2011年职称英语教材-理工类15篇完型填空课文及题干(含译文)无答案版

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2011理工完型填空课文及题干（含译文）无答案版

1.库克船长弓箭的传说

这本是个绝妙的传说，但DNA测试最终结束了这个长达两个世纪之久的古老故事。传说是关于一支据说是用1779年在桑伟奇群岛死去的英国探险家船长詹姆士库克的遗骨刻成的夏威夷弓箭。

在不久前DNA 证据宣布该弓箭并非来自于库克船长的遗骨时，奥大利亚博物馆收藏经理尤大书·菲利普说：“澳大利亚博物馆里并没有库克的遗骨。”但这并不能停止博物馆在展览会上展出弓箭。“考古发现：澳大利亚博物馆的宝藏”展览中的确还展示了一个在1778年夏威夷国王卡兰尼欧普送给库克的一个羽毛斗篷。

库克是英国最伟大探险家之一，他在1770年发现了“南大陆”，也就是现在的澳大利亚。此后在桑伟奇群岛被棒击致死。

库克弓箭传说始于1824年，当时夏威夷国王卡莫哈莫哈在弥留之际将弓箭赐给了库克妻子的亲戚，一名伦敦外科医生威廉正当斯，并告诉他弓箭是在那次致命殴打后用库克的遗骨做成的。

在19世纪90年代，弓箭被交给澳大理亚博物馆。这个传说直到与科学直接接触才停止。

据菲利普说，澳大利亚和新西兰的试验室的DNA测试证实弓箭并非取材于库克的遗骨，而更可能来自动物的骨头。

但是，库克迷们却不肯放弃希望。他们期待库克传说之一将会被证明是正确，并且他人部分遗骨还会被发现。正如他们所说，有证据表明库克的遗骨并不是在1779年全都葬身大海了。库克船长协会的会长克利夫托马森在一个来自英国的声明中说：“在这个问题上，科技取得了胜利。我坚信某一天库克传说之一将会被证明是真的。”

Captain Cook Arrow Legend

It was a great legend while it lasted, but DNA testing has 1 ended a two-century-old story of the Hawaiian arrow carved from the bone of British explorer Captain James Cook 2 died in the Sandwich Islands in 1779.

“There is 3 Cook i n the Australian Museum,” museum collection manager Jude Philip said not long ago in announcing the DNA evidence that the arrow was not made of Cook's bone. But that will not stop the museum from continuing to display the arrow in its 4 , “Uncovered: Treasures of the Australian Museum,” which 5 include a feather cape presented to Cook by Hawaiian King Kalani?opu?u in 1778.

Cook was one of Britain?s great explorers and is credited with 6 the “Great South Land,” 7Australia, in 1770. He was clubbed to death in the Sandwich Islands, now Hawaii.

The legend of Cook?s arrow began in 1824 8 Hawaiian King Kamehameha on his deathbed gave the arrow to William Adams, a London surgeon and relative of Cook?s wife, saying it was made of Cook?s bone after the fatal 9 with islanders.

In the 1890s the arrow was given to the Australian Museum and the legend continued 10 it came face-to-face with science.

DNA testing by laboratories in Australia and New Zealand revealed the arrow was not made of Cook?s bone but was more 11 made of animal bone, said Philp.

However, Cook?s fans 12 to give up hope that one Cook legend will prove true and that part of his

remains will still be uncovered, as they say there is evidence not all of Cook?s body was 13at sea in 1779. “On this occasion technology has won,” said Cliff Thornton, president of the Captain Cook Society, in a 14 from Britain. “But I am 15 that one of these days...one of the Cook legends will prove to be true and it will happen one day.”

1.A. finally B. firstly C. lately D. usually

2.A. whose B. who C. which D. what

3.A. some B. none C. neither D. no

4.A. cinema B. exhibition C. shop D. market

5.A. must B. did C. has to D. does

6.A. discovering B. visiting C. traveling D. using

7.A. then B. now C. past D. previously

8.A. how B. where C. when D. that

9.A. conversation B. fight C. meal D. dance

10.A. however B. until C. after D. whenever

11.A. helpfully B. usefully C. likely D. readily

12.A. refuse B. return C. regain D. reply

13.A. collected B. washed C. stored D. buried

14.A. statement B. suggestion C. proposal D. guess

15.A. safe B. weak C. sure D. lucky

2.雪崩和安全问题

雪崩是雪掺杂着空气和水沿着山体突然迅猛地滑动造成的。雪崩是造成山区人们生命和财产安全的最大危险之一。

所有雪崩都是由于物质的过渡负荷造成，通常是积雪堆积过厚，很不稳固，超出了山坡面的承载能力。要确定山坡的临界承载量，可能造成突然雪崩的负荷量是一项很复杂的任务，需要衡量多个因素。

通常倾斜度小于25度，大于60度的山坡发生雪崩的危险要小一些。积雪不会在陡峭的山坡上大量堆积，同样也不会在平缓的山坡上快速滑动。当雪在静止状态下的角度在35_45度之间，最可能发生人为触发的雪崩。人为引发雪崩的临界角度是38度，是最易人为引发雪崩的角度。常规经验是：一个平缓的足以堆积积雪，同时陡峭的适合人们滑雪的山坡，无论角度如何，都有可能产生雪崩。此外，雪崩的危险随着使用的增加而增加，换言之，滑雪者活动得越频繁，雪崩的可能性越大。

由于雪崩研究的复杂性，冬天在人烟稀少的地区旅行从来不是百分之百的安全。很好地躲避雪崩，保持安全是一个连续的过程，包括选择路线、检查积雪、了解天气状况及其他人为因素。以下几个广为人知的好习惯也可以降低风险：如果当地权威部门发布了雪崩警报，你应当予以考虑，加以注意。绝不要不加审度，就立刻接受他人意见。积雪自形成的那时就几乎注定要发生变化。认真观察地形，注意明显的雪崩路径：没有植物或植物被毁坏的地方。不要在那些可能引发雪崩的人或事物下面行走。

Avalanche and Its Safety

An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside. Avalanches are 1 the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.

All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope 2 supports it. Determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is 3 to cause an avalanche, 4 a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.

Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low 5 of

avalanche. Snow does not 6 significantly on steep slopes; also, snow does not 7 easily on flat slopes. Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow's angle of rest is 8 35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is 38 degrees. The rule of thumb is: A slope that is 9 enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle. Additionally, avalanche risk increases with 10 ; that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.

Due to the complexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry is never 100% safe. Good avalanche safety is a continuous 11 , including route selection and examination of the snowpack, weather 12 , and human factors. Several well-known good habits can also 13 the risk. If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid 14 to. Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations; snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made. Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are 15 or damaged. Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.

