浅析中韩味觉词意义对比_以_苦_为主_刘一双

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　外国语言研究《西南民族大学学报》(人文社科版)2009年5月浅析中韩味觉词意义对比

———以“苦”为主

刘一双

[摘要]词汇是民族文化的化石。世界各民族的文化有共性也有个性。一个民族的文化中独具的部分

体现在词汇系统中。味觉词在中韩两种语言里也形成这样的词汇系统。本文基于舌头的“味蕾”把基

本味觉词定义为“酸、甜、苦、辣、咸、涩”六种。人类一般感觉到的“酸、甜、苦、辣、咸、涩”等的味觉是基

本上一致的,但每个人感到的味觉又不完全相同。这种差异在不同的民族间体现得比较明显。尤其是

从味觉词中引申出来的意思上更加明显反应民族特色。从味觉词的引申用法方面看,中韩两语有很多

相同点,也有所不同。本文旨在通过中韩基本味觉词的构词、语法机能以及引申用法的对比而分析中

韩基本味觉词的异同。在结语里总结了对比得出的异同点,并对论文的不足之处进行了补充说明,希

望在以后的学习中能不断改进完善。

[关键词]味觉词;苦;中韩对比;意义转移

中图分类号:H153 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1004—3926(2009)S1—228—03

　作者简介:刘一双(1982-),女,陕西安康人,西南民族大学外国语学院教师,硕士,研究方向:亚非语言朝汉对比。四川成都　610041

语言是表述一个民族思想、感情的重要工具。味觉词汇是语言中人们对味蕾的刺激做出怎样反应的词汇,通过味觉词汇的研究,我们可以了解这个民族对味蕾感知反应所回馈出来的最基本的信息,从这些信息里发掘出这个民族最基本的民族文化特色。对于学习外语的人来说,大部分人对自己的母语非常熟悉,但是当遇到一些与自己母语不同或者相似的情况时就很难掌握.所以,通过对韩国语和汉语的对比研究不仅对学习韩国语的中国学生有所帮助,而且对以韩国语为母语的韩国人在语言学习上也有所帮助。

味觉词在中韩两种语言里也形成这样的词汇系统。基于舌头的“味蕾”把基本味觉词定义为“酸、甜、苦、辣、咸、涩”六种。[1](P.56-57)人类一般感觉到的“酸、甜、苦、辣、咸、涩”等的味觉是基本上一致的,但每个人感到的味觉又不完全相同。这种差异在不同的民族间体现得比较明显。尤其是从味觉词中引申出来的意思上更加明显地反映了民族特色。从味觉词的引申用法方面看,中韩两语有很多相同点,也有所不同。比如,在中韩两种语言中“苦”都具有痛苦,难受,痛苦的意思。而“苦”除有表示困难等的引申用法之外,在汉语里还有耐心地,尽力地的引申义。但是在韩国语里却没有这种引申义。

本文所要研究的“味觉词”是指那些标记味觉概念以及与味觉相关的概念或者是由味觉意义衍生出的抽象概念的词.通过对味觉词的意义分析,我们概括出了基本味觉词的意义引申路径:基本的味觉意义※抽象的心理感觉方面的意义※感觉范畴之外的意义※生理感觉范畴内的其他感觉意义等这些义项的用法。

至今为止,单独研究韩国语味觉形容词和汉语味觉形容词的研究比较多,在韩国语和汉语的对比上也有一定数量的论文,但是大部分从语音,语法,统辞进行对比分析,从意味论角度分析韩国语和汉语的论文并不多见。特别是味觉词汇上。希望此次对韩国语和汉语味觉形容词的对比研究尝试中能有所创新。

一、中韩两国味觉词“苦”的基本意义及其引申义

韩国语里存在着为数众多的味觉形容词,这些味觉形容词是通过形式多样的语音及词汇手段进行构词的,组成了体系完整的语义场结构。[2](P.24-25)韩国方面,从语言教育实用角度出发,对韩国语和汉语在音韵、词汇、统辞方面进行了综合的研究,但是从意味论的角度进行的研究比较少。中国方面对味觉词汇的研究几乎是空缺情况,其中色彩形容词的研究相对比较完

《西南民族大学学报》(人文社科版)　2009年外国语言文学与文化w w w.x u e b a o.n e t229

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　外国语言研究《西南民族大学学报》(人文社科版)2009年5月共有6个引申用法,而韩国语中只有两个引申用法。

