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Dynamics of Beliefs and Strategy of Perception.

Patrick J.Fabiani1

Abstract.An autonomous agent equipped with sensors is expected

to ef?ciently perform a given mission within a dynamic and changing

world of which it has an uncertain representation.In order to keep

this representation well-grounded,the agent has to organize the ac-

quisition of information autonomously.A key issue is to choose a

framework for the representation of beliefs which is adapted to deal

both with time and uncertainty.A perception strategy,designed for

the purpose of collecting the right information at the right time,should

be based on a dynamic evaluation of the relevance of the beliefs of

the system.A review of works concerning the problems of belief

revision and temporal representation of uncertainty is presented.The

differences between the variety of existing formalisms are discussed

and the framework of a well-adapted approach is recalled.The issue

of a robust perception strategy is addressed within this framework;a

?rst solution,together with the corresponding results of simulations

of an autonomous surveillance system,are presented.

1Introduction

The issue which is dealt with refers to an autonomous system hav-

ing an uncertain representation of the changing environment within

which it has to ful?l a given mission.The paperaddressesthe problem

of how the system is taking time into account within its representa-

tion of beliefs about the world.An overview of some approaches

in this?eld of research is?rst presented in order to shed a new

light on the proposed approach,which extends earlier works on the

representation of uncertainty.The emphasis is laid on the temporal

erosion of the beliefs and on the design of a perception strategy for

an autonomous surveillance system in a changing environment.The

proposed approachwas tested with simulations of a Markovian model

of the evolution of the environment:the results seem very promising

for further developments.

2Dynamics of Beliefs

2.1Prediction and Perception

“Dealing with uncertainty”means some capacity to cope with infor-

mation that may result in a number of mutually exclusive hypotheses,

ordered from the most likely to the most improbable.The system is

supposed to suspend its judgement and consider them as a whole set,

until some decisive information is obtained,in so far as any arbitrary

choice would result in a senseless loss of information.Most of the

time,in a dynamic environment it is computationally untractable to

maintain this set because of a“branching problem”:the number of

possible casesincreases exponentially when considering,at each time

point,all the possible evolutions from all the possible current states

But if is very small then is said to be“highly improbable”in both initial assessments,and despite this,the combination invariably leads to the result that is certain.Eventually,if source1corresponds to the current beliefs of the system and source2reports from new sensory observations,any hypothesis that is initially considered as impossible by1cannot possibly become more plausible in the process of belief revision.This makes the use of Dempster-Shafer’s rule questionable in a changing environment,and particularly prob-lematic for the representation of the beliefs of an autonomous system equipped with noisy sensors,unless the value0is never assigned to

a degree of belief that is expected to change.

2.4Modal and credal ignorance

In I.Levi’s Epistemic Utility Theory[14]a strong distinction is made between two kinds of ignorance:a modal ignorance and a credal ignorance.According to a given body of knowledge,consisting of all the propositions which are considered as certainly true,the system is able to determine a set of mutually exclusive hypotheses that are possibly true:at a given time point at most one of these hypotheses is true but the system does not know which one.This is called modal ignorance.Then among these hypotheses,the system can make an evaluation with respect to risk assessments or expectations:it may result in a unique probability distribution or in a set of several such distributions which are all permissible according to the system.This is called credal ignorance.The importance of taking modal ignorance and certainty degrees into account in the process of information combination appears in[6],but in their approach the degrees of certainty are handled as opinions,or likelihood values,whereas they actually estimate an amount of information[7].

In[10]and[11]the author proposes a set of rules for Bayesian evidential updating with interval-valued probabilities as an improve-ment of strict Bayesianism and an alternative to Dempster-Shafer’s theory.In fact,it is shown in[9]that Dempster-Shafer’s updating is a special case of Bayesian updating with interval-valued probabili-ties.As far as belief revision is concerned,this approach is closely related to I.Levi’s proposal:both the credal state and the set of possi-ble hypotheses are subject to revision,the?rst one through classical Bayesian inference and the second one through a decision process based on epistemic utility maximization([15]).This leads to ma-nipulate convex sets of probability distributions while retaining the Bayesian inference scheme.It has been applied to estimation prob-lems([19],[17])and decision problems([18]).In[12],it is proposed

a generalization to a non-convex set-based Bayesianism.

2.5Back to the Increasing Ignorance

On the one hand,approaches such as Interval-valued Probabilities, Shafer’s Theory of Evidence,or Set-Based Bayesianism avoid the drawback of being committed to a(supposedly accurate)single prob-ability distribution and they make it possible to represent ignorance. But on the other hand,they suffer from the fact that ignorance is expressed in such a way that any distribution of beliefs is permissi-ble and consequently the implementation of something equivalent to the principle of increasing ignorance would lead to the same dead-lock as in the Possibility Theory(2.2):as time goes by,the credal state of the system drifts towards a confusing undifferentiated state of belief where any credal probability distribution over the possible hypotheses is permissible:for example an upper probability equal to 1and a lower probability equal to0for every hypothesis.Anyway,no cautious formulation of this problem seems to have been studied within these frameworks so far.

2.6Likelihood and Con?dence

Despite I.Levi clearly identi?es two independent kinds of uncertainty, both the possibilistic and the classical probabilistic approaches are quite single-sided.It seems preferable to distinguish the problemat-ics and to introduce an explicit evaluation of the ignorance.On the one hand the likelihood value assigned to an hypothesis somewhat corresponds to the believed chances that this hypothesis is the right one,and on the other hand the degree of con?dence stands for the amount of valid information that justi?es the likelihood value.This approach is presented at greater length in[7]:each hypothesis is always considered as part of a set of mutually exclusive hypotheses in so far as when a piece of information about one of these hypotheses is obtained,it also concerns all the others.But for each hypothesis,the set in which it is considered may vary as its rival hypotheses may be either grouped or subdivided.If in the process of belief revision a likelihood value is assigned to each hypothesis,it is proposed to attach a degree of con?dence to this distribution.