练习：

1. A among B of C to D in

2. A when B that C who D whose

3. A mostly B likely C clearly D surely

4. A are B will be C is D was

5. A weight B form C risk D work

6. A fall B flow C roll D gather

7. A fall B flow C roll D gather

8. A among B between C with D for

9. A thick B thin C flat D rocky

10. A use B time C snow D rain

11. A journey B trip C fact D process

12. A conditions B reports C forecast D event

13. A increase B reduce C improve D remove

14. A price B effort C attention D money

15. A missing B grown C big D fresh

3.看见红色意味着危险在前方

红色常常表示危险，通过引起注意能够防止意外。在铁路交叉口，闪烁的红灯警告车辆靠后。在交通十字路121的红灯告诉车辆停止前进，所以就不会发生车祸。

在未来，建筑工地的红色可能也可以防止危险。多亏了工程师的新作和桥梁支柱等其他的材料，它们有一天能包含一种会变换颜色的物质，该物质能够在建筑物倒塌或之前变成红色。一个小小的分子就会对报警系统起到很大影响。

一个聚合物包含一种变换颜色的分子叫做机械响应性聚合物，它能够在在聚合物断裂前几秒钟变成红色。这项技术能够很容易地发现材料或建筑物的损坏。

这个变换颜色的物质的秘密就是一种特别的分子。一个分子是由化学键把一群原子组合起来。分子有各种各样的形状和大小，所以能够组成你所见到的、摸到的和感觉到的任何东西。一个分子怎样表现取决于它包含什么样的原子，和他们被怎样组合起来。

当包含变换颜色分子的机械响应性聚合物要断裂的时候，它会产生一种颜色。当一个包含机械响应性聚合物分子的聚合物“受损害”或者变弱的时候，其中的一个机械响应性聚合物键破碎，这个物质变成红色。

“这是一个很简单的检测方法。”Nancy Sottos说，她是为这个项目工作的科学家之一。Sottos和她的团队在他们的实验室测试这种变换颜色的聚合物，测试的结果非常鼓动人心。

有一种方法可以除去红色：光。当强光照射在机械响应性聚合物上，断裂的键被修复——红色就会消失。这种“自我修复”或许给工程师们带来问题。他们需要在露天的，也就是暴露在阳光下的大建筑工程外面使用换色器。阳光会使机械响应性聚合物的报警系统不起作用。

要让这些变色分子在实验室以外也能使用，Sottos和她的同事们还有许多工作要做。

Seeing red Means Danger Ahead

The color red often means danger -- and by paying attention, 1 can be prevented. At railroad crossings, flashing red lights warn cars to stay back. A red light at a traffic intersection tells cars to stop, so 2 don't run into other cars.

In the future, the color red also may help prevent danger 3 construction sites. Thanks to new work by engineers, bridge supports- or other kinds of materials—could one day contain a color-changing material. It will turn red 4 a structure collapses or falls 5 A tiny molecule may make a big difference in future warning systems.

A polymer 6 a color-changing molecule called a mechanophore turns red seconds before it snaps. The technology may one day allow damage to materials or structures to be easily 7 .

The secret behind the color-changing material is a particular type of molecule. A molecule is a group of atoms held together by 8 bonds. Molecules come in all shapes and sizes, and make up 9 you can see, touch or feel. How a molecule behaves depends on what kinds of atoms it contains, and how they're held together.

When a polymer containing a color-changing molecule called a mechanophore is about to breaks, it produces a color. When a polymer with mechanophore molecules becomes "injured" or 10 , one of the mechanophore bonds breaks and the material turns red. "It's a really simple detection method," says Nancy Sottos, one of the scientists who worked on the project. "We're 11 up this one bond, and it changes color. " Sottos and her team tested the color-changing polymers in their lab. The test 12 proved encouraging.

There is a way to get rid of the red color: 13 . When a bright light is shone on the mechanophore, the broken bond is fixed - and the red color disappears. This "self-healing" may be a problem for engineers. They need to use the color-changer in big construction projects that will be 14 , in sunlight. And sunlight will make the mechanophore's warning system useless.

Sottos and her fellow scientists still have 15 work to do before the color-changing molecules can be used outside the lab.

练习：

1. A measures B accidents C actions D collapses

2. A they B it C some D most

3. A with B over C at D in

4. A before B after C once D while

5. A together B behind C down D apart

6. A contacting B conducting C containing D considering

7. A controlled B spotted C repaired D changed

8. A technical B electronic C physical D chemical

9. A everything B something C nothing D anything

10. A weak B strong C tough D soft

11. A using B opening C turning D finishing

12. A laws B theories C tools D results

13. A air B electricity C light D sound

14. A aside B beside C inside D outside

15. A a part of B a pair of C a piece of D a lot of

4.动物的“第六感”

2004年12月由印度洋海域地震引发的海啸造成亚洲和东非数万人死亡。但野生动物们似乎躲过了可怕的海啸的袭击。有专家表示，这进一步证实了动物对自然灾难有“第六感”的观点。

斯里兰卡负责野生动物的官员表示，巨浪席卷印度洋海岛沿岸，淹死了两万四千多人，但野生动物似乎都幸免于难，目前尚未发现一具动物的尸体。

斯里兰卡野生动物部门的副部长H．D．拉特纳亚克在海啸袭击过后一个月说道：“没有一头大象死亡，甚至没有一只野兔死亡。我认为动物能够感知灾难。它们有‘第六感’，它们知道灾难何时发生。”海洪冲向离岸二英里远的亚拉国家公园，这里是斯里兰卡最大的野生动物保护区，生活着几百头野生大象和一些美洲豹，海啸引发的洪水使亚拉国家公园所在的东南部地区变得一片狼藉。

“每当火山爆发或地震发生前，动物们的行为就会发生许多异常，比如犬吠或鸟类迁徙，但这些现象尚未得到科学证明。”南非约翰内斯堡动物园的动物行为专家马修·范·利罗普说。

他对路透社记者说：“目前还没有这方面的专门研究，因为你无法在实验室或实际环境中进行真正的试验。”其他专家也同意这一看法。

“野生动物似乎能够感知某些特殊现象，尤其是鸟类。很多报告显示鸟类能察觉即将来临的灾难。”克莱夫·沃克这样说，他曾经写过数本关于非洲野生动物的书。

一些动物确实是依靠嗅觉或听觉等人类已知的官能来躲避危险的，比如食肉动物。

关于动物“第六感”(或者其他神秘力量)的说法已有很长时间，斯里兰卡被摧残的海滩可能会为这一说法再添一笔证据。

罗马人把猫头鹰视为迫近凶险的征兆，很多古代文明都将大象看做拥有特殊能力或特征的“圣兽”。

Animal's "Sixth Sense"

A tsunami was triggered by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean in December, 2004. It killed tens of thousands of people in Asia and East Africa. Wild animals, 1 , seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami. This phenomenon adds weight to notions that1 they possess a "sixth sense" for 2 , experts said.

Sri Lankan wildlife officials have said the giant waves that killed over 24,000 people along the Indian Ocean island's coast clearly 3 wild beasts, with no dead animals found.

"No elephants are dead, not 4 a dead rabbit. I think animals can 5 disaster. They have a sixth sense. They know when things are happening," H. D. Ratnayake, deputy director of Sri Lanka's Wildlife Department, said about one month after the tsunami attack. The 6 washed floodwaters up to 2 miles inland at Yala National Park in the ravaged southeast, Sri Lanka's biggest wildlife 7 and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several leopards.

"There has been a lot of 8 evidence about dogs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. But it has not been proven," said Matthew van Lierop, an animal behavior 9 at Johannesburg Zoo.

"There have been no 10 studies because you can't really test it in a lab or field setting2," he told Reuters. Other authorities concurred with this 11 .