表示“痛苦;难受;困苦”这个义项两种语言里

都存在。义项2、3、4、5、6是汉语独有的。

而表示“不满意;不高兴”是韩国语独有的,而

且它只能变化为附加形式当中的前缀形式,它只

能与仪容和语言类搭配。

基本义是单词独立存在而不是处于句子中时

首先浮现在话者脑中的词义。[8](P.78-80)但是这种

基本义是很笼统的,需要更具体的分析。成分分

析法是表述词义构造的最重要的分析法之一,根

据这种方法,可以对每个形容词的共同语素和辨

别语素进行具体分析,“对应”是把一种语言进行

对照研究时使用的一种分析方法。[9](P.57-58)韩国

语和汉语的对应就是指韩国语的某个单词与同此

单词意义相似的一个或者几个汉语单词对应的意

思。一种语言与另一种语言的对应,不仅有一对

一的对应、还有一对多的对应、多对一的对应,而

且一种语言在另一种语言里还会有空缺的现

象。[10](P.102-103)单词具有固有的基本义,但被使用

于各种句子和情景时会出现词义转移的现象。尽

管基本义一一对应,但由于韩国语和汉语是不同

文化下发展起来的语言,所以其转移义便产生了

很多差异。

单词意义转移和这个民族特殊的文化背景,

语言习惯有密切的关系。汉字传入到韩国一般认

为是在战国时期。从此之后,古代韩国在相当长

的时间内借用汉字进行书面表达。虽然这样,因

为味觉词的早起产生的特殊性,表示味觉的词和

由它组成的词里没有几个汉字词。但是,“苦”就

有所不同。韩语中由“苦”组成的词,虽然没有汉

语那么丰富,但其数量之多也是别的基本味觉词

望尘莫及的。通过这些韩国语的汉字词,我们可以得出韩国语的由“苦”构成的词汇都是表示痛苦、难受、困苦的意思。这可能是因为古代韩国人在生活中最多感到的还是人生之苦,而这同时也是汉语由“苦”组成词汇丰富的原因。也正是这样的原因,不管是在汉语还是在韩国语里都有“苦尽甘来”的说法,这也反映了两国人民在思考方式上存在着共同点.

随着时间的流逝,中韩两国因为在文化背景、社会风习、语言习惯等方面的不同,所以即使在基本义上有很多共同点,但是在转移意义上也渐渐产生了很多不同点

总体上来看,中韩的味觉形容词在基本意义上有很多共同点,但是汉语也有一些单词在韩国语中找不到对应的单词,韩国语也有一些味觉形

容词比韩国语更细分化。[11](P.47-48)

本文在通过大量的例子和理论的说明得出中韩味觉词“苦”的一些异同点。并根据分析的结果得出两个国家在民族文化上所反应出来的不同点,希望给学习韩国语的中国学生和两国的翻译工作人员有一定的学术意义和现实意义。

结语

通过对味觉词的构词分析,我们可以看到味觉词的构词和词素类型及词性三者之间是有一定对应关系的.从而我们可以概括出味觉词系统所具有的两大个性特点:第一是味觉词系统内部的各词族在构词能力和意义衍生能力上存在极大的不平衡性;第二是味觉词系统具有鲜明的民族性和文化内涵.通过上面对味觉词这一特殊词群的一系列考察和分析,我们不仅对现代汉语和韩国语整个词汇系统有了更加感性和深入的认识,而且味觉对这一具体词群所独有的丰富意义及个性特征有了全面的认识.。

最后概括全文的内容,在这里一目了然地揭示了在本论文中所涉及到的中韩味觉词“苦”的共同点和差异,通过以上的论述可以感觉从意味论的角度研究语言对比不是件容易的事。因为确定中韩两国语言共同的辨别基准很难,在韩国语和汉语中都存在很多多义词,词义本身也具有抽象性。在本论文中还有很多不足,所以在以后学习中还需要对语义进行不断的探索和思考。

注释:

①词典里“苦“的某些义项例句多,本文以前2000个为范围。

参考文献:

[1]赵守辉.汉语与饮食文化[J].学汉语,1991(5).

[2][M].

,1988.

[3]常敬宇.汉语词汇与文化[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2002.

[4]h t t p://c c l.p k u.e d u.c n

[5]h t t p//w w w.g o o g l e.c o.k r

[6]黄伯荣、廖序东主编.现代汉语(增订二版)下册[Z].北京:北京高等教育出版社,张志毅、张庆云.词汇语义学[M].北京:北京商务印书馆,2001.

[7]h t t p//w w w.n a v e r.n e t

[8]崔希亮.语言理解与认知[M].北京:北京语言文化大学出版社,2001.

[9][M].

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[11][M].

,2002.

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竹枝词刘禹锡《竹枝词九首》是唐代文学家刘禹锡的组诗作品竹

竹枝词刘禹锡《竹枝词九首》是唐代文学家刘禹锡的组诗作 品竹 竹枝词九首。《竹枝词九首》是唐代文学家刘禹锡的组诗作品。 作品名称, 竹枝词九首。作品别名, 竹枝词九首并引。竹枝词九首并序。创作年代, 中唐。作品出处,《全唐诗》。文学体裁, 七言绝句。作者, 刘禹锡。 岁正月⑴。余来建平⑵。里中儿联歌《竹枝》。吹短笛。击鼓以赴节。歌者扬袂睢舞⑶。以曲多为贤。聆其音。中黄钟之羽。其卒章激讦如吴声⑷。虽伧儜不可分⑸。而含思宛转。有淇。濮之艳⑹。昔屈原居湘。沅间。其民迎神。词多鄙陋。乃为作《九歌》。到于今荆楚鼓舞之。故余亦作《竹枝词》九篇。俾善歌者飏之。附于末。后之聆巴歈。知变风之自焉⑺。其一白帝城头春草生⑻。白盐山下蜀江清⑼。 南人上来歌一曲。北人莫上动乡情。其二山桃红花满上头⑽。蜀江春水拍山流。花红易衰似郎意。水流无限似侬愁。其三江上朱楼新雨晴。瀼西春水穀文生(11)。桥东桥西好杨柳。人来人去唱歌行。其四日出三竿春雾消。江头蜀客驻兰桡(12)。凭寄狂夫书一纸。信在成都万里桥。其五两岸山花似雪开。家家春酒满银杯。昭君坊中多女伴。永安宫外踏青来(13)。其六城西门前滟滪堆圍。年年波浪不能摧。懊恼人心不如石。少时东去复西来。其七瞿塘嘈嘈十二滩(15)。 此中道路古来难。长恨人心不如水。等闲平地起波澜(16)。其八巫峡苍苍烟雨时(17)。清猿啼在最高枝。个里愁人肠自断(18)。由来不是此声悲。其九山上层层桃李花。云间烟火是人家(19)。银钏金钗来负水。长刀短笠去烧畲(20)。

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