The likelihood assessment can be modelled by a probability dis-tribution.The degree of con?dence is not related to a probability but rather to a certainty degree:let?be a probability space:?is a space of possible worlds,is a sigma-?eld of subsets of?,called possible hypotheses and:0;1is a probability distribution over?at time.Then,is the likeli-hood distribution over?at time and each hypothesis

with its likelihood value,is attached a degree of con?dence

.The following rules are recalled:

0;10;(1)

(2)

min;(3)

max;(4) A set of rules is also given in[7]for the combination of information coming from two independent sources1and2which respectively report the distributions of probabilities1and2over a set with the degrees of con?dence1and2.An important point is that if the beliefs of the system about a set of rival hypotheses are obsolete,the acquisition of new information from a sensor increases the con?dence in the believed distribution of probability over.

2.7Erosion of

Belief

t = 0

Figure1.Alternate erosions and updates

In this framework,it is proposed to model the evolution of a belief with time according to the principle of increasing ignorance(2.2). If no new information is available,the system’s degree of belief in is assumed to drift towards ignorance:this means that while its likelihood value remains unchanged if no general knowledge says

Abduction,Temporal and Causal Reasoning9P.J.Fabiani

it should evolve,its associated degree of con?dence is a decreasing function of time drifting towards0.The point is that each belief,if it is not updated by the arrival of new information,will turn into a default opinion as its justi?cation becomes obsolete and possibly inaccurate. It is worth noticing that the erosion of belief may be characterized for each hypothesis with respect to the risk of occurence of an event causing a change in the truth value of:this means that for those propositions that belong to the system’s body of knowledge and are known to remain certain,there will be no erosion of belief,whereas for other hypotheses this erosion will be all the more rapid as the chances of an evolution during the current period of time are great. 3Strategy of Perception and Surveillance

3.1Maximizing con?dence

Basically,each possible world,as an atomic element of the set ?,is fully determined by the instantiation of every state variable (,depending on time).Considering a set of possible

distinct values(with)for the state variable,then,each of the set of mutually exclusive hypotheses is a very natural element of.If and if a distribution of values of likelihood is assumed with a degree of con?dence over every set,then,the value of likelihood of is given by and its degree of con?dence is min min.In the proposed formalism,represents the global current opinion of the system about its environment and results in a likelihood value attached to each hypothesis.is the corresponding con?dence distribution over?,that results in a degree of con?dence attached to each possible world.The overall degree of con?dence in the current credal state is

min min

Then,a perception strategy designed with the long term purpose of collecting the right information at the right time can be founded on a decision criterion taking into account the proposed evaluation of the relevance of the system’s beliefs:that is both the reliability attached to each sensor and the elapsed time since the last update.

As a consequence of the principle of increasing ignorance,the overall degree of con?dence in the current credal state(3.1)is a decreasing function of time,corresponding to an increasing risk for the system due to a lack of information.The perception strategy has to be designed to maximize it as time goes by.Thus,it is?rst proposed that at a time(t)the system should use a one step forward decision process,and choose which action to perform next,so as to maximize the overall degree of con?dence C(t).So,at each time step, the system will choose the action that increases the minimal degree of con?dence in the distribution over?.

3.2The Markovian environment

A simulation of a surveillance system following a con?dence-based one step forward strategy of perception is now presented:a system is in charge of the surveillance of a limited changing scene divided into zones that are subdivided into atomic cells:let be the total number of cells.The size of the observation window allows the system to visit one and only one cell at each time step.As time goes by,the cells are independently and randomly switched on and off as if they were pieces of a landscape where brush?res could randomly break out.The scene is equivalent to a sequence of boolean variables1(01)that evolve according to a Markovian process(?gure2).

(q)

(p)

(1 - p)(1 - q)

Figure2.Markovian evolution process for a cell

The parameters and of the Markovian processes vary from a zone to another but are constant over the set of all the cells of a same given zone:is the conditional probability that1at time provided that0at time and the conditional probability that 0at time provided that1at time.If is the probability that1at time:

1(5)

lim

Nevertheless,the proposed approach is intended to be robust with regards to such a modelling of the sensors and rather uses a degree of con?dence attached to the sensor itself.The degree of con?dence attached to the simulated sensor was de?ned with a multiplicative coef?cient and a decreasing function of time.The constant coef?-cient stands for the unreliability of the sensor:as far as there is a unique sensor,the choice of an appropriate value for that constant was rather subjective(besides,it did not prove to be a crucial point in the design of the perception strategy).Furthermore,the experi-mental comparisons between simulations with“perfect”sensors and simulations with unreliable sensors mainly result in an equal loss of performance for all the strategies based on the beliefs of the system.

3.3Perception strategies

At each time,each cell is associated with a couple of mutually exclusive hypotheses:(1,0)over which the system can assess the likelihood distribution(,1)and attach a degree of con?dence.Then,the cell is said to have the degree of con?dence.According to the one step forward strategy of maximum con?dence,at each time step,the observation window jumps from its position to the neighbouring cell that has the minimum degree of con?dence.In that case,the rate of decay of the degree of con?dence with regards to the erosion of belief is a crucial point.