"Wildlife seem to be able to pick up certain 12 , especially birds... there are many reports of birds detecting impending disasters," said Clive Walker, who has written several books on African wildlife.

Animals 13 rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger such as predators.

The notion of an animal "sixth sense" —or 14 other mythical power —is an enduring one3 which the evidence on Sri Lanka's ravaged coast is likely to add to.

The Romans saw owls 15 omens of impending disaster and many ancient cultures viewed elephants as sacred animals endowed with special powers or attributes.

词汇：

tsunami／n．海啸concur／v．(with)同意，赞成

trigger／v．引发，触发impending／adj．迫近的

ravaged／adj．被毁坏的predator／n．食肉动物

leopard／n．豹mythical／adj．神话般的

eruption／n．喷发owl／n．猫头鹰

migrate／v．迁移omen／n．预兆，征兆

volcanic／aaj．火山的endow／v．赋予

注释：

1．adds weight to notions that：更加相信……

2．field setting：field意为“实地，野外”，setting意为“环境”。field setting可译为“野外环境”。

3．enduring one：由来已久的信念。one指代在句首出现的notion。enduring意为“持久的，永久的”。

练习：

1. A therefore B however C although D whatever

2. A shelters B foods C disasters D water

3. A missed B protected C raised D caught

4. A such B too C so D even,

5. A feel B see C hear D sense

6. A waves B tides C winds D rivers

7. A birthplaces B playground C reserve D storage

8. A experimental B apparent C scientific D chemical

9. A specialist B assistant C supporter D sponsor,

10. A additional B specific C especial D exceptional

11. A modification B detection C assessment D value,

12. A route B behavior C principle D phenomenon

13. A unwillingly B occasionally C doubtfully D certainly

14. A some B much C many D few

15. A on B as C for D in

5.警报器救盲人

如果看不见，那你可能会因找不到路而逃不出一幢失火楼房，那将是致命的。英国利兹市的一家公司发明的一种可指方向的警报器可能会把你引向出口。

声音警报是一家由利兹大学设立的公司。该公司现在正在为位于萨莫塞特的一家盲人收容所和位于卡姆布雷亚的一家盲人资源中心安装此种装置。这种警报器发出的频率范围广，使人脑可以判断出声音的来源。

该公司的戴博拉·威星顿称此种警报器使用人类可以听到的大部分音频。她说：“它们是一种突出的频谱连续而均匀的噪音。人们感觉它们听上去就像是收音机发出的静电噪声，其在救人方面潜力巨大。”

她进行了一次试验。她让人们在一所充满浓烟的大屋子里设法找到出路，同时她用热效应成像摄像机进行拍摄。在没有警报器时，这些人用了近四分钟才找到门，而在警报器的指引下，只用了15秒。

她在大学里对人脑如何处理声音进行研究，并提出与波段窄的频率相比，人们更容易发现波段宽的音响源。基于此理论的警报器已被应用于急救车上。

这种警报器也容纳了音频的升降，以指示人们上、下楼。这种设备是得到英国核燃料组织的大笔资助才开发成功的。

Singing Alarms Could Save the Blind

If you cannot see, you may not be able to1 find your way out of a burning building—and that could be

fatal. A company in Leeds could change all that2_____1____ directional sound alarms capable of guiding you to the exit.

Sound Alert, a company_____2_____ the University of Leeds, is installing the alarms in a residential home for _____3_____ people in Sommerset and a resource center for the blind in Cumbria._____4______ produce a wide range of frequencies that enable the brain to determine where the ______5____ is coming from.

Deborah Withington of Sound Alert says that the alarms use most of the frequencies that can be_______6_______ by humans. “It is a burst of white noise ____7____ pe ople say sounds like static on the radio,” she says. “Its life-saving potential is great.”

She conducted an experiment in which people were filmed by thermal-imaging cameras trying to find their way out of3 a large ____8___ room. It ____9____them nearly four minutes to find the door ____10____ a sound alarm, but only 15 seconds with one.

Withington studies how the brain _____11____ sounds at the university. She says that the _____12____ of a wide band of frequencies can be pinpointedmore easily than the source of a narrow band. Alarms _____13_____ the same concept have already been installed on emergency vehicles.

The alarms will also include rising or falling frequencies to indicate whether people should go up _____14___ down stairs. They were ____15____ with the aid of a large grant from British Nuclear Fuels.

1. A. without B. with C. having D. selling

2. A. run by B. changed by C. decorated by D. criticized by

3. A. slow B. deaf C. blind D. lame

4. A. Alarms B. Alarm C. The alarm D. The alarms

5. A. noise B. sound C. music D. bell

6. A. watched B. produced C. learnt D. heard

7. A. where B. what C. that D. how

8. A. smoked B. smoke-filled

C. filled with smoke

D. smoke-filling

9. A. has taken B. takes C. took D. will take

10. A. on B. near C. without D. from

11. A. processes B. produces C. possesses D. proceeds

12. A. feature B. quality C. diagram D. source

13. A. basis on B. base on C. basing on D. based on

14. A. or B. and C. but D. otherwise

15. A. developed B. determined C. discovered D. delivered

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6.远程制止偷车贼

超速驾驶在偷来的汽车里，偷车贼以为自己大获全胜。但是他马上就会又惊又恼。车上已经被装了远程制动装置，一个几英里以外的控制中心发来的无线信号将确保盗贼一旦启动引擎，他就不能再次发动汽车了。

目前，这种装置只用于卡车队或者用于建筑工地的特殊车辆上。但是远程制动技术很快就会逐步应用到普通汽车上。并且应该在两个月之内用在英国的普通汽车上。

计划是这样的。把一个集合有微型无绳电话，微量处理器，存储器以及全球定位系统的卫星接收器的控制合子安装在汽车上。如果汽车被盗，一个被编码的无绳电话信号就会告诉这个装置停止车辆引擎控制系统来阻止引擎再次被启动。

甚至还有一些人主张计划将制动装置装在运行着的车辆上，可是这一来人们就会担心这个系统的安全性。

在英国，一系列的技术装置已经让盗车贼步履维艰了。玛丁兰多来自位于贝克郡的一个由汽车保险工业投资成立的名为撒策姆的安全研究机构。他说：“车辆盗窃的手法已经有所改变。”他还声称只要是10年以上的汽车，他就能用几样的简单的工具有几分钟之内教会一个新手怎样的偷车。

现代车却远没有这么简单，因为它们的引擎管理计算机装置只有接收到一个独一无二的由点火钥匙发送过来的身份密份才可以启动汽车。自1997年以来，在英国，技术人员已经利用此项技术帮助减少了31%的涉及车辆犯罪案。

但是不死心的盗贼们却还在一直想方设法偷车。例如很多时候，他们在夜里盗走主人的汽车钥匙进而偷车。在2000年，英国21%的车辆被盗案是由于主人的钥匙被盗，这个数字比前一年增长了1倍。

远程控制的制动系统给盗贼设置了一个全新的障碍。包括撒策姆，公安部门，保险公司以及安全技术公司的这样一个群体已经为体系开发出了一个标准，将比顾客所预期的更早地被很快推广到市场上。

Car Thieves could Be Stopped Remotely

Speeding off in a stolen car, the thief thinks he has got a great catch. But he is in a nasty surprise. The car is fitted with a remote immobilizer and a radio signal from a control center miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine 1 , he will not be able to start it again.

