“英语翻译”完整技巧篇
自考英语翻译技巧一
定语从句：定语从句是由一些关系代词或者关系副词引导的从句组成，用来修饰名词中心词。
Person has pieced togethter the workd of hundereds of researcher around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest date when we can expect hundreds of key breakthrough and discoveries to take place.皮而森汇集了……生
产出独特的千年历，这种千年历（它）能够……
定语的翻译要特别注意位子上的变化，即：如果是单词修饰名词就放在中心词的前面，这和汉语的词序是一样的；如果定语太长，定语就要放在中心词的后面，这时就要注意断句，重复先行词，例如：1.I have the same problem as you concerning the learning of English 在学英语的问题上，我和你有同样的问题。
2.She has a perfect figure. 她身材不错。
3.This is indeed a most pressing problem. 这的确是一个非常棘手的问题。
4.The only other people who knew the secret were his father and mother. 别的知道
这个秘密的人就是他的父母。
5.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who a dvise the academic authorities 有效的维持纪律通常是由一些学生来做的，而这些学生则负责给学校的领导提建议。
6.The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting a d fishing during the last Ice Age which began about 35，00 B.C. and ended about 10，000 B.C.作出这些刻记的游牧人，依靠狩猎和捕鱼生活在冰河时代的晚期。这段时期大约始于公元前35，000 年而结束于公元前10，000 年。
7. For several hundred years，cases have been reported of children who have been r eared in the wild by animals kept isolated from all social contact.在过去的几百年中，已经有记载说，确实有被动物养大的与世隔绝的狼孩的存在。
另外，翻译成汉语时还要注意未省略关系代词和关系副词的定语从句，翻译时所遵守的原则和上述的一样：关系代词引导的定语从句：8.He is the very person （whom）I‘m lo oking for.他正是我要找的人。
9.This is the flexible policy that our government has pursued consistently. 这就是我
们政府一直追求的灵活政策。
10.Those whose families cannot afford board and expenses can be allowed to receive scholarship.那些家里提供不起食宿的学生可以得到奖学金。
11.There are forms that occasionally occur which should not be taught to students.有
些形式是不能告诉给学生的。
关系副词引导的定语从句：12.I took Mr. John to the village ，where I had spent m y carefree childhood. 我把约翰先生带到我度过无忧无虑童年的乡村。
13.I still remember the time when we studied in the same university.我还记得我们一
起上大学的日子。
具体翻译来说，定语从句的翻译可分为限制性和非限制性定语从句两种，翻译成汉语时不论是在语序方面还是重复先行词方面都有一定的讲究：
限制性定语从句的翻译可分为以下几方面：1.前置：这种定语从句一般比较短，翻译起来比较方便，和汉语的词序完全一样，例如：a.This is the finest weather that I have ever seen this month.这是这个月我所看到的最好的天气。
b.Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing. 我们两国是
友谊长存的友好邻邦。
c.Teachers generally like the students who achieve high scores in tests.老师通常喜欢
考试中成绩好的学生。
d.他不是一个轻易服输的人He is not the one who will give up easily.
以上的这些例子告诉我们，如果定语很短的话，我们可以把他象汉语一样放在中心词的前面。
但是，有的时候，如果定语太长，读起来就不符和汉语的习惯，因此，往往要后置，重复先行词，这就是下面要提到的定语从句的“后置”问题，例如：
2.后置：a. Misers are often lonely and obscure men whose wealth is revealed only af ter their death.吝啬鬼经常是看起来年很孤单、不为人所主意，可他们的财富只有等到他们
死了以后才暴露出来。
3.“综合性”的翻译法。
综合性“的翻译就是，翻译时不需要关系词，其中的关系完全靠上下文的意思来表现出来，例如：a.This is the place where the accident occurred.这就是发生交通事故的地方。
b.The person who delivered the letter to him is his neighbor. 他的邻居把信交给了他。
c. There is a big oak tree that stands just in front of the village.村子前面有棵大象树
d.Most of our patients welcomed another human being with whom they could talk openly，honestly，and frankly about their troubl
e. 大多数病人想找人坦率、诚实地倾诉他们的苦衷。
非限制性定语从句：这里，也可以分为以下几种：1.前置：a. We need a chairman ，in whom everyone has confidence 我们需要一个人人都信赖的主席。
b.The worldly well-known actor，who had been ill for two years ，meet thundersto rm applause when reappeared on the stage.那个病了很多年的著名演员，一上台观众就报以雷鸣般的掌声。
c. Piccaso，whose works inspired many artists，lived until he was a ripe old age.