Abduction,Temporal and Causal Reasoning10P.J.Fabiani

For each cell,the erosion should be all the more rapid as the chances of an evolution during the current period of time are great.So,at each time step,the rate of erosion of should depend on the beliefs of the system about :it should be a function of (respectively )if the system has a suf?ciently great degree of con?dence in the belief that

0(respectively 1).Otherwise,the system

should consider the worst case and the rate of erosion should be a function of max .In the following 1(?res are out most of the time)and therefore max .The idea is to use a probabilistic model of the scene in order to assess likelihood values that are relevant on an average and to erode the

con?dence in the observations.A threshold

and a parameter were chosen and the following rule was implemented for each cell :

05:

(8)05:

(9):

(10)

A very similar problem of surveillance,with cells representing elec-tric bulbs and having the same parameters of evolution,is studied in [2]within a Bayesian approach.The system computes for each and each the probability and controls the observation win-dow in order to minimize the expected error between the maximum likelihood estimate and the real state of the scene.As all expectations are calculated according to the ’s,the proposed strategies result in the minimization of criteria such as:1

min 1or 11or Shannon’s entropy 1

log (which is much more concerned with complexity than with informa-tion).They all turn out to be equivalent as their minima are ob-tained for the extreme values

0or 1.According to the corresponding one step forward strategies the observation win-dow jumps at each time step to the cell that has the maximum min 1:the observation lowers this value.

Such strategies tend to forget some cells that were not observed for some time [16]:if lim

Strategies ->random methodical Bayesian con?dence Criterion 153%65%62%65%Criterion 253%65%63%65%Criterion 347.4%34.9%37.5%34.9%Criterion 428.9%25.0%25.6%25.0%

the observation.The comparison between the different strategies is based on objective criteria of performance that are computed on an average over the whole simulation.Unfortunately,they are hard to optimize on line :

Criterion 1:the percentage of detected ?res among all those that have occurred on zone 1(an ideal score is 100%);

Criterion 2:the percentage of detected ?res among all those that have occurred on zone 2(an ideal score is 100%);

Criterion 3:the global percentage of non detected ?res on both zone 1and 2(an ideal score is 0%);

Criterion 4:the average percentage of time,per cell and over the duration of the simulation,for which the beliefs of the system were erroneous as for the estimation of the real state of the cell (an ideal score is 0%).Due to the Markovian model of evolution,the average period of time during which a cell stays in the state 1(respectively

0)lasts 1(respectively 1).If there are cells in

the scene,it takes at least a time

to visit all them once.As a consequence,the ratios and characterize the dif?culty for the system to detect changes in the state of :if they are greater than one,it will be hard to detect all the changes.In the presented results,there are two zones of ?ve cells in the scene and the Markovian parameters and were chosen so that :as a consequence,if is constant over both zones,is a key factor.It appears that the problem of surveillance is quite manageable

when

02and for that value the perception strategy based on degrees of con?dence detects more than 93%of the ?res in both zones (see table 4).On the other hand,saturation is reached when

1all over the scene (table 1):in this case,the performance of the different strategies are almost equivalent.

Table 2.Zone 1:(p=0.1,q=0.1)-Zone 2:(p=0.001,q=0.1)

Table3.Zone1:(p=0.001,q=0.01)-Zone2:(p=0.001,q=0.1)

Strategies->random methodical Bayesian con?dence

Criterion180%88%0%68%

Criterion284%91%95%94%

Criterion315.9%8.9%7.1% 6.6%

Criterion4 2.9% 1.7%0.9%0.8% As a conclusion,the proposed perception strategy shows a satisfac-tory behaviour throughout the comparisons.It is based on a dynamic model of the scene and is fully compatible with a probabilistic frame-work.A key point is that,unlike the Bayesian strategy,it leads to an exhaustive exploration of the scene,like the methodical strategy: therefore,it is a robust strategy and in most cases a better one than the methodical one(which is quite robust as well).In the future, the challenge could be to design rules of erosion for the degrees of con?dence so that the associated strategy of perception should be appropriate for the optimization of a chosen criterion of performance.

4Conclusion

The proposed approach seems to meet the needs of the design of a robust perception strategy for an autonomous surveillance system in an uncertain and changing environment.A set of rules is recalled that constitutes a de?nition of how the proposed degree of con?dence and the likelihood value should be handled so as to produce a relevant mechanism for reasoning about time and uncertainty.The emphasis is laid on the dynamics of beliefs and more speci?cally on the erosion of the degrees of con?dence.This approach was successfully applied to a problem of surveillance in a simulated Markovian environment. Further developments should lead to improve the performance of the proposed strategy.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research is partly supported by the Direction des Recherches et Etudes Techniques-DGA France-under“Perception”contract.REFERENCES

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Abduction,Temporal and Causal Reasoning12P.J.Fabiani

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Windows7 SP1官方原版以下所有版本都为Windows7 SP1官方原版，请大家放心下载！ 32位与64位操作系统的选择：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/Win7News/6394.html 最简单的硬盘安装方法：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/thread-25503-1-1.html 推荐大家下载旗舰版，下载后将sources/ei.cfg删除即可安装所有版本，比如旗舰，专业，家庭版。 ============================================ Windows 7 SP1旗舰版中文版32位：文件cn_windows_7_ultimate_with_sp1_x86_dvd_u_677486.iso SHA1:B92119F5B732ECE1C0850EDA30134536E18CCCE7 ISO/CRC:76101970 cn_windows_7_ultimate_with_sp1_x86_dvd_u_677486.iso.torrent(99.63 KB, 下载次数: 326189) Windows 7 SP1旗舰版中文版64位：文件cn_windows_7_ultimate_with_sp1_x64_dvd_u_677408.iso SHA1: 2CE0B2DB34D76ED3F697CE148CB7594432405E23 ISO/CRC: 69F54CA4 cn_windows_7_ultimate_with_sp1_x64_dvd_u_677408.iso.torrent(128.17 KB, 下载次数: 197053)