For now, such devices 2 only available for fleets of trucks and specialist vehicles used on construction sites. But remote immobilization technology could soon start to trickle down to ordinary cars, and 3 be available to ordinary cars in the UK 4 two months.

The idea goes like this. A control box fitted to the carincorporates 5 miniature cellphone, a microprocessor and memory, and a GPS satellite positioning receiver. 6 the car is stolen, a coded cellphone signal will tell the unit to block the vehicle?s engine management system and prevent the engine 7 restarted.

There are even plans for immobilizers 8 shut down vehicles on the move, though there are fears over the safety implications of such a system.

In the UK. an array of technical fixes is already making 9 harder for car thieves. “The pattern of vehicles crime has changed,” says Martyn Randall of Thatcham, a security research organization based in Berkshire that is funded in part 10 the motor insurance industry.

He says it would only take him a few minutes to 11 a novice how to steal a car, using a bare minimum of tools. But only if the car is more than 10 years old.

Modern cars are a far tougher proposition, as their engine management computer will not

12 them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition key. In the UK, technologies like this 13 achieve a 31 per cent drop in vehicle-related crime since 1997.

But determined criminals are still managing to find other ways to steal cars. Often by getting hold of the owner?s keys in a burglary. In 2000, 12 per cent of vehicles stolen in the UK were taken using the owner?s keys double the previous year?s figure.

Remote-controlled immobilization system would 14 a major new obstacle in the criminal?s way by making such thefts pointless. A group that includes Thatcham, the police, insurance companies and security technology firms have developed standards for a system that could go on the market sooner than the 15 expects.

1. A. off B. on C. at D. of

2. A. is B. was C. were D. are

3. A. can B. have to C. need to D. should

4. A. after B. for C. in D. at

5. A. the B. / C. a D. an

6. A. With B. If C. But D. And

7. A. helping B. being C. get D. be

8. A. whose B. who C. that D. when

9. A. life B. cars C. warning D. problem

10. A. about B. to C. by D. on

11. A. use B. inform C. ask D. teach

12. A. let B. allow C. make D. give

13. A. have helped B. helped C. had helped D. was helped

14. A. speak B. have C. link D. put

15. A. lawyer B. doctor C. customer D. specialist

7.智能汽车

开车需要目光锐利，耳朵灵敏，反应敏捷和手脑间的协作。许多人类司机这些条件都具备，并可控制一辆急速行驶的汽车。但一辆智能车如何进行自控?

智能车中有一位虚拟驾驶员。这位司机同样有“眼”有“脑”有“手”有“脚”。车两侧的微型摄像头就是他的眼，负责观察车前方的路况。他们注意着车两侧的交通情况。车中也有高度自动化的驾驶系统。这就是内置的电脑，也就是虚拟司机的大脑。这个大脑计算出车近旁正在运动车辆的速度，并分析它们的位置。基于这些信息，它为智能车选择最佳路径，并给出指示以让手脚做出相应运动。通过这样的方式，虚拟司机就对车辆实行了控制。

虚拟司机的最大优点是什么?他的反应速度很快。微型摄像头不断向大脑发送图像数据。他完成图像处理的时间为100毫秒。然而，世界上最优秀的人类司机也至少需要1 秒钟的反应时间。当他作出行动时，又多需一秒。

虚拟司机的确很棒。在高速公路上，他可大大减少事故发生率。鉴于此，我们是否可以让他在任何时间任何地点都驾驶汽车呢?专家们警告说我们现在还不能这样做。智能车辨别事物的能力还很有限。目前，这种车只能在高速公路上行驶。

An Intelligent Car

Driving needs sharp eyes, keen ears, quick brain, and coordination between hands and the brain. Many human drivers have all 1 and can control a fast-moving car. But how does an intelligent car control itself?

There is a virtual driver in the smart car. This virtual driver has “eyes,””brains,””hands” and ”feet,” too. The minicameras 2 each side of the car are his “eyes,” which observe the road conditions ahead of it. They watch the 3 to the car?s left and right. There is also a highly 4 driving system in the car. It is the build-in computer, which is the virtual driver?s “brain,” His …brain” calculates the speeds of 5 moving cars near it and analyzes their positions. Basing on this information, it chooses the right 6 for the intelligent car, and gives 7 to the “hands” and “feet” to act accordingly. In this way, the virtual driver controls his car.

What is the virtual driver?s best advantage? He reacts 8 . The minicameras are 9 images continuously to the “brain.” It 10 the processing of the images within 100 milliseconds. However, the world?s best driver 11 needs one second to react. 12 , when he takes action, he needs one more second.

The virtual driver is really wonderful. He can reduce the accident 13 considerably on expressways. In this case, can we let him have the wheel at any time and in any place? Experts 14 that we cannot do

that just yet,. His ability to recognize things is still 15 . He can now only drive an intelligent car on expressways.

1. A)these B)them C)this D)that

2. A)within B)above C)to D)on

3. A)police B)traffic C)trucks D)buses

4. A)mechanical B)movable

C)automatic D)electronic

5. A)another B)other C)each other D)one another

6. A)line B)lane C)track D)path

7. A)space B)locations C)instructions D)time

8. A)quickly B)cleverly C)virtually D)safely

9. A)bringing B)taking C)sending D)carrying

10. A)selects B)completes C)uses D)tests

11. A)at least B)at most C)at last D)at best

12. A)So B)However C)Besides D)Therefore

13. A)count B)amount C)digit D)rate

14. A)warn B)suggest C)invite D)check

15. A)unknown B)few

C)untested D)limited

8.生物钟

每一种生物都有控制它们行为的时钟，科学家们称之为生物钟。生物钟告诉植物的花朵何时生长，何时开放；生物钟告诉昆虫何时离开防护卵袋，远远飞去；生物钟还告诉动物和人类何时进食、睡眠，何时苏醒。

外界的变化会影响某些动植物的生物钟。例如，科学家最近发现，有一种很小的动物，会随着白天日照时间的长短改变其毛发的颜色。冬季日照时间短，它的毛变成白色。夏季白天日照时间长，它的毛又变成棕灰色。

还有的生物，它们的生物钟受体内信号控制。德国的科学家发现，鸟类体内的某种生物钟迫使它们每年做两次长距离迁移。那些被迫不能迁移的鸟，当迁移时间到来时，会显得烦躁不安，而当这段时间过后，它们又恢复了平静。

科学家们指出，他们开始探索大脑内部的哪些部位存在生物钟。一位美国的研究员，马丁·莫亥德(Martin Moorhead)曾指出，好像是人脑前部的一小群细胞控制着人体的行为。这些细胞控制着人体睡眠、苏醒和觅食的时间。另外，科学工作者推测，可能还有另外的生物钟细胞控制人体的其他行为。

目前，莫亥德博士正在研究生物钟对人们工作方面的影响。比如，如果经常改变工作时间，绝大多数人会感觉不适应。要适应工作时间上的较大变动，可能需要相当长一段日子。莫亥德博士说，工厂的领导应该对生物钟有进一步的了解，懂得生物钟对工人的影响，如此则会减少工作中的不适和事故，对提高生产大有裨益。

A Biological Clock

Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells 1 when to form flowers and when the flowers should open1. It tells 2 when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away, and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.

