这样的研究不够客观。答案为D选项。

[答案] B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 推理题。根据第六段“Or, despite the portion size guides you get, you characterize your bagel from the deli as a 4-ounce standard serving when a 4-ounce bagel hasn't been sighted in any major city for a decade”，尽管吃了许多百吉饼，却报告说只吃了4盎司大的，那么可以看出报告有误。答案为D选项。C选项错误的原因在于尽管报告有误，但是没有说明这就是不与医生合作。

[答案] D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

[分析] 细节题。根据最后一段“In the breast cancer study, blood tests showed that the study subjects actually did eat more fruits and veggies (carotenoid concentration was 73 percent higher in those women after one year and 43 percent higher after four years). But objective measures can't definitively nail down whether someone is eating nutrients in certain proportions”，这种血液测量可以测出试验者具体摄入的食物和蔬菜的量，但是却不能确定人们是否摄入了一定量的营养品。答案为D选项。

参考译文：

人们都很想知道到底不同的食物或营养物质是否会影响到我们患癌症等疾病的几率，或引发导致这些疾病的危险因子，如肥胖或高血压。但是要进行饮食变化的调查有太多的障碍，这就是我们为什么不能轻松地告诉人们什么食物是最健康的。这也就是为什么当人们经常被报纸头条弄得一头雾水：咖啡有利于还是有害健康？酒类、大蒜和巧克力呢？

本周《美国医学协会期刊》上的一篇报道称患乳癌而后康复的女性中，每天吃大量蔬菜、水果的人并不比坚持接受每天五顿饭建议的人们更可能避免复发。那么这是不是就意味着蔬菜、水果不能抗癌呢？是的，对患有乳癌的女性来说，额外的绿色蔬菜和苹果无济于事。

我们会问研究者为什么食物变化的研究这么难做呢，人们应该怎样对待媒体上的各种评价？专家是这样回答的：

大多数的食物研究是在现实生活中进行的，这就意味着研究主体只是每天记录下自己吃的食物，而不是由别的人严格控制他们的饮食。你可以告诉他们一些用餐建议，告诉他们应该买些什么，但是这一天里，他们究竟往自己嘴里塞些什么东西就是由不得别人了。让人们往食物里加上点什么——如夹在美味的三明治里面的大蒜，或是黑巧克力——要比让他们把这些食物拿开容易得多。最近的一项比较低脂和低碳食物的研究表明，到最后几乎没有人坚持这种食谱。

关于饮食的研究，包括最近关于乳癌复发的研究中，按照实验被试报告的卡路里摄入量，这本可以使他们体重下降更大的幅度。这种误报不一定是恶意的，但是确实有各种不精确因素。比如你某天打电话汇报自己吃的东西，而那天正好是一个人的生日，而你吃了一片蛋糕。但你可能不会提到这片蛋糕，觉得正常情况下你是不会吃蛋糕的，同样你忘记了昨天吃过“特殊节日”的比萨，前天吃了Big Gulp。或者是尽管你吃了很多，但你却说自己从熟食店买的百吉饼只有4盎司大，而实际上这十几年以来已经没有任何一个大城市还在出售4盎司的百吉饼了。

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