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Microsoft 微软官方原版（正版）系统大全微软原版Windows 98 Second Edition 简体中文版 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/viewthread.php?tid=16446&page=1&extra=#pid125031 微软原版Windows Me 简体中文版 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/viewthread.php?tid=16448&highlight=%CE%A2%C8%ED%D4%AD %B0%E6 微软原版Windows 2000 Professional 简体中文版 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/viewthread.php?tid=16447&highlight=%CE%A2%C8%ED%D4%AD %B0%E6 微软原版Windows XP Professional SP3 简体中文版 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/viewthread.php?tid=16449&page=1&extra=#pid125073微软原版Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 简体中文版 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/viewthread.php?tid=16451&highlight=%CE%A2%C8%ED%D4%AD %B0%E6 微软原版Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005 简体中文版 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/viewthread.php?tid=16450&highlight=%CE%A2%C8%ED%D4%AD %B0%E6 微软原版Windows Server 2003 R2 Enterprise Edition SP2 简体中文版(32位) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/viewthread.php?tid=16452&highlight=%CE%A2%C8%ED%D4%AD %B0%E6 微软原版Windows Server 2003 R2 Enterprise Edition SP2 简体中文版(64位) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/viewthread.php?tid=16453&highlight=%CE%A2%C8%ED%D4%AD %B0%E6 微软原版Windows Vista 简体中文版(32位) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/viewthread.php?tid=16454&highlight=%CE%A2%C8%ED%D4%AD %B0%E6 微软原版Windows Vista 简体中文版(64位) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/viewthread.php?tid=16455&highlight=%CE%A2%C8%ED%D4%AD %B0%E6 微软原版 Windows7 SP1 各版本下载地址： https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/viewthread.php?tid=12387&highlight=%CE%A2%C8%ED%D4%AD %B0%E6 微软原版 Windows Server 2008 Datacenter Enterprise and Standard 简体中文版(32位) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/viewthread.php?tid=16457&highlight=%CE%A2%C8%ED%D4%AD %B0%E6 微软原版 Windows Server 2008 Datacenter Enterprise and Standard 简体中文版(64位) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/viewthread.php?tid=16458&highlight=%CE%A2%C8%ED%D4%AD %B0%E6 微软原版 Windows Server 2008 R2 S E D and Web 简体中文版(64位) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/viewthread.php?tid=16459&highlight=%CE%A2%C8%ED%D4%AD %B0%E6

windows正版系统+正版密钥

精心整理正版Windows系统下载+正版密钥 2010-05-3011:49 喜欢正版Windows系统这是我收集N天后的成果，正版的Windows系统真的很好用，支持正版！大家可以用激活工具激活！现将本收集的下载地址发布出来，希望大家多多支持！ Windows98第二版（简体中文）安装序列号：Q99JQ-HVJYX-PGYCY-68GM3-WXT68 安装序列号：Q4G74-6RX2W-MWJVB-HPXHX-HBBXJ 安装序列号：QY7TT-VJ7VG-7QPHY-QXHD3-B838Q WindowsMillenniumEdition(WindowME)（简体中文）安装序列号：HJPFQ-KXW9C-D7BRJ-JCGB7-Q2DRJ 安装序列号：B6BYC-6T7C3-4PXRW-2XKWB-GYV33 安装序列号：K9KDJ-3XPXY-92WFW-9Q26K-MVRK8 Windows2000PROSP4（简体中文） SerialNumber:XPwithsp3VOL微软原版（简体中文）文件名:zh-hans_windows_xp_professional_with_service_pack_3_x86_cd_vl_x14-74070.iso 大小:字节 MD5:D142469D0C3953D8E4A6A490A58052EF52837F0F CRC32:FFFFFFFF 邮寄日期(UTC)：5/2/200812:05:18XPprowithsp3VOL微软原版（简体中文）正版密钥： MRX3F-47B9T-2487J-KWKMF-RPWBY(工行版)（强推此号！！！） QC986-27D34-6M3TY-JJXP9-TBGMD(台湾交大学生版) QHYXK-JCJRX-XXY8Y-2KX2X-CCXGD(广州政府版)