Events outside the plant and animal 3 the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur 4 the number of hours of daylight. In the short 5 of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.

Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration 6 twice each year. Birds 7 flying become restless when it is time for the trip, 8 they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.

Scientists say they are beginning to learn which 9 of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small, group of cells near the front of the brain 10 to control the timing of some of our actions. These 11 tell a person when to 12 , when to sleep and when to seek food. Scientists say, there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.

Dr. Moorhead is studying 13 our biological clocks affect the way we do our work2. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours.

14 can take3 many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said 15 understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and Would help increase a factory's production.

词汇：

biological／adj．生物(学)的migration／n．迁徙

insect／n．昆虫restless／adj．焦躁不安的

cocoon／n．防护卵袋，茧contain／v．含有

fur／n．软毛cell／n．细胞

注释：

1．本句中谓语动词tells的宾语由两部分组成。第一部分是when to form flowers，是带疑问副

词的动词不定式，第二部分是when the flowers should open，是名词从句。从修辞上说，两者有些不平衡。

2．…the way we do our work可以理解为the way in which we do our work或the way that we do our work．实际上，三种说法都成立。如：

He speaks English the way the English people do.

I don't understand the way in which he dealt with the matter.

3．take作“花费，花去”解时可用于几种不同的句型：

It will take me five days to complete the work.

The work will take me five days to complete.

To complete this work will take me five days.

练习:

1. A scientists B humans C plants D animals

2. A insects B birds C fish D snakes

3. A effect B affect C effected D affected

4. A because B for the reason that C because of D since

5. A months B days C minutes D weeks

6. A flight B fly C movement D transportation

7. A prevented from B ordered by C helped by D intruded on

8. A and B but C therefore D however

9. A portions B parts C sections D kinds

10. A try B tries C seem D seems

11. A things B parts C cells D actions

12. A awaken B woke C awakening D wake-up

13. A how B why C where D what

14. A We B It C They D You

15. A so B with C such D if

9.埃及饱受饥饿折磨

即使古埃及伟大的金字塔建筑者面对那场在公元前2180年促使他们的文明毁灭的饥荒也无能为力，从尼罗河沉淀的泥沙中收集来的证据表明，南面数千公里处的气候的变化是最终的罪魁祸首—同样的或更坏的饥荒在今天仍有可能再次出现。

古代的埃及人依赖于尼罗河每年的洪水来灌溉他们的庄稼。但是，气候的任何变化会促使非洲季风往南吹，直至到埃塞俄比亚外。这些变化可能减弱那些洪水。

埃塞俄比亚高原中降雨量的减少可能意味着用以保持水土的植被的减少。当雨真正下来后，它又可能将大量的土壤冲刷至青尼罗河和埃及，沿途也带上了来自白尼罗河的沉淀物。

青尼罗河里的泥土带有一种不同于白尼罗河泥土的同位素。因此，里德大学的迈克·克罗姆通过分析尼罗河一带沉积泥土同位素的差异计算出来来自不同支流各自沉积物的比例。

克罗姆推理说，在干旱的季节里，青尼罗河里的泥沙相对来说较高。他发现，4200年前-4500年前其中的这样一个时期的干旱后立即跟着发生了古埃及及国王的毁灭。

水势的减弱对埃及人来说具有灾难性的。纽约Lamont Doherty 地球天文台的比尔·雷恩说：“影响食物供应的气候变化不必太大就可以对社会产生‘涟漪式’影响.”

来自华盛顿Smithsonian学会的地质考古学家丹尼尔·斯坦利说：“类似的事件如果发生在今天可能会带来更大的破坏。人类做的任何可以引起气候带转移的事在今天会对尼罗河一带的体系带来更坏的影响，因为那儿的人口数目已经有了非常惊人的、迅速的增长。”

Egypt felled by famine

Even ancient Egypt?s mighty pyramid builders were powerless in the face of the famine that helped bring down their civilian around 2180BC. Now evidence gleaned from mud deposited by the River Nile suggests that a shift in climate thousands of kilometers to the south was ultimately to blame -- and the same or worse could happen today.

The ancient Egyptians depended on the Niles annual floods to irrigate their crops. But any change in climate that pushed the African monsoons southwards out of Ethiopia would have diminished these floods.

Dwindling rains in the Ethiopian highlands would have meant fewer plants to establish the soil. When rain did fall it would have washed large amounts of soil into the Blue Nile and into Egypt, along with sediment from the White Nile.

The Blue Nile mud has a different isotope signature from that of the White Nile. So by analyzing isotope differences in mud deposited in the Nile Delta, Michael Krom of leeds University worked out what proportion of sediment came from each branch of the river.

Krom reasons that during periods of drought, the amount of the Blue Nile mud in the river would be relatively high. He found that one of these periods, from 4,500 to 4,200 years ago, immediately predates the fall of the Egypt?s Old Kingdom.

The weakened waters would have been catastrophic for the Egyptians. Changes that affect food supply don?t have to be very large to have a ripple effect in societies, says Bill Ryan of the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory in New York.

“Similar events today could be even more devastating,” says team member Daniel Stanley, a geoarchaeologist from the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.. Anything humans do to shift the climate belts would have an even worse effect along the Nile system because the populations have increased dramatically.

10.更少是更多

这听起来完全不对——在一块木头里面钻些洞让它更耐敲打。但是这确实有效，因为击打产生的能量分散到了整块木头上，而不是集中于一个薄弱点。这个发现应该导致更有效和更轻的包装材料的产生。

木匠们几个世纪以来都知道一些木头比另一些更结实。例如山核桃木被用做斧柄和轮辐，因为它可以承受振击而不会断裂。例如白橡木容易损坏得多，尽管它的质地一样细密。巴斯大学的Julian Vincent 和他的研究小组都认为木头的内部结构能够解释这些不同。

许多树都有导管，这些导管通向树干上方，把水输到叶子。在橡木里，这些管道很大，而且是呈窄带状，但是在山核桃木中这些管道小得多，而且分布更均匀。研究者们认为这个布局能够将分散打击的能量作用到整块木头上，以此吸收较重的打击。为了测试这个理论，他们在一块没有管道的云杉木上钻了一些0.65毫米的洞，发现它能够承受更大的打击。只有当每平方厘米超过30个孔时，木头抵御敲打的表现才变差。

均匀的物质不太好抵御敲打，因为受到影响的只有一小部分物质。来自打击的所有能量在折断材料时都集中在一两个地方，留下的散片常常没有受到破坏。

Vincent说，这些洞可以提供很多薄弱点，当它们破裂时一起吸收能量，而不是使能量聚在一个地方。“你可以控制木头断裂的地方，它还可以吸收更多的能量，更安全。”

研究人员相信，这个原则可用于任何一种材料，例如可用于制造更轻、保护力更强的包装物。斯图加特的Max Plank金属研究学院的Ulrike Wegst说，这一原则还可用在汽车的减震器、保护杠和军事车辆的装甲板等东西上。但是她强调说在设计材料时需要考虑力的方向。她说：“负荷的方向是很关键的。”

Less Is More

It sounds all wrong —drilling holes in a piece of wood to make it more resistant to knocks. But it works because the energy from the blow gets distributed throughout the wood rather than focusing on one weak spot. The discovery should lead to more effective and lighter packaging materials.