毕加索的作品曾鼓励了很多人，后来年纪很大时，作品也日趋成熟。
2.后置：这里包括：重复先行词，译成并列分句。这是比较常见的翻译方法：
a.He deposits a little sum of money in the bank ，by which means he hopes to dea l with any potential emergency easily.我们每个月都在银行里存一些钱，这样，碰到有任何危机时，我们就可以应付了。
b. A table has four legs，one of which is broken.桌子有四条腿，其中的一条腿是坏的。
c. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems ，of which obtaining wate r is not the least. 生活在澳大利亚中部有很多问题，其中取水还不算最艰苦的。
d.He decided to resign，which is the best thing he could do under the circumstances.他决定辞职，而这是他目前所能做的最好的事。
e.He is late for class today，as is often the case.他今天迟到了，而这是经常的事。
以上的句子在翻译成汉语后，要重复先行词。其中的“which ”可以是指前面的整个句子，也可以单指某个先行词。
3.省略先行词这种句行就象前面讲的“综和性”翻译一样，直接把整个句子的意思讲出来，例如：a.The two universities signed an agreement，under which they would exchange stude nts and scholars. 这两个大学，签定了协议，决定交换学生和学者。
b.He caught a young soldier coming to the farmhouse ，whose face turned pale for too much loss of blood. 他看见一个士兵走进农舍，脸色因失血过多而苍白。
c. He passed the exam ，which can be read from his the light on his face.我从他脸上就可以看出他已通过了考试。
d. He arrived at the railway station in time，which is expected .他果然准时到了火车站。
4.译成状语从句有些作定语的句子听起来却有点象状语从句，因此翻译时可以将其译成状语似的从句：a.You should take advantage of the opportunity to learn English well，wh ich is very valuable. （原因）
你应该利用这个机会好好学习英语，这太重要了。
b.We examine the quality of our products，which is why they are so reliable. （原因）
我们检验产品很仔细，因此产品都很可靠。
c.I never believe the stories ，which is appealing.（让步）
我从不相信他所说的故事，即使它很动听。
5.“as”引导的句子：除了以上这些例子以外，还有一些特殊的由“as”引导的句子，翻译时可参考“as”的比较结构从句：a. He is not such as fool as he looks 他并不象看上去的那么傻。
b. They were not such questions as could easily be disposed of. 这些问题可不是那么容易就能处理好的。
c. It wasn‘t such a good dinner as she had promised us.这顿饭可没有她向我们说的
那么好
自考英语翻译技巧二
直译与意译
直译是基础，意译是补充能直译就尽量直译，不能直译就采取意译
1. Their accent couldn‘t fool a native speaker. A. 他们的口音不能愚弄本地人B.本地人是不会听不出他们是外乡人的。
C.本地人一听他们的口音便知道他们是外乡人的。
2. Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful ，nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.意译：砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。
直译：砸镜子并不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。
3.He felt a rush of fear churning his stomach.直译：他感到一阵恐惧涌上胃口意译：他感到一阵恐惧涌上心头
4. He bent solely upon profit. A. 他只屈身与利润之前B.只有利润才使他低头。
C.他惟利是图
5. Would there be any possibility of having breakfast on the train before we are dec anted in Munich ？
A.当我们在慕尼黑被腾出车厢之前有任何在火车上吃早饭的可能性吗？
B.我们在慕尼黑被腾出车厢之前，有可能在火车上吃早饭吗？
6. He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chic ago. A.他找到工作的机会和当选芝加哥市长的机会差不多B.他找到工作的机会简直跟当选芝加哥市长同样困难。
C.他找到工作的机会简直微乎其微。
正说与反说
1.The administration was free corruption. 这届政府没有腐败现象
2. Wet paint. 油漆未干
3.I remained confused about the problem.这个问题我还是不懂
4. They are dependent on each other.他们谁也离不开谁
5. He is far from what I expected.他远不是我想象的那样。
6. let bygones be bygones.既往不咎
7. As was expected，he passed the exam easily. 果不出所料，他轻而易举地通过了考试
8.We will live up to what our Patty expects of us.我们决不辜负党对我们的期望。
9. I hate the lack of privacy in the dorrnitory.我讨厌宿舍里没有独处的机会。
10. You evidently think otherwise.你显然有不同的看法
11. He will die of hunger before he will steal. 他宁愿饿死，也不愿去偷。
12. That little bridge is anything but safe.那座桥一点也不安全。
13. So far from taking my advice，he went and did just what I warned in ~ainit.他不但不听我的劝告，反而去做了我警告他不要做的事情。
14. He was more frightened than hurt. 他没有受什么伤，倒是受惊不小
正说
15. Don‘t unstring your shoes.把鞋带系上
16. Ml the teachers ，without exception are to attend the meet Sunday. 所有的老师
都要参加星期五的会议。
17. She carne into the room without shoes on. 她光脚走进了房间。
18. The doctor lost no tune in getting the sick man to hospital.医生立即把病人送往
医院。
19. I have no doubt that you will succeed.我相信你会成功。
20. It‘s no distance at all to the school ，only a short walk. 从这到学校很近，只需要很短一段路。
正、反说分析
21.If he had kept his temper，the negotiations would probably have been a success.