windows系统官网原版下载

微软MSDN官方（简体）中文操作系统全下载这不知是哪位大侠收集的，太全了，从DOS到Windows，从小型系统到大型系统，从桌面系统到专用服务器系统，从最初的Windows3.1到目前的Windows8，以及Windows2008，从16位到32位，再到64位系统，应有尽有。全部提供微软官方的校验文件，这些文件都可以在微软官方MSDN订阅中得到验证，完全正确！下载链接电驴下载，可以使用用迅雷下载，建议还是使用电驴下载。你可以根据需要在下载链接那里找到你需要的文件进行下载！太强大了！！！产品名称: Windows 3.1 (16-bit) 名称: Windows 3.1 (Simplified Chinese) 文件名: SC_Windows31.exe 文件大小: 8,472,384 SHA1: 65BC761CEFFD6280DA3F7677D6F3DDA2BAEC1E19 邮寄日期(UTC): 2001-03-06 19:19:00 ed2k://|file|SC_Windows31.exe|8472384|84037137FFF3932707F286EC852F2ABC|/ 产品名称: Windows 3.2 (16-bit) 名称: Windows 3.2.12 (Simplified Chinese) 文件名: SC_Windows32_12.exe 文件大小: 12,832,984 SHA1: 1D91AC9EB3CBC1F9C409CF891415BB71E8F594F7 邮寄日期(UTC): 2001-03-06 19:21:00 ed2k://|file|SC_Windows32_12.exe|12832984|A76EB68E35CD62F8B40ECD3E6F5E213F|/ 产品名称: Windows 3.2 (16-bit) 名称: Windows 3.2.144 (Simplified Chinese) 文件名: SC_Windows32_144.exe 文件大小: 12,835,440 SHA1: 363C2A9B8CAA2CC6798DAA80CC9217EF237FDD10 邮寄日期(UTC): 2001-03-06 19:21:00 ed2k://|file|SC_Windows32_144.exe|12835440|782F5AF8A1405D518C181F057FCC4287|/ 产品名称: Windows 98 名称: Windows 98 Second Edition (Simplified Chinese) 文件名: SC_WIN98SE.exe 文件大小: 278,540,368 SHA1: 9014AC7B67FC7697DEA597846F980DB9B3C43CD4 邮寄日期(UTC): 1999-11-04 00:45:00 ed2k://|file|SC_WIN98SE.exe|278540368|939909E688963174901F822123E55F7E|/ 产品名称: Windows Me 名称: Windows? Millennium Edition (Simplified Chinese) 文件名: SC_WINME.exe

Windows7官方个版本正版镜像下载地址

基本功能演示

第二章软硬件基本功能演示在详细学习每个部分之前，我们先通过一个实例来全程演示Quartus Ⅱ以及便携式EDA-Ⅰ实验平台的基本功能及实验流程，帮助大家提升学习兴趣。选择4位的3选1多路选择器为例，利用Quartus Ⅱ完成基于VHDL 语言输入的工程设计过程，包括创建工程文件、VHDL 程序输入、编译综合、波形仿真验证、管脚分配以及下载等。实例原理介绍：3选1多路选择器是通过控制电路实现三路四位数据的选择输出显示，sel 作为选择信号，d0,d1,d2 sel=“01”时选择选择d1，其他情况选择d2。 1、创建工程文件 Quartus Ⅱ软件的工程文件是指所有的设计文件、软件源文件和完成其他操作所需的相关文件的总称。双击Quartus Ⅱ软件图标，进入如下界面：图2.1 Quartus Ⅱ软件界面选择左上角的File —>New Project Wizard ，打开新建工程向导。

点击页面下方的next，进入新建工程向导。图 2.2 新建工程向导第1页在下图2.1.2的对话框，分别按照提示输入新建工程所在位置、工程名称（mux3_1）和顶层实体名称（mux3_1）。注意：默认工程名与顶层实体名一致。图 2.3 新建工程向导第2页完成后点击“Next”按钮，进入下一步，在图示2.4新建工程向导第3页中可以添加工程所需的源文件以及设置用户库。

图 2.4 新建工程向导第3页这一步一般直接点击“Next”跳过，进入下一步，选择目标器件。在“Family”下拉列表中选择器件系列为Flex10K，在Target device选项中选中Specific device selected in ‘Available devices’list，依据实验平台的型号，确定器件型号Available device 为。图 2.5 新建工程向导第4页

Demo功能演示场景

一平台功能简单介绍1 数据采集和传输 1、GIS地图 2、道路监控点位管理 3、中转服务器管理配置 4、实时监控 5、卡口数据库 6、黑名单库 7、套牌车库 8、车管库接入 9、违章库接入 10、盗抢库接入 11、犯罪人员库接入 2 数据分析挖掘 1、数据和视频查询 2、轨迹分析 3、轨迹跟踪 4、分析研判 5、视频图像处理 3联网布控报警 1、联网布控 2、实时报警 4调度指挥 1、GPS定位 2、围堵预案 3、短信平台 4、第三方系统联动接口 5资源共享 1、基础数据同步接口 2、第三方系统数据接口 3、时钟系统接口 6设备维护管理

1、系统巡检 2、设备状态管理 3、维护调度系统接口 4、系统运行日志二业务应用场景场景1：某街道附近连续发生团伙案件，结合目击者报告，犯罪团伙乘坐一辆小型车进行犯罪，公安干警希望了解当时附近道路监控点的记录。平台操作1：在GIS地图上标注出几次发生案件的地点；在GIS地图上标出以各犯罪地点为圆心，周边500米内的道路监控点；从中选择嫌疑车辆可能经过的若干个卡口；对各标出的道路监控点进行单独点击查询演示；（犯罪事件前后30分钟过车信息犯罪事件前后30分钟视频文件信息，道路监控点三维场景演示）场景2：公安干警希望得到几次犯罪时间在几个道路监控点的均出现的车辆信息，并结合各种线索缩小侦查范围。平台操作2：在GIS上选定的几个道路监控点进行联合查询，条件为几次犯罪时间前后，在其中任一个道路监控点出现过的车辆信息；将得到的车辆信息列表分别和车管库，盗抢库，犯罪人员信息库相关联进行搜索，检查其中是否有车主是有前科人员，是否有车辆属于盗抢车辆，如果有，都属于嫌疑更大的目标；根据以上查询缩小查询范围以后，得到10辆以下的车辆信息，对此批车辆进行轨迹分析，排除不可能的车辆，进一步缩小范围；场景3：公安干警对嫌疑车辆进行布控，设置围堵预案。平台操作3：对最终的3~5辆车，在GIS上进行布控操作；在GIS上，对嫌疑车辆设置围堵预案；场景4：平台道路监控点发现嫌疑车辆，进行报警，公安干警根据设置的围堵预案在前方拦截，抓获嫌疑车辆。平台操作3：在GIS上弹出报警窗口和报警监控点位置，点击弹出报警信息和车辆图片；在GIS上，根据报警监控点位置激发相应围堵预案，使用短信平台通知一线干警进行围堵；在GIS上，根据GPS信息实时显示围堵警车的轨迹，根据各卡点信息显示嫌疑车辆