Carpenters have known 1 centuries that some woods are tougher than others. Hickory, for example, was turned into axe handles and cartwheel spokes because it can absorb shocks without breaking. White oak, for example, is much more easily damaged, 2 it is almost as dense.1 Julian Vincent at Bathe University and his team were convinced the wood's internal structure could explain the differences.

Many trees have tubular vessels that run 3 the trunk and carry water to the leaves. In oak they are large, and arranged in narrow bands, but in hickory they are smaller, and more evenly distributed. The researchers 4 this layout might distribute a blow's energy throughout the wood, soaking up a bigger hit. To test the idea, they drilled holes 0.65 millimetres across into a block of spruce, a wood with 5 vessels, and found that 6 withstood a harder knock. 7 when there were more than about 30 holes per square centimetre did the wood's performance drop off.

A uniform substance doesn't cope well with knocks because only a small proportion of the material is actually 8 . All the energy from the blow goes towards breaking the material in one or two places, but often the pieces left 9 are pristine.

But instead of the energy being concentrated in one place, the holes provide many weak spots that all absorb energy as they break, says Vincent. "You are controlling the places 10 the wood breaks, and it can then absorb more 11 , more safely."

The researchers believe the principle could be applied to any material —12 example, to manufacture lighter and more protective packaging. It could 13 be used in car bumpers, crash barriers and armour for military vehicles, says Ulrike Wegst, 14 the Max Plank Institute for Mental Research in Stuttgart. But she emphasizes that you'd 15 to design the substance with the direction of force in mind.

"The direction of loading is crucial," she says.

词汇：

hickory／n．山核桃木cartwheel／n．(大车)车轮

oak／n．橡木tubular／n．管的

millimetre／n．毫米spruce／n．云杉

pristine／aaj．未经破坏的；未受触动的bumper／n．减震器

barrier／n．护栏

注释：

1．White oak，for example，…it is almost as dense：例如，尽管白橡木跟山核桃木差不多同样紧密，但是容易毁坏得多。

练习：

1. A for B since C in D at

2. A but B although C and D despite

3. A down B over C up D into

4. A discovered B concluded C found D thought

5. A no B per C each D every

6. A the idea B it C they D the spruce

7. A If B Just C Only D Rarely

8. A effected B beaten C slapped D affected

9. A behind B beyond C for D intact

10. A which B where C that D there

11. A water B air C energy D safety

12. A among B in C as D for

13. A also B besides C else D yet

14. A over B at C around D on

15. A necessity B must C need D had

11.中国帮助欧洲发展全球定位系统的竞争

中国要捐助欧洲国家正在开发的全新的全球卫星定位系统。伽利略人造卫星系统将提供了一个较美国军事机构使用的全球定位系统更为精确的民用系统。中国将提供两亿三千万欧元（两亿伍千九百万美元）的资金，并且协助技术、制造以及市场拓展的开发。欧洲交通委员罗瑶拉德帕若索说：“中国将帮助伽利略（人造卫星）成为成长中的定位服务市场的主要世界基础设施。”

不久前，欧洲贸易委员会、欧洲航天局和中国科技部还宣称将建立一个新的中心来协助合作。中国——欧洲全球定位卫星系统技术培训和合作中心将设在北京大学。中国具有一个非常有实力的卫星发射工业。有可能帮助发射伽利略卫星。

美国声称伽利略会在军事斗争中干扰美国的能力并消减全球定位系统的使用。欧洲官员称这种说法无事实根据，并对美国所谓的伽利略（人造卫星）会对全球定位系统的商业上构成挑战的说法持反对意见。伽利略（人造卫星）将精确到一米，而民用全球定位服务只精确到10米。

伽利略人造卫星群由27个运用卫星和3个储备卫星构成，并在地球表面23 600千米的高度运行。卫星将与三个中等地球轨道并排在与赤道56度的倾斜角度上运行，并且可以覆盖全球。这个系统将在2008年启动，整个项目将耗资32亿欧元（36亿美元）

欧洲贸易委员会说伽利略（人造卫星）最初将被用于交通技术、科学研究、陆地管理和自然灾害监控两种信号：一种是标准民用信号，另一种是公共调控服务系统加密信号。第二种信号是为抵抗地方交通堵塞而设计的，将被用于欧洲公安和军事事业。欧洲贸易委员会官员说中国将无权使用公共调控服务系统。

第一个伽利略人造卫星将在2004年底发射。这架卫星上的钟表将与20个地面感应站、2个指挥中心和15个上行站时间同步。

地面的接收器将利用卫星上的时间信号准确地计算出它们的方位。“搜索救援”功能也会通过卫星群传递遇难信号。

China to help Europe Develop GPS Rival

China is to contribute to a new global satellite navigation system being developed by European nations. The Galileo satellite system 1 a more accurate civilian alternative to the Global Positioning System(GPS). operated by the US military. China will provided 230m Euros (USD 259m) in 2 and will cooperate with technical, manufacturing and market development. “China will help Galileo to 3 the major world infrastructure for the growing market for loca tion services,” said Loyola de Palacio, EU transport commissioner.

A new center that will coordinate co-operation was also announced 4 the European Commission, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology not long 5 .The China-Europe Global Navigation Satellite System Technical Training and Cooperation Center will be 6 at Beijing University. China has a substantial satellite launch industry and could potentially help the Galileo satellites.

The US has claimed that Galileo could interfere 7 the US ability to downgrade the GPS service during military conflicts. European officials say this is unfounded and counter that US opposition 8 the commercial challenge Galileo would present to GPS. Galileo will be precise to within a meter, while civilian GPS service is accurate to around 10 meters.

The Galileo satellite constellation will 9 27 operational and three reserve satellites orbiting the Earth at an altitude of 23, 600 km. The satellites will be strung along three medium-Earth orbits at 56 degrees inclination to the equator and will provide global coverage. The system should be operational by 2008 and the entire project is expected to around 3.2 billion Euros(USD 3.6 billion).

The European Commission has said Galileo will primarily be used for transportation technology, scientific research, land management and disaster monitoring.

Galileo will provide two signals; a standard civilian one and an encrypted, wide-band signal

11 the Public Regulated Service (PRS). This second signal is designed to withstand localized jamming and will be used by police and military services in Europe. European Commission __12__ have said China will not be given access to the PRS.

The first Galileo satellite is scheduled to launch late in 2004, Clocks on board the 13__ Will be synchronized through 20 ground sensors stations, two command centers and 15 uplink stations.

Receivers on the ground will use time signals from the satellites to precisely calculate their 14 . A “search and rescue” function will also15 distress signals be relayed through the constellation of satellites.