如果他克制脾气，谈判可能早就成功了。
22.Some people refrain from expressing their gratitude because they feel it will not b
e welcome. 有些人不愿意表达他们的感激之情，因为觉得着有可能不受欢迎。
23. If you forward the transcripts yourself ，they can be considered official only if t he school envelope has remained sealed. 如果证件由申请人本人递交，则本人不得擅自启封，否则证件将被视为无效。
24. We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我们对生活要永远抱乐观
的态度。
25. We strongly disapprove of the company‘ s new policy.我们强烈反对公司的新政策。
拆句单词拆译26.Incidentally ，I suggest that you have the telephone moved to the s itting-room. 顺便说一句，我建议你把电话移至起居室。
27.He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.
他有个习惯叫人受不了，意思反复不定，一会一个主张。
短语拆译28. Throughout his life ，Benjamin Franklin continued his education，lear ning from human contacts as well as from books.本杰明。富兰克林整个一生都在受教育，他不仅从书本中学习，而且也从与人交往中学习。
29. Energy can neither he created nor destroyed ， a universally accepted law.能量即不能创造也不能消灭，这是一条公认的规律。
30. The meeting ended with protestations of friendship from everyone. 会议结束，人人表示彼此将友好相处。
31. His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machin ery.因为他没能遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。
32. His weak chest predisposes him to winter colds. 他的肺部很弱，冬天容易感冒。
33.He shook his head and his eyes were wide ，then narowed in in-dignation.他摇了摇头，两眼睁的圆圆的，接着有眯成一条线，脸上露出了愤怒的神情。
句子拆译这里主要指英语复合句，尤其是长句的拆译。
34. He had left a note of welcome for me，as sunny as his face.他留下一封段信，对我表示欢迎，那信写的热情洋溢，一如其人。
35. While I was waiting to enter university ，I saw advertised in a local newspaper
a teaching post at a school in a subur
b of London about ten miles from where I lived.
当我等着进大学期间，我在一份地方报纸上看到一则广告，说是在离我住处大约10英里的伦敦某郊区，有所学校要招聘一名教师。
顺序法
36. Your presumption that I would want to share a flat with you is false. 你认为我
会和你同住一套公寓，那就错了。
37.Researchers have established that when people are mentally en-gaged，biochemical cha nges occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive （认知的）areas such as attention and memory. 研究人员证实：人们在动脑筋时，头脑会产生很多的变化，使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更有效地活动
38. During the ice ages ，human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of the ti me would often make their homes in caves. 在冰河时代，人们面临当时较为寒冷的气温，常常在洞穴里安家。
逆序法
39. It was extended and preserved in the 19th century ，when our nation spread acr oss the continent ，saved the union，and abolished the awful scourge of slavery.在19世纪，我们的国家横跨大陆，拯救了联邦，废除了恐怖的奴隶制的蹂躏，这一信念才得以流传可扩展。
40.By January 16，just a month after the beginning of the offensive on which Hitler had staked his last reserves in men and guns and ammunition ，the German forces wer e back to line from which they had set out.到1 月16日，德军又回到了他们当初出击的战线，这恰好是希特勒把他最后的兵力、大炮、弹药储备孤注一掷、发动进攻的一个月之后。
41. Five score years ago，a great American ，in whose symbolic shadow we stand by，signed the Emancipation Proclamation. 100 年前，一位伟人签署了《奴隶解放宣言》，今天，我们正是站在这位伟人富有象征意义的雕象下集会。
变序法（综合法）
42. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me？
我有个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？
43. He had cleared up those confusions which arose from different medicines that ha
d th
e same name and from various names that had been given to the same substance. 药名混乱，有的由于不同药物同一名称所引起，而有的则由于同一药物不同名称所造成，他对此一一作了澄清。
44. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students‘ compositions in critical red ink ，the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things whi ch have been done better than last time，and commenting favorably on them.一位老师这样写到：如果我们能从学生作文中找出一两处比上次做的更好的地方，并提出表扬性评语，而不是用红墨水把学生的作文批改的一塌糊涂，我们就能从中的更富有建设性的结果。
45. Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transce nds the virtue of uttering the truth for truth‘5 sake ，and that is as far as possible do n o harm. 我们的职业传统上格守一个信条，那就是尽可能的不造成伤害，这一信条胜过为讲真话而讲真话的美德。
46. The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday ele ction results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widesprea d defeat，which in the end would deprive the Republican Patty of Tong-held superiority i n the House.在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此发了言。他说他无法解释为何共和党遭到如此大的失败。这种情况最终使共和党在众议院中失去了长期享有的优势。
为何要拆句？
47.Literature offers us the knowledge of the long life which phobia have had in man kind.文献让我们了解到，恐惧症在人类中具有漫长的历史。
48.What is good ，I suppose，is that many people a“e concerned about TV‘ s infl uence and that we have the power to change what we don’ t like. 我看，好在有许多人关心电视的影响，而我们也有能力改变我们所不喜欢的东西。
自考英语翻译技巧三
英汉互译时的词序问题I.两种语言的总体比较：一方面，英汉两种语言都是按照事物发展的客观规律进行的，因而有其共同点，例如：In order to communicate thoughts and feel ings ，people invented a conventional system of signs or symbols which mean the same to the sender and the receiver. （为了更好的交流思想和感情，人们设计出了通常用的标记和符号系统，而这标记和符号交流双方都能看的懂。）
以上的几个例句在英汉两种语言里的词序都是一样的；而除此以外，还存在着很多不同点。另一方面，两种语言又有许多不同点。下面就英汉两种语言的不同点进行比较：汉语比较注重事物发展的客观顺序，先发生什么，后发生什么，结果怎样，最后才加上作者的评论和观点，不管有多少动词都可以并列、排比使用，不会出现词法、句法等的冲突.主题显著，突出主题，而非单单的一个主语，注重句子的“意和”，这就要求我们透过句子的表层结构，深入到句子的内涵，先抓“整体”印象，充分理解过以后再把原文的意思形象翻译出来。
而英语则不然，英语突出主语，往往是评论、观点在前，叙述、原因在后；表面形式上追求句子的“形和”，对句子的结构要求非常严谨，特别强调句子结构的平衡，往往借助于句法、词法（如主从句、分词、不定式等手段）来维持句子表面上的平衡、完整性，极力避免句子的“头重脚轻”（因此，也就出现了许多“it is said that …”等等无主句）。所以，英文则是把作者的观点、主张放在前面，以后再跟着原因、结果和目的等等从句。这些现象在新闻英语里尤其明显，难怪有人说，“汉语的句子结构好比一根竹子，一节一节地连下去，而英语的句子结构好比一窜葡萄，主杆可能很短，累累的果实附着在上面。”具体情况如下：
II. 英汉互译时的时间顺序对比：1.The old-fashioned general store is fast disappearing. This is，perhaps，a pity ，because shopping today seems to lack that personal element which existed when shop keeper knew all his regular customers personally. 旧时的百货店很快就消失了。过去，店主私下里都认识他的老主顾们，而在今天这种事情再也不复存在了，这实在是太可惜了。
2.American education owes a great deal to Tomas Jefferson ……
托马斯。杰弗逊为美国的教育作出了很大的贡献。
下面的句子属倒装句型，是典型的英汉在翻译时的顺序差异：
1.Under the dust was a color map of Paris.（巴黎地图上布满了灰尘。）
2.Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday. （卡片上“生日快乐”字样的下面写着一条消息。）
正是由于以上的原因，才会出现两种语言在思维习惯、逻辑推理上的不同：
III.英汉互译时逻辑思维顺序上的差异：如上所述，如果一个句子里既有叙事的部分，又有表态的部分，在汉语里往往是叙事在前，表态在后，叙事部分可以很长，表态部分一般都很短。而在英语里则往往相反，表态在前，叙事在后。例如：1.表原因：a ……I am ver y happy and grateful to receive your message of greetings.接到你们的贺函，我十分愉快和感谢。
不过，处理这种句行时要注意英汉互译时的顺序问题，例如：
My friend asked the question when I told him that I didn‘t want to be considered fo r an administrative position. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a “s tep up” toward what al l Americans are taught to want when they grow up：money and p ower. 所有美国人受的教育就是：长大成人后应该追求金钱和权力，而我却偏偏不要明明是朝这个目标“迈进” 的工作，他对此大或不解。
2.表目的The two sides agreed that it is desirable to broaden the understanding betwe en the two peoples.双方同意，扩大两国人民之间的了解是可取的。
3.表条件和结果时的顺序：a.One can never succeed without making great 1（结果）2（条件）
efforts.译文：（不努力就不会成功。）
2 （条件）1（结果）
4.在表示让步的句子里，通常也是原因在前，结果在后：Young as he is，he works hard.（尽管他很年轻，可他工作很买力。）
另外：下面的这个句子也可以视为结果一类的句子，它的英汉两种语言的顺序很能说明问题：
c.在当今的教育界，已经涌现出了大批的优秀人才。
Large numbers of talented persons have come to the fore in today‘s education circle.