如何在windows下安装原版mac系统

windows下安装苹果教程。最详细，最全面，最值得看的教程！最详细，最适合新手的教程：如何原版安装mac 从windows到mac os（安装黑苹果目前最详细教程）最近网上有不少如何安装苹果系统的教程，个人感觉都不错，但是有些地方还是不够详细，所以我决定写一个比较详细的教程。鉴于网上有不少类似的教程，所以我的这个安装方法中有不少是借鉴和总结他们的，在此不一一提出，但是对这些作者表示感谢和崇高的敬意。本教程较长，不要因此以为苹果的安装比较复杂，其实我只是让每一步叙述的更加详细，提供更多的方法处理安装，还有就是加入了大量的图片。由于本教程过于详细，所以比较适合新手阅读。安装之前要做好失败的心理准备，新手建议先备份重要数据到别的机器，预防数据丢失。要有足够的耐心和毅力，敢于不断尝试，不自己实践过永远不知道自己电脑是不是能够成功安装，安装成功后的成就感只有自己知道，另外完成安装过程也是学习电脑知识的过程，祝各位能安装顺利。以下是详细过程：安装之前的准备： ################################################### ##################### 硬盘安装原版mac（以10.6.3零售版为例）以下工具或软件下载地址在4楼和5楼，4楼提供10.6.3零售版115网盘下载，5楼提供帖子中所涉及的大部分软件的115网盘下载，126楼提供本教程的pdf格式的下载

所要准备的软件等： ①原版苹果镜像，推荐Mac.OS.X.10.6.3.Retail.dmg ②推荐bootthink2.4.6版本，另外也可以用变色龙，个人喜欢用bootthink 引导，感觉方便。 ③winPE或者windows原版安装光盘（设置C盘为活动分区用），推荐winPE，winPE的详细制作过程及制作需要的软件（附下载地址）下面有，另外一般的Ghost安装盘上都会有winPE的。 ④硬盘安装助手 ⑤XP必备DiskGenius：硬盘分区工具（windows7可不用该工具，系统自带磁盘管理） ⑥Mac.OS.X.10.6.3.Retail的替换文件：替换文件是让苹果系统可以安装在MBR分区上，即windows的分区，有想拿出整块硬盘安装mac的可以不用替换，如何替换看以下的安装过程。不替换的缺点：需要另外找硬盘备份自己硬盘上的所有数据资料，因为硬盘由MBR 分区转变为GPT时会损失所有数据。 ⑦HFS Explorer和Java VM（Java JRE虚拟机），，先安装Java VM （Java JRE虚拟机），才能正常使用HFS Explorer。 ⑧Macdrive或是TransMac，安装了Macdrive可以不用TransMac。 ⑨AMD，intel Atom和Pentium单核的CPU需要准备替换对应的内核主板不能开启AHCI的还需要补丁i系列的处理器（i3，i5，i7）还需要替换10.3.1以上内核，因为2010年4月

Windows7_各个版本原版系统下载

最全的微软msdn原版windows系统镜像和office下载地址集锦

最全的微软msdn原版windows系统镜像和office下载地址集锦随着windows的发展，越来越多的人都热衷于微软的原版系统下载了，相比之前的版本比如winxp版本，windows vista/win7/win8/win8.1/后来的版本在安装方面也比较简单了，所以ghost系统正在渐渐的消失市场，即便如此，很多同学还是找不到微软原版的系统和office下载，今天亦是美网络特意归结了一下微软msdn原版系统和原版office各个版本的下载，希望对正在苦苦找寻原版系统的同学有所帮助。说在前面的话： 1、本文提供的windows和office版本均为微软MSDN原版！ 2、挑选系统版本，一般来说专业版（vol）更适合我们！密钥获取：最新win8/8.1、office2013 key 密钥实时更新或请点击此处订阅网站内容，确认订阅后，激活方式将自动发送到您的邮箱当中！！！以下地址建议使用迅雷下载（点击此处下载迅雷极速版） windows 10 技术预览版简体中文： 32位系统下载：

Windows软件正版、原版和盗版的区别

Windows软件正版、原版和盗版的区别我们先了解一下什么是激活模块和激活码激活模块是软件生产商为了保护知识产权对软件产品进行锁定的模块，主要是锁定软件的功能或使用期限等。激活码是验证解锁这一激活模块的钥匙，可实现使用该软件的全部功能、使用权和提供官方的技术支持等。什么是正版？根据微软官方的释义，正版 Windows 是由 Microsoft 授权和发布的 Windows 副本，经过授权，由 Microsoft 或受信任伙伴提供支持，我的解释是可以通过微软正版Windows软件网络验证的，或者微软正式授权的都可以叫正版。但是这个正版的范围比较大，比如你买了一张盗版精简Windows7的光盘或者上网下载了各种修改版的系统，只要使用激活码成功在正版Windows软件中心通过了认证，这也可以叫做正版。正版有什么好处？使用 Windows 的正版副本能帮助你避免数据遭受盗版软件带来的安全威胁，它允许访问 Microsoft 及其合作伙伴提供的支持以及访问更新和下载，从而可以在电脑中获得最大收益。正版主要是可以得到微软的技术支持。什么是原版？原版只的是微软官方发售的零售版光盘复制的副本，并不一定可以通过微软正版Windows软件网络验证。为什么说不一定可通过正版验证呢？因为如果你安装时使用的激活码未能通过微软软件正版授权许可，或者被微软查封，那么这个系统就是盗版。原版软件只包含了软件本身，并不代表此软件成功安装后就可通过验证，它和激活码是两个概念原版有什么好处？原版软件保证了软件本身的性能安全及稳定，并且包含了全部功能及组件，并不存在恶意插件、流氓软件、病毒和木马等。