1. A. offer B. offered C. will offer D. has offered

2. A. funding B. providing C. paying D. charging

3. A. build B. use C. become D. do

4. A. in B. at C. on D. by

5. A. before B. ago C. after D. later

6. A. found B. produced C. positioned D. located

7. A. with B. for C. about D. above

8. A. results in B. gives rise to C. is due to D. causes

9. A. be made from B. consist of C. consist in D. be consisted of

10. A. spend B. gain C. give D. cost

11. A. offered B. called C. used D. turned

12. A. officials B. countries C. organization D. agreement

13. A. / B. the satellite C. the satellites D. satellites

14. A. speed B. direction C. distance D. location

15. A. send B. let C. allow D. transmit

12.指纹消失事件

一种非常有效的抗癌药物能够清除箩状指纹和其他使指纹与众不同的标志。失去指纹可是会有很大麻烦。一个被肿瘤学年报在网上公布的信件中说明了失去指纹会带来多大麻烦。

Eng-Huat Tan，一个新加坡籍的医学博士描述了一位用卡培他滨治疗鼻咽癌62岁老人的经历。经过这个药物三年的治疗后，这位病人去年十二月份决定去美国拜访亲戚。在他进入这个国家后，他被美国海关人员拦截了四小时之久，因为这些官员无法从他身上获取指纹。因为在他的食指上没有旋涡状的指纹标记。

美国海关数年以来一直都会采集来访外国人的指纹，Tan说。他们的食指指纹被采集并且和那些坏人的指纹进行数字化资料档案比对——我们的联邦卫士的职责是要把那些恐怖份子和疑似罪犯档在国门之外。不幸的是，对于这位新加坡旅行者来说，药物治疗的一个潜在的副作用就是会使指尖上的肉垫组织变光滑，也就是说没有指纹。

“对于服用卡培他滨的病人来说，指纹何时会消失是不确定的。”Tan指出。所以他警告每位医师在给病人开药时要给病人开具他们的药物可能会使指纹消失的证明单。

最终，那位新加坡旅客终于进入了美国。我猜想他护照上的名字没有带有任何危险信号。但是他同样要带有医师开的证明单——并且要随身携带。

顺便提一下，美国食品和药物局已经准许这一药物的使用有11年之久了，应该考虑更新该药物的副作用清单。现有的副作用清单中确实列出病人会经历呕吐、胃痛和其他副作用，但是却没有提及失去指纹

的潜在危险。

The Case of the Disappearing Fingerprints

One useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing 1 could become troublesome. A case released online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a 2 of losing fingerprints is.

Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to 3 his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the 4 , the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U.S. customs officials 5 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn't get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly 6 appearing from his index finger.

U.S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are 7 and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys—terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singapore traveler, one potential 8 effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. 9 , no fingerprints.

"It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will 10 to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine," Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who 11 the drug to provide their patients with a doctor's note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.

Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didn't raise any red flags. But he's also now got the explanatory doctor's note—and won't leave home 12 it.

By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, 13 approved use of the drug 11 years ago, should consider 14 its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where 15 it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.

练习：

1. A he B them C her D him

2. A theme B topic C creation D problem

3. A treat B cut C find D smooth

4. A recovery B diet C drug D diagnosis

5. A in B at C for D on

6. A digits B marks C images D pictures

7. A printed B located C cured D placed

8. A normal B good C main D side

9. A However B Hence C Moreover D Furthermore

10. A begin B like C decide D have

11. A prevent B preserve C presume D prescribe

12. A off B on C without D with

13. A who B where C when D which

14. A updating B using C printing D cancelling

15. A must B does C may D should

13.手机泄露了你的秘密

你的手机承载着你的秘密。一项新研究发现，手机里除了存有你输入的名字和号码外，还留有你的微量DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)。

DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)是细胞里的基因物质，如同指纹，你的DNA是独一无二的——除非你是同卵双生双胞胎之一。今天科学家一般可以在犯罪现场遗留的血液、唾液、毛发中分析出DNA。分析结果经常能帮侦探识别罪犯和受害人。你的手机能透露出比你想象的要多得多的信息。

安大略省汉密尔顿McMaster大学的科学家Meghan J．McFadden听说了在一起犯罪中嫌疑人的血流到了手机上，后来还丢掉了手机。这让她想到手机上是否留下了犯罪嫌疑人的DNA——即使血不流到手机上。于是，她和纽约城市大学的同事Margaret Wallace分析了10个志愿者的翻盖手机。他们使用药签从手机的两个部位，即使用者把持的外壳，靠近使用者耳部的听筒部分，采集到了肉眼看不到的手机使用者的微量DNA。

科学家们用一种主要由酒精构成的溶液擦洗手机。擦洗的目的是去除所有易被察觉的DNA。之后，机主拿回手机使用一周。接着，研究者又把手机收回来，重复了用药签采取每部手机遗留微量DNA的步骤。

科学家们在每部手机的听筒部分都发现了DNA，从手机外壳的取样更为明显，但手机外壳的取样中还发现了那些曾摆弄过该手机的其他人的DNA．

令人称奇的是，DNA甚至出现在擦洗手机之后的药签中，这意味着清洗不会完全去掉罪犯手机上的微量DNA证据。因此，现在手机可以作为协助犯罪现场调查得出定论的线索之一。

Cell Phone Lets Your Secret Out

Your cell phone holds secrets about you. Besides the names and 1 that you've programmed into it, traces of your DNA linger on the device, according to a new study.

DNA is genetic material that 2 in every cell. Like your fingerprint, your DNA is unique to you-- 3 you have an identical twin. Scientists today routinely analyze DNA in blood, saliva, or hair left 4 at the scene of a crime. The results often help detectives identify 5 and their victims. Your cell phone can reveal more about you 6 you might think.

Meghan J. McFadden, a scientist at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, heard about a crime in

which the suspect bled onto a cell phone and later dropped the 7 This made her wonder whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phones--even when no blood was involved. 8 she and colleague Margaret Wallace of the City University of New York analyzed the flip-open phones of 10 volunteers. They used swabs to collect 9 traces of the users from two parts of the phone: the outside, where the user holds it, and the 10 , which is placed at the user's ear.

The scientists scrubbed the phones using a solution made mostly 11 alcohol. The aim of washing was to remove all detectable traces of DNA. The owners got ,Heir phones 12 for another week. Then the researchers collected the phones and repeated the swabbing of each phone once more.

The scientists discovered DNA that 13 to the phone's speaker on each of the phones. Better samples were collected from the outside of each phone, but those swabs also picked up DNA that belonged to other people who had apparently also handled the phone. 14 , DNA showed up even in swabs that were taken immediately after the phones were scrubbed. That suggests that washing won't remove all traces of evidence from a criminal's device. So cell phones can now be added to the 15 of clues that can clinch a crime-scene investigation.