d. Little is known about the effect of life-long drinking.人们关于终生饮酒的效果却知道的很少
III.因语法手段而造成的英汉次序不一1.另外一些表示存在句的句子里也可见到大量的英汉次序不一的现象：There was rising in him a dreadful uneasiness ；something very p recious that he wanted to hold seemed close to destruction.（他心里涌起一种难言的焦灼，因为他原来一直想保住的东西现在好象要毁灭了。）
另外，英语里的有些形式主语也大都采用了倒装词序：2.无主句：It suddenly dawned on me that this express was not roaring down the line at ninety miles an hour ，but bar ely chugging along at thirty.（后来，我才突然明白，这次快车并非以90英里的时速疾弛而下，而只不过是以30英里的时速慢慢向前行驶。）
It is reported that …………
3.在某些表示“融合性”的定语从句中：a.There are many people who want to see the f ilm.（许多人要看这部电影）
b.There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. （楼下有人要见你）
4.倒装句形a.Not a single word have we written down as yet.（否定）
（我们连一个字都没有写。）
b.Little does he realize the danger he is in（否定）
（他一点都没有意识到危险性。）
IV. 因句子结构转换而造成的词序不一：Cold drinks will be available at the Sports C enter.运动中心也提供冷饮。（状语转译成主语）
V.注意下面的一些特殊的结构：
中国自从改革开放以来，发生了很大的变化。
有人竟然翻译成：1.误：Since China ‘s policy of reform and opening，China has tak en place a great many changes.
正：A great many changes have taken place in China since the policy of reform and opening to the outside world.
2.轮子是公元前六世纪发明的。
600 B.C. saw the invention of wheel.
自考英语翻译技巧四
英汉互译时的词性转换
I.英语的名词转译成汉语的动词：英汉两种语言具有不同的辞语结构。在汉语里，一个句子可以有多个动词并排使用，不管有多少动词，都可以按照先后的顺序一个一个地排下去；而英语则是一门静止的语言，在同等条件下，选择用名词的情况居多数，例如：
1.在名词转译成动词的句子中：a. My shock and embarrassment at finding Mother in t ears on Wednesday was a perfect index of how little I understood the pressures on her （我星期三发现妈妈在流眼泪而感到震惊、尴尬，这就表明我对妈妈所承受的压力知道的多么少。）
在这个句子当中，shock ，embarrassment，index等等都是英语趋向于用名词而不用动词的最好例子b. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion and they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores.（他们一想到在公共场穿不时髦的衣服，就感到浑身不自在，而一些商店和设计师们正是利用了他们的这种弱点。）
c. As a boy and then as an adult，I never lost my wonder at the personality that w as Einstein. （不论是在儿时还是长大以后，我一直都对爱因斯坦的人格感到很好奇。）
d. Most of my friends live in the city，yet they always to into raptures at the mere mention of the country. （我的大多数朋友都住在城里，然而，他们只要一提起乡村就欣喜若狂。）
e. The availability of information on the INTERNET，for example，widens the pos sibilities of informal education immensely.（比如，由于人们能在INTERNET网上可以得到信息，这就大大扩大了获得非正规教育的可能性。）
2.在一些特定结构中，如：介词+ 名词= 副词a. It is wise of him to deal with the de licate problem with care and with calmness.（他很明智，在处理这一敏感问题时及尽仔细和谨慎。）
b. Einstein watched it in delight ，trying to deduce the operating principle.（爱因斯坦很欣喜地看着它，想推断出其中的操作原理。）
c. The soldier stared in surprise at the old farmer and the girl. （那个士兵很震惊地看着那个老农夫和女孩。）
d. The old man looked closely at the row of puddings with great interest（老人很感兴趣地仔细打量起一排布丁。）
3.由形容词变成的名词：这类词通常都是表示一类人，如：the poor/ oppressed/ exploit ed
4.在某些词组中a. a good case in point after a while ，as a result ，at any rate ，bre
ak（burst ）into tears ，go into service ，in a sense in addition in exchange for，in oth er words in reality，out of place，run （fly ）into rage take account of to certain extent to his disappointment to one ‘s taste b. To his surprise，Mr. Beck failed to come as exp ected.（奇怪的是，贝克先生来晚了。）
c. In all probability ，I‘m sure that he’ll come.（我敢肯定，他完全可能来晚。）
d. He has said in all seriousness that their performance is perfect.（他很正经地说他们的演出很成功。）
e. I saw a man walking across the road with the obvious intention of talking to me.（我看到一个人穿过大街，明显地想跟我交谈。）
f. Of course，daydreaming is no substitute for hard work ……
（当然，白日梦不可能代替艰苦的工作。）
另外，还有一些句子也大量用名词而不用动词，翻译时要特别注意词性的转换，如：g. That will help lead you to the attainment of your goals. （那会有助于你达到目标。）
h. But in combination with the more usual methods of self-development ，it might make a critical difference. （但是，如果与通常的自我发展的方法相结合，他就能产生很大的不同。）