windows正版系统+正版密钥

正版Windows 系统下载+正版密钥 2010-05-30 11:49 喜欢正版Windows 系统这是我收集N天后的成果，正版的Windows系统真的很好用，支持正版！大家可以用激活工具激活！现将本收集的下载地址发布出来，希望大家多多支持！ Windows 98 第二版（简体中文）安装序列号：Q99JQ-HVJYX-PGYCY-68GM3-WXT68 安装序列号：Q4G74-6RX2W-MWJVB-HPXHX-HBBXJ 安装序列号：QY7TT-VJ7VG-7QPHY-QXHD3-B838Q Windows Millennium Edition (Window ME)（简体中文）安装序列号：HJPFQ-KXW9C-D7BRJ-JCGB7-Q2DRJ 安装序列号：B6BYC-6T7C3-4PXRW-2XKWB-GYV33 安装序列号：K9KDJ-3XPXY-92WFW-9Q26K-MVRK8 Windows 2000 PRO SP4（简体中文） SerialNumber: BCJTW-2M9JH-M8HHT-KWWWM-3444Y MD5：599d35359320db8c58c7f55da11d3458 Windows XP with sp3 VOL 微软原版（简体中文）文件名:zh-hans_windows_xp_professional_with_service_pack_3_x86_cd_vl_x14-74070.iso 大小: 630237184 字节

MD5: E74D72F3D90456003E9E02BA0FB7DA61 SHA1: D142469D0C3953D8E4A6A490A58052EF52837F0F CRC32: FFFFFFFF 邮寄日期(UTC)：5/2/2008 12:05:18 AM 下载地址：ed2k://|file|zh-hans_windows_xp_professional_with_service_pack_3_x86_cd_vl_x14-74070%20(E https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,).iso|630237184|EC51916C9D9B8B931195EE0D6EE9B40E| Windows XP pro with sp3 VOL 微软原版（简体中文）正版密钥： MRX3F-47B9T-2487J-KWKMF-RPWBY(工行版)（强推此号！！！） QC986-27D34-6M3TY-JJXP9-TBGMD(台湾交大学生版) QHYXK-JCJRX-XXY8Y-2KX2X-CCXGD(广州政府版) MFBF7-2CK8B-93MDB-8MR7T-4QRCQ(北京政府版) T72KM-6GWBP-GX7TD-CXFT2-7WT2B(上海政府版) DG8FV-B9TKY-FRT9J-6CRCC-XPQ4G(上海政府版) BCJTW-2M9JH-M8HHT-KWWWM-3444Y(英文版) CD87T-HFP4C-V7X7H-8VY68-W7D7M(英文版) RFYPJ-BKXH2-26FWP-WB6MT-CYH2Y(英文版) 7HPVP-8VHPV-G7CQ3-BTK2R-TDRF3(英文版) DRXKM-94K47-38QVX-F8K7R-2H7CD(日文版) FCKGW-RHQQ2-YXRKT-8TG6W-2B7Q8(韩文版) VMXC2-M9HKH-DRYGC-FHQ7H-BJY33(0408版) CM3HY-26VYW-6JRYC-X66GX-JVY2D（可用） DP7CM-PD6MC-6BKXT-M8JJ6-RPXGJ（可用） F4297-RCWJP-P482C-YY23Y-XH8W3（可用） HCQ9D-TVCWX-X9QRG-J4B2Y-GR2TT（可用） M6TF9-8XQ2M-YQK9F-7TBB2-XGG88（可用） HH7VV-6P3G9-82TWK-QKJJ3-MXR96（可用） TDWGX-DMF97-BJYDQ-X9DJV-CYHWQ（可用） T8FMX-Q4HQJ-3JW77-JGPDC-FY9DG（可用） G6X78-XG4KV-3MXT7-FT8YM-F3YW3（可用） OEM版：华硕：家庭版: KR63J-B34MB-CVP9K-T478G-8Y3XG 联想：家庭版: PWBPT-6PGKF-TP6MY-299P4-CPXQG (XXXXX-119-0001544-XXXXX) 专业版: FCDGH-QW3DJ-VBC6C-9BYTX-4GKQJ (XXXXX-119-0001553-XXXXX) VF4HT-MPWB8-TWV6R-K6QM4-W6JCM

