英语三级考试复习资料.doc

英语三级复习资料

名词的分类；

名词川以分为7?有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(Comm on Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing, China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如：book, sadness等。普通名词又可分为卜而四类：1)个体名词(Individual Nouns): 表示某类人或东西屮的个体，如：gun o2)集体名词(C ollective Nouns):表示若干个个体纟H.成的集合体，如：fam ily o 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物，女口：air。4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns): 表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：worko个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词(Coim table Nouns),物质名词和抽彖名词一般无法用数H计算, 称为不川数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下，名词的分类可以卜?图表示

不可数名词量的表示

1）物质名词

a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时。比较：Cake

is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。（不可数）

These cakes arc sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。（可数）

b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名讪1可数。T his factory produces steel.（不可数）We need va rio us steels.（可数）

c.当物质名词表示份数吋，可数。Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。Two tea s, please. 请来两杯茶。

2）抽象名词有时也可数。

four freedoms 四大自由the four modernizations H

个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定?1 ?形容词：形容词有很多呀，例如，nice （好的，高兴

■ ? ■ ■ ? ?■ ?

的），beautiful （美丽的）,careful（小心的），interesting （有趣的）等等。用法：它们都能修饰名词或作表语。例如，nice cake, beautiful girls, be careful,（careful 在联系动词后作表语），The story is interesting.等等。另外,形容词还可以加后缀变成副词的。輝名词| | |

|2。副词：形容词变成副词吋，通常在形容词末尾加TyS 例如,形容词quick-quickly,careful-carefiilly,slow-slowly 等等。用法:修饰动词。例如，write carefully, play happily,He runs slowly 等等。但你一定要注意哟！有些名词加后缀ly变成的是形容词。例如,sistcr-sistcrly（姐妹般的），fricnd-fricndly（友好的），brother-brotherly（兄弟般的）。

apples are sour./Pillar—boxs are green/They have painted the windows green.(这三个句子中"Green"分别充当修饰语，主补和宾补,为屮心形容词，而在This is utter nonsense H1? utter 只能做修饰语，不能做主补，即不能说※The nonsense in utter;在This child is asleep中，asleep只能做主补，不能做修饰语，即不能说※This is an asleep childo

III?就其诃汇意义而言，形容词可分为静态形容词(Stative Adj.Q口tall, big short, small, shallow, deep, ugly, beautiful 等)和动态形容inj(Dynamic Adj.,如witty, patient, generous等)两者有以下区别意义：

1?动态形容词可与系动词be的进行体搭配作补语,而静态形容词不可。说She is being witty；而不可以说※She is being beautiful o

2动态形容词可用于以动词be开首的祈使句,而静态形容词不可。如可以说Be patient! Be careful!不可以说※Be tall! small!

3?动态形容词可用于使役结构，而静态形容词不可。如可以说I persuaded her to be generous,但不可以说※I persuaded her to be beautiful

形容词和副词的区别

形容词顾名思义形容人、事或物的特点，所以多修饰名词性成分。至丁用法，以形容诃good为例，可做定语,a good question；刊做表语，如：You have asked a good man； nJ" 做宾语补足语,如:I find the question good。

副词的英语是adverb, ad-不妨理解成add,加诸于动词Z上--也就是说用来修饰动词，说明动作或行为的方式、状态等，在句中做状语,如副词well： You speak Eanglish well. 除修饰东词外，副词也可修饰形容词，如副词very: Your English is very good.

的数量。如： a glass of water —杯水 a

piece of advice ―条建议

名词在句子中的作用；

1.在句中作主语This book is very useful.这本书很有用。Mary is to meet you at the airport.玛丽将在机场接你。

2.作表语My brother is a worker.我弟弟是个工人She is a write 匚她是个作家。

3.作宾语或宾补He finished his task on time.他按时完成了他的任务。We made Tom our monitor.我们选汤姆为我们的班长。

4.作定语He got three gold medals at 23rd Olympic Games.