i. He said that this exercise of privilege of high-rank government officials will produc e bad influence on people ‘s mind concerning our Party ’s image . （他说，政府高级官员滥用职权，将会在人们的心目中产生很坏的影响，损坏党的形象。）
j. Those significant progress had been made in some industries，the general quality o f industrial products leaves much to be desired. （一些工业取得了长足的进步，但是工业产品总的质量还亟待提高。）
k. When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion，the conclusions to be drawn are obvious.（如果把男人和女人就流行款式方面作个比较，结论就很明显了。）
l. In the light of these he puts further questions，and so on. （根据这些，他又提出了另外一些问题，如此等等。）
6.在一些特定的词组中或格式中也趋向于用名词。
a. be of（great ）significance/ （little）use /（no）value/ （some）help / （vital）
importance（很有意义的）/ 很有用的）/ 很有价值）/ （很有帮助）/ （很重要）
b. My suggestion/ motion/ recommendation /idea
is that he（should）go there 我建议（想，提议，认为，主张）他去。
7.在一些表示结果的特定词组中如：be shocked into stillness（惊呆了）
those people who toil to death（累得要命的人）
bore somebody to death（枯燥得要死）
be worried to death.（担心得要命）
8.英语的句子结构紧凑，汉语里一个有主语有谓语可以独立的分句，译成英语可能就变成了一个名词词组，这就更说明了英语的名词性特征。
a. The outbreak of the civil war totally damaged his splendid dream of contributing what he had for his country.（战争爆发彻底破坏了他那为国奉献一切的梦想。）
b. The train was delayed by the heavy snowfall. （火车因为积雪而晚点。）
II. 英语的动词结构反过来转译成汉语的名词：一些由名词派生的表示意愿、情绪等的动词，在翻译成汉语时往往还将其返回来译成名词：1. This course is intended to provide aid to those women who ，for this reason or that，fail to get the opportunity to receive education.（这门课的目的就是给那些因为种种原因没有机会上学妇女们提供帮助。）
2.A well-dressed man，who looked and talked like a millionaire ，turned out to pe nniless. （那个穿着讲究，外表和谈吐都象百万富翁的人却身无分文。）
3. Gordon Allport ，an American psychologist ，found nearly 18，000 English wor ds characterizing differences in people‘s behavior. （美国的心理学家高顿。爱尔波特发现有一万个英语单词可以用来表达人们行为的不同特征。）
III.名词转移成形容词：1. The speech presented by the visiting scholar left considerabl e excitement in his mind（那位到访学者的演讲着实让他感到很激动。）
2. The room is small but very cozy and his satisfaction can be read from his face.（这间房间很小但很舒适，从他脸上一眼就可看出他很满意。）
IV. 其它词汇的转译方法：1.介词译成动词a. If it‘s academic success you’re after，yo u can ‘t neglect studying. （如果你追求学术上的成功，一定不能忽视了学习。）
b. Those who are for the program please raise your hand.（同意这项计划的人请举手。）
c. Will those in favor of the proposal come to attend the meeting next Saturday ？
（赞成这项提议的人下星期六来开会好吗？）
d. It wasn‘t that I was after money. I just wanted to make sure that he was found g uilty again in the civil suit. （并不是因为我想要钱，我只是想让他即使是在民事案件方面也被判有罪。）
2.副词或形容词转译成名词：a. In an overcrowded country，very few people own en ough to make them financially independent. 在一个人口过度稠密的国家里，很少有人能在财政上独立。）
b. To be economically prosperous，China will apply more flexible policies of openin g to the outside. （为了能达到经济上的繁荣，中国将实行更为灵活的开放政策。）
c. Aside from offering financial support，work can keep us healthy not only physical ly but also mentally.（工作除了能给我们提供财政上的支持外，还能够使我们在身体上和心理上保持健康。）
一些短语中：To be mentally prepared …。，心理上做好准备To be materially equipp ed………，物资上作好准备During the politically eventful late-1960s…。，政治上正置多事之秋的60年代。
自考英语翻译技巧五
关于加词、减词等在翻译时应注意的问题。
所谓加词就是根据原文的思想内涵透过文字表达上的表面现象，充分照顾到另一种语言的文法特征、描述规律，在将其翻译成另一种语言时该加词的地方加词，该减词的地方减词，千万不可以为了可以追求所谓的“精练、简洁”而随随便便地减词；也不可以离开原文，凭空腻测，随随便便加词。具体地说：
加词：
I.由于词汇方面的原因而引起的加词现象：1.加动词由于英语是一门“静止”的语言，在所有的词汇当中，用名词的居多；而相比较而言，汉语则无此限制，不管有多少动词都可以并排使用。因此，许多英语的名词翻译成汉语时都要加上一些动词，否则，意思则很不完整，例如：a. But by 1981 he had to have further surgery on his hand. And a month later，h e suffered as stroke. （到了1981年，他的手不得不又做了一次手术。一个月以后，他又中风了。）
b. His speech in at the meeting turned out exert an stimulating effect on the mind of the people present that day. （他那天在会上所做的报告使所有在场的人深受鼓舞。）