练习：

1. A numbers B music C secrets D films

2. A appeals B appoint C appears D applies

3. A because B unless C although D still

4. A about B in C for D behind

5. A criminals B people C men D policemen

6. A when B until C before D than

7. A device B paper C file D document

8. A However B So C But D Nevertheless

9. A invisible B non-existent C visible D apparent

10. A card B keys C screen D speaker

11. A of B up C on D into

12. A upon B back C without D with

13. A was given B belonged C was owned D became

14. A Generally B Surprisingly C Disappointedly D Shortly

15. A explanation B discovery C book D list

14.鲨鱼有益于地球水系

要让人们相信鲨鱼不是人类的死敌不是一件容易的事。人们认为鲨鱼经常袭击人类。但鲨鱼在为地球水系和人类作着有价值的贡献。商业和捕鱼运动仍在威胁着他们的生存，有些鲨鱼面临着从地球上消失的危险。

温暖的气候影响着鱼类和鲨鱼的活动。由于水温变暖，很多鱼类游到海边。专家认为鲨鱼跟随其它鱼类，也来到人类游泳的区域。实际上鲨鱼并非故意袭击人类。人们认为，由于鲨鱼将人错认为是海狮等海洋动物，在饥饿时才袭击人类。日出和日落时，正是鲨鱼饥肠辘辘的时候，人们不应该出海游泳。专家还提到鲜艳的色彩和闪光的珠宝也会诱使鲨鱼袭击。

鲨鱼的嗅觉特别灵敏，能嗅到海水中存在的极为微量的气味，比如血液、体液和动物散发的化学物质。灵敏的嗅觉有助于鲨鱼找到食物。鲨鱼以鱼、其他鲨鱼和海洋植物为生。

医学研究人员想要更多了解的是鲨鱼的身体抗病免疫系统。研究人员发现鲨鱼受伤会很快康复，他们希望通过研究鲨鱼，找到一种人类抗病的方法。

鲨鱼有益于海洋。它们吃受伤的和生病的鱼。他们的捕猎活动使其它海洋鱼类的数目不会过多，这就保护了海洋中的植物和其它生灵。

Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters

It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought to 1 people frequently. But these fish perform a 2 service for earth's waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing are threatening their 3 Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from 4 .

Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas 5 their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas, 6 people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person 7 a sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. Those are the 8 when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.

A shark has an extremely good sense of smell. It can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and 9 produced by animals. These powerful 10 help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish, any 11 sharks, and plants that live in the ocean.

Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark's body defense and immune 12 against disease. Researchers know that sharks 13 quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.

Sharks are important for the world's 14 . They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too 15 This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.

练习：

1. A attack B meet C love D visit

2. A terrible B eatable C valuable D possible

3. A source B existence C friends D fish

4. A Space B Sky C Land D Earth

5. A because B since C because of D by reason that

6. A whose B which C that D where

7. A to B for C like D with

8. A times B places C seas D oceans

9. A sciences B mathematics C chemicals D physics

10. A feelings B senses C touches D tastes

11. A those B these C another D other

12. A systems B processes C ideas D circles

13. A recover B reform C return D rely

14. A rivers B oceans C forests D mountains

15. A weak B little C few D great

15.从空气湿度中获取饮用水

看不到任何植物，沙漠的土地干燥无比。但是空气中却含有水分，科学家们已经发现了从空气中获取饮用水的方法。这个系统完全依赖再生能源，因此也是自主独立工作的。

干透的沙漠表面上布满了裂痕，这一风景证实了水的缺失。但是甚至在这没有湖泊、小河和地下水的沙漠，相当大量的水却被存储在空气中。比如，在以色列的内盖夫沙漠，每年的相对空气湿润度是64％——在每立方米的空气中有11．5毫升的水。

德国的科学家已经发现了一种能自动将空气里的水转化成饮用水的方法。“我们所研究的这一过程完

全依赖于可再生能源，比如说太阳能集热系统和光生伏打电池，这样就使这个过程完全的自主独立工作了。这一过程可以在那些没有电力设施的地方进行。”研究主管Siegfried Egner说。这个过程的原理如下：具有吸湿性的卤水——吸收湿气的盐水溶液——从高塔形状的装置中流下来吸收空气中的水分。然后被吸进一个离地面几公尺高的真空容器里。太阳能集热器中的能源把盐水加热，然后用盐水把吸收的水分稀释。

由于在真空状态下，水的沸点要比在正常大气压的时候低。这一效果也可以从山脉上得知，由于那里的气压比山谷的低，水在很明显低于1000C的时候就沸腾。这一蒸发过的、没有盐分的水被浓缩并且通过一个完全填满的管子有控制地流下来。水柱的重力不断地引起真空，所以真空管是不需要的。重新浓缩的盐水再次流下到塔的表面去吸收空气中的湿度。

“这一理念适合不同用水者，适合个人使用的吸湿制水机及可供整问酒店用水的吸湿制水厂是有望

制造成功的。”Egner说。空气湿度吸收和真空蒸发——这两个系统的原型已经制成——科学家们已经在

实验室规模验证了它们的交互作用。下一步科学家们想设计出一套演示设备。

Obtaining Drinking Water from Air Humidity

Not a plant to be seen, the desert ground is too 1 . But the air contains water, and research scientists have found a 2 of obtaining drinking water from air humidity. The system is based completely on renewable energy and is therefore autonomous.

Cracks permeate the dried-out desert ground and the landscape bears testimony to the lack of water. But even here, where there are no lakes, rivers or groundwater, considerable quantities of water are stored in the air. In the Negev desert in Israel, for example, annual average relative air humidity is 64 percent -- in every cubic meter of air there are 11.5 milliliters of water.

German research scientists have found a way of converting this air humidity autonomously into drinkable water. "The process we have developed is based exclusively on renewable energy sources such as thermal 3 collectors and photovoltaic cells, which makes this method completely energy-autonomous. It will therefore function in regions 4 there is no electrical infrastructure," says Siegfried Egner, head of the research team. The principle of the 5 is as follows: hygroscopic brine — saline solution which absorbs moisture — runs down a tower-shaped unit and absorbs water from the air. It is then sucked into a tank a few meters 6 the ground in which a vacuum prevails. Energy from solar collectors heats up the brine,, which is diluted by the water it has 7

Because of the vacuum, the boiling point of the liquid is 8 than it would be under normal atmospheric pressure. This effect is known from the mountains: as the atmospheric pressure 9 is lower than in the valley, water boils at temperatures 10 below 100℃. The evaporated, non-saline water is condensed and runs down through a completely filled tube in a controlled manner. The gravity of this water column continuously produces the vacuum and so a vacuum pump is not needed. The reconcentrated brine runs down the tower surface 11 to absorb moisture from the air.

"The concept is suitable for various water 12 Single-person units and plants 13 water to entire hotels are conceivable," says Egner. Prototypes have been built for both system components-air moisture absorption and vacuum evaporation-and the research scientists have already 14 their interplay on a laboratory scale. In a further step the researchers in-tend to develop a demonstration 15 .

练习：

1. A dry B dirty C sandy D clean

2. A path B way C channel D road

3. A oil B wood C coal D solar

4. A when B what . C where D who

5. A promise B progress C prospect D process

6. A of B with C off D below

7. A absorbed B attracted C allowed D affected

8. A wetter B hotter C lighter D lower

9. A close B there C beyond D nearby

2015年职称英语理工类C级考试真题及答案

2015年职称英语理工类C级考试真题及答案第一部分：词汇选项 1. The weather last summer was awful. A. bad B. fair C. dry D. hot 参考答案：A 2. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A. message B. guilt C. obligation D. punishment 参考答案：D 3. My piano playing has improved significantly since I had a new teacher. A. definitely B. generally C. certainly D. greatly 参考答案：D 4. There is a need for radical changes in education.

A. revolutionary B. long-term C. short-term D. systematic 参考答案：A 5. It frustrates me that I‘m not able to put any of my ideas into practice. A. discourages B. shows C. surprises D. frightens 参考答案：A 6. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A. limit B. fear C. power D. fool 参考答案：B 7. He tried to assemble his thoughts. A. gather B. clear C. share D. spare

职称英语考试完形填空解题技巧

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