Windows系统原版镜像下载地址

Win8.1下载地址 Windows 8.1 Pro VL (x86) - DVD (Chinese-Simplified) Win8.1简体中文专业版 32位文件名 cn_windows_8_1_pro_vl_x86_dvd_2972620.iso 大小2.84GB 下载地址： ed2k://|file|cn_windows_8_1_pro_vl_x86_dvd_2972620.iso|3049981952|5B396C3A0BA99 617647D9AFE8403AFA5|/ Windows 8.1 Pro VL (x64) - DVD (Chinese-Simplified)Win8.1简体中文专业版 64位文件名cn_windows_8_1_pro_vl_x64_dvd_2971907.iso 大小3.76GB 下载地址 ed2k://|file|cn_windows_8_1_pro_vl_x64_dvd_2971907.iso|4032598016|1FDA520B3E888 0E2FB00B20439E0826E|/ Windows 8.1 Enterprise (x86) - DVD (Chinese-Simplified)Win8.1简体中文企业版 32位文件名cn_windows_8_1_enterprise_x86_dvd_2972257.iso 文件大小2.84GB 下载地址 ed2k://|file|cn_windows_8_1_enterprise_x86_dvd_2972257.iso|3050842112|6B60ABF82 82F943FE92327463920FB67|/ Windows 8.1 Enterprise (x64) - DVD (Chinese-Simplified)Win8.1简体中文企业版 64位文件名cn_windows_8_1_enterprise_x64_dvd_2971863.iso 文件大小3.76GB 下载地址 ed2k://|file|cn_windows_8_1_enterprise_x64_dvd_2971863.iso|4039327744|08BAF1832 0B8FFC58D4C35BCC7A32012|/ 安装密钥核心版 334NH-RXG76-64THK-C7CKG-D3VPT 专业版 XHQ8N-C3MCJ-RQXB6-WCHYG-C9WKB win10下载地址 Win10正式版32位简体中文版（含家庭版、专业版） ed2k://|file|cn_windows_10_multiple_editions_x86_dvd_6846431.iso|3233482752|B5C706594 F5DC697B2A098420C801112|/

安装Windows7原版系统教程

安装Windows7原版系统教程一、需要的硬件：u盘一个（需要格式化）。二、需要的软件： 1、下载windows ISO格式镜像文件。该文件可以看做是Windows系统的安装文件。下载地址： ed2k://|file|cn_windows_7_ultimate_with_sp1_x86_dvd_u_677486.iso|2653276160|7503E 4B9B8738DFCB95872445C72AEFB|/ 2、去自己的电脑品牌官网下载电脑对应的有线和无线网卡驱动做为备用，因为新装的系统是没有网卡驱动的，如果不提前下载下来会导致装完系统没法上网。下载以后放到除了C盘意外的盘符或者u盘中备用。 3、下载winrar解压软件。下载地址： https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/plus/download.php?open=2&id=8196&uhash=673c01a1f23336e96 033e2b2 下载以后放到除了C盘意外的盘符或者u盘中备用。 4、下载UltraISO并安装。下载地址： https://www.wendangku.net/doc/261091375.html,/alading/anquan_soft_down_ub/11522 注册码用户名：王涛注册码：7C81-1689-4046-626F 如果注册码失效，自行百度一个可用的。三、装系统的步骤 1、制作启动盘 1）打开ultraISO，选择文件，选择打开，选择之前下载的window7 ISO格式的镜像。如图： 2）把准备的u盘插入电脑，点击ultraISO的启动，点击写入硬盘映像。

弹出对话框里，选择你的u盘，点击写入。（写入过程u盘会全盘格式化，备份好有用的文件）写入完成以后，你的u盘就是一个系统启动盘了。

微软MSDN官方原版windows8简体中文正式版(3264位)下载

微软MSDN官方原版windows8简体中文正式版（32/64位）下载北京时间8月16日凌晨，微软如约向MSDN付费用户提供了windows8 的下载（点击查看）。MSDN版微软操作系统，一直是公认为“微软原版”， Jeff从来都是建议安装微软原版 windows8。windows8时代就此开启！下面就分享微软MSDN官方原版 windows8简体中文正式版下载并提供相关文件信息： Windows 8 （包含专业版和Core版）MSDN官方原版简体中文（建议下载） 32位（x86）：文件名：cn_windows_8_x86_dvd_915414.iso SHA1：0C4A168E37E38EFB59E8844353B2535017CBC587 下载地址： ed2k://|file|cn_windows_8_x86_dvd_915414.iso|2679801856|9AF10141BFD61BC66D9D64597 58D7749|/ 附：安装密匙 Core版：BN3D2-R7TKB-3YPBD-8DRP2-27GG4 FB4WR-32NVD-4RW79-XQFWH-CYQG3 专业版： NG4HW-VH26C-733KW-K6F98-J8CK4 XKY4K-2NRWR-8F6P2-448RF-CRYQH 64位（x64）：文件名：cn_windows_8_x64_dvd_915407.iso SHA1：A87C4AA85D55CD83BAE9160560D1CB3319DD675C 下载地址： ed2k://|file|cn_windows_8_x64_dvd_915407.iso|3652950016|5C7F8C212BD3A1827866563773 A431C2|/ Windows 8 企业版((Eterprise)MSDN官方原版简体中文 32位（x86）：文件名：cn_windows_8_enterprise_x86_dvd_917682.iso SHA1：951565D8579C5912FB4A407B3B9F715FBDB77EFE 下载地址： ed2k://|file|cn_windows_8_enterprise_x86_dvd_917682.iso|2597502976|7B6541942A16EB54 BC81E84558DF09DF|/ 64位（x64）：文件名：cn_windows_8_enterprise_x64_dvd_917570.iso SHA1：1280BC3A38A7001FDE981FA2E465DEB341478667 下载地址： ed2k://|file|cn_windows_8_enterprise_x64_dvd_917570.iso|3560837120|8CAE8064C4B8F9CD 84941B4FF4A34722|/ Windows 8 批量授权版本（Pro VL ）MSDN官方原版简体中文 32位（x86）：文件名：cn_windows_8_pro_vl_x86_dvd_917720.iso SHA1：EEEF3C3F6F05115C7F7C9C1D19D6A6A6418B5059