c. He maintain that only hard work and unswerving perseverance can lead to improve
d performance.（他坚持认为，只有通过勤奋工作加上不懈的努力才会取得好的成绩。）
d. The lives claimed by shoddy construction projects should be enough to put govern ments at all levels on the alert. （伪劣建筑夺取了很多人的生命，这一点足以使我们的各级部门提高警惕。）
e. Efforts must be made to improve service for more than 1 million domestic and ov erseas tourists. （为了一百万的国内外旅客的利益，我们一定为改善服务质量而进行努力。）
f. You ought to know better than to go swimming straight after a meal.（你不应该一吃过饭，马上就去游泳，这是很不明智的。）
2.加名词：在汉语中，及物和不及物动词的区别不是很明显，有时所谓及物动词后面的宾语如果上下文中能够看的出，往往可以省略不说；而英语则不然。由于英语对及物动词和不及物动词的区别很明显，因此翻译成汉语时则很麻烦。特别是一些不及物动词必须带上它后面的宾语句子意思才能显得完整。因此，我们在翻译时往往就需要增补。
a. Make a schedule or chart of you time and fill in committed time such as eating ，playing ，meetings ，classes，etc. （作一个时间表，然后，将吃饭、睡觉、开会、上课等等的时间填上。）
b. It was two hours before the old couple mustered up enough courage to get up an d called the police and they explained that they‘d done that after much deliberation.（直到两个小时以后，那对老夫妻才有勇气敢从床上爬起来给警察打电话，并解释说那也是经过仔细考虑才敢作的。）
c.这见事据说是一个组织严密团伙干的。
（The operation is believed to be the work of a well-organized organized group. ）
d.我是为友谊和求学而来。
（I came here in the spirit of friendship and learning. ）
有时形容词前面也可以加上名词：e. His wife thinks that this furniture is too expensi ve and ，moreover looks very ugly.（他妻子认为，这件家具价格昂贵而且外表难看。）
f. I thus appeared to them to be quite familiar with this sort of situation and it confi rmed them in their belief that I was a thoroughly disreputable character.（然后，我继续装着对这种事情很内行的样子，结果更使他们认定我是一个名声很坏的人。）
有时，一些名词或者数量词的复数形式翻译成汉语后前面也要加词表示重叠：g. Thous ands of students from the city‘s colleges and universities jammed the railw ay station await ing the arrival of their football team. （成千上万的高校学生一起涌到火车站欢迎他们的足球队凯旋。
h. These she bought the medical supplies with the large sums of money given to her by many friends to help her in the Crimea （她用朋友们给她的一笔笔钱购买医疗设备。）
i. To look after the hordes of sick men there were only a few old doctor who were helpless before such scene of suffering and misery. （只有这些老医生来照看一群群的伤员，他们在如此的痛苦、悲伤面前，显得无可奈何。
3.加代词：这里的代词主要是指作动词宾语的代词，因为英语中的所有及物动词都必须带有宾语，所以汉语翻译成英语时也需要增补：a. If you like this novel ，I can lend it t
o you.（如果你喜欢这本小说，我可以借给你。）
b. I think she‘d appreciate it if we all helped out a bit more.（我觉得如果我们能帮她一把，她回很感激的。）
c. Would you please look for the key once more？I remembered clearly putting it i
n the drawer last time. （能不能再找一遍钥匙？我记得上次放在抽屉里了。）
4.加连词和介词：汉语可以通过上下文来连接句与句之间的逻辑关系，而英语则靠一些连接词来完成：a. If you want to go，I would give you my advice that you take an umb rella.（你要去，我建议你别忘了带把伞。）
b. Since its opening five years ago ，the shop has attracted a lot of customers.（这
家商店五年前开业以来，吸引了大批顾客。）
c. Since the beginning of this century，more and more scientists have become intere sted in the way the human brain works. （本世纪以来，越来越多的科学家已经开始对人脑活动的方式感兴趣。）
d. His friends asked him to write them as soon as he got ther
e. （他的朋友要他到了那儿就给他们写信。）
e. He went so far as to cheat openly on test. （他居然敢公开作弊。）
f. The factory has decided to mass-produce the equipment at a low cost. （这家工厂
已经决定低成本、大批量的生产这种仪器。）
g. Why was he absent from school yesterday？
（他昨天为什么不上学？）
h. The older leader gave us the suggestion that we be free from arrogance and rashn ess.（老领导告戒我们要戒骄戒躁。）
i. This ，he said，deprived him of his civil rights ，and he asked for $150，000 in damages. （他说，这等于是剥夺了他的公民权力，因此申请$150，000 的赔偿。）
j. His marriage suffered and ended in divorce.（他的婚姻也受到影响，最后还是离了婚。）
k. After a few rounds of talks，both sides regarded the territory dispute as settled.（几轮会谈以后，双方认为边界问题可以解决了。）
l. As her year as chief resident drew to a close，Mrs. White decided to specialize i n children ‘s diseases. （在她作住院总医师要结束时，怀特太太决定专攻病理。）
5.下面的一些句子则是为了修辞目的而加词：a. He was sentenced as much as six mo nths in jail for drunk driving.（他因酗酒驾驶而被判入狱半年。）
b. As many as twenty people were killed in the accident yesterday.（二十个人在昨天的事故当中丧生。）
c. I came here as early as eight o‘clock this morning. （我今天八点钟就来了。）
6 . 在某些作定语的不定式结构中，介词有时需要加上：a. I‘d like to find someone t o play with （我想找人玩。）
b. Would you please pass me a piece of paper to write on. （你能否递张纸给我，我想写点东西。）
c. Totally alone in the room，her mother wanted to find someone to talk to （她妈妈觉得一个人在房间里太孤单了，想找个人说说话。）
7.某些独立结构中：With a book in his hand ，the teacher came into the class. （老师走了进来，手里拿本书。）
8.加副词a. They started up into the sky until the noise of the rocket died away.（他猛地抬头往天空看，直到火箭发射的声音渐渐远去。）
b. He stole a glance at the pretty girl walking alongside with him. （他偷偷地瞥了他一眼。）
9.有时还要根据实际需要，加上一些表示“范畴”的词，即表示笼统意思的单词，意见、想法、道理等等。
a. The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will. （因此，对社会活动家来说，培养业
余爱好和新的兴趣就成为头等重要的事情了。但这不是一蹴而就的事情，也不能单靠毅力就能临时凑成。）
b. A situation in which such a large number of students cheat openly on the exam a nd escape punishment is very dangerous and cannot last long（如此多的学生作弊，居然没人管，是很危险的，也不可能持久。）
c. So he began to study the children‘s responses in situation where no milk was prov ided（所以，他开始研究小孩子得不到牛奶时的反应是什么样的。）
以上的几句虽然没有“局面”、“情况”等词，但其意思却已经包含在了里面。如果不加上“policy”，“business”，“situation ”等词，意思就不是很清楚，句子也不通顺。
II. 由于汉英结构不同而造成的加词现象：
1.由上下文的逻辑关系而引起的加词现象：句子结构方面：a. In most cases，this act ion will produce results. However ，if it does not ，there are various means the consu mer may use to gain satisfaction. （在大多数情况下，这样做有一定效果。如果还不行，顾客可以采取许多措施直至满意为止。）
b. They illustrate，for one thing，the underlying American faith that our future rest s on the way our children turn out，and that a basic way to affect children‘s developme nt is through their education. （有一点，他们表明了美国人内心深处的一个信念，那就是，我们的孩子如何成长将决定我们的未来，而影响他们发展的一个基本途径就是通过教育。）
c. That men have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new. （人类已经从动物的行为中学到了很多东西的说法并不是什么新鲜事。）
下面的例句都是一些需要加关系代词的现象：d. He passed the exam ，which can be read from his the light on his face. （我从他脸上就可以猜出他已通过了考试。）
e. He was late on that very morning for the interview ，which totally damaged the possibilities of promotion. （他偏偏在面试的那天早晨迟到，结果丧失了一次晋升的绝好机会。）
f. As is expected ，he arrived at the railway station in time. （他果然准时到了火车站）
2.在无主句、存在句或一些祈使句中中加主语。
因为在这些句子中，主语虽然没有表示出来，但却早已隐含在句子里面；加上英语对句子表面上的结构要求非常严谨，因此在汉语翻译成英语时往往要加上省略的部分（主语）意思才能完整，例如：a.进行社会主义现代化建设必须尊重知识、尊重人才。
（In our drive for socialist modernization，we must respect knowledge and talented people. ）
b.你还是带把雨伞吧，以防下雨。
（You ‘d better take an umbrella in ca se it rains. ）
c.已经快七点种了，他怎么还没有到？
（It is nearly seven o ‘clock now ，why hasn ’t he arrived yet？）
d.一定不要忘记离家前父母对你所说的话。
（Remember what your said to you before you left home.）
有时，英语的动名词需要加上其逻辑主语才能显得意思完整：e. His father-in-law does n‘t appreciate his smoking cigarette so heavily.（他的岳父对他抽这么多的烟很不以为然。）
3.加宾语她妈妈说，他们应该带孩子一起去参加马丽的生日晚会。
（Her mother said that they should bring their baby with them to Mary ‘s birthday p arty.）
4.有时需要加上语气词：There were no houses whatsoever when we crossed the mars hlands on the Long March ，we just slept where we could.（我们长征时根本就没房子住，随便找个地方就睡下了。）
The audience was not interested at all（in any sense）in his long and boring speech.（观众对他那又臭又长的讲话一点都不感兴趣。）
减词：
I.和一些单词有关系的减词法1.省略“范畴”词：先看下面的例子：a.系里的领导来找他做说服工作。
（The leader of the department came to him to the undertake the persuasion）
b.这次考试不及格，使他深切认识到写好作文在学习英文中的重要性。
（The failure of this exam made him aware of the importance of writing in learning English.）
c.这本书的目的是改进学生们的理解能力。