他在第二十三届奥运会上取得了三块金牌。注：名词作定语修饰名词，通常表示事物的属性、本质特征、内容、材料、冃的等。这些形容词化的名词少形容词作定语在语义上有一定的区别。如：rain drops 雨点a golden medal 金色

的奖牌（颜色，非材料）a gold medal 金牌（质地材料为金子）a colourful dress色彩鲜艳的女装（仅指颜色）a colour film 彩色电影（属性为彩色的）a coffee

cup 咖li非杯a letter box 信箱a vegetable field 菜

地a car factory 汽车厂

5.作状语The meeting lasted two hours.会议持续了两个小时。Wait a moment.等一会儿。He was late for class this morning.今天早晨他上课迟到了。

6.作同彳、'/：语Mr. Smith, our leader, is speaking now.史密斯先生，我们的领导，正在讲话。We students should study hard.我们学生应该努力学习。

7.作称呼语Come here, Mary.玛丽，到这儿来。Good morning, ladies and gentlemen.女士们，先生们，早上好。

动词

1）概念；表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。

2）分类；根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（Notional Verb）＞系动词（Link Verb）助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词（Modal Verb）。说明：有些情况卜，有些动词是兼类词,例如：We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。（having是实义动词。）He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。（has是助动词。）

实义动词

实义动词意思完全，能独立用作谓语。实义动词即行为动迥，表示动作的动词。它分为及物动词和不及物动词

及物动词vt.后面必须跟宾语常见及物动词冇：

afford,allow,blame,bring,contain,deny,enjoy,examine,excuse,fete h.fix,get,greet interest, worry, guss, please, surprise, love 等彳列: I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。（consider作及物动词）Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 口求恩人夫给我们树立了好榜样。（set 作及物动词）Crude oil contains many useful substances.Ei油含冇许多冇川的物质。（contain 作及物动词）

不及物动词vi.后而不用接宾语常见的不及物动词有：appear come go get fall feel keep look make prove remain rest rise seem stand stay turn die 等例：Birds fly.鸟会飞。It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。为什么会有这些错谋呢？主因是分不清楚及物动词和不及物动词的性质。其次，就是对?同一个动词及其名词的句型有些混淆。解决之道有二。

第一，要把”及物动词+宾语“和”不及物动词+介词+宾语”划分清楚，女口：? I did not answer him./ I did not reply to

him. ? He reached Londan yesterday./ He arrived in London yesterday.

第二，把及物动词转化为名词，然后加上适当的介词和宾语，如：? Don't approach such a person. ? Is oral practice a good approach to language teaching

形容词的分类和用法

I ?就具词形结构而言，形容词可分为单字形容词和复合形容词。单字形容词有不带词缀的如big, small, good, hard , 冇带前缀或后缀的如：

dislogal,impossible,unkind;bcautiful,voicclcss,bloody;unthinkab lejnonolingual 等。

复合形容词的构成是多种多样的，如：

形容词 + 形容词：bitter-sweet, deaf-mute;

形容词/ 副词+ ing 分词:good-looking, easy-going; 形容诃/ 副诃+ ed 分诃：newly—built, well-meant; 名词+ 形容词：grassgreen dutyfree；

名词+ ing 分词：law-abiding, mouth-watering;

名词+ed 分词：hand—made, sun—burnt；形容词 + 名词+ ed： king—hearted, absent-minded；

II?就其句法功能而言，形容词可分为中心形容词(Central Adjective)和夕卜围形容词(Peripheral Adjective)0例如：Green

your composition now? 如果本质上就是不及物动诃，就

不会有宾语；若要宾语，就要借介词之助，一起连用才行，如③b和④b;③a和④a是错的；

*@a. The children arc listening the music. b. The children are listening to the music.

*④a. She is laughing the crippled man. b. She is laughing at the crippled man. 反之，及物动词不必靠介词, 就可以带宾语,如上述的①b和②b ,又如⑤和⑥

⑤John is giving a book to me.

⑥Who will answer this question?

如果无意中把介词加上，就错了，如：

*? Who will answer to this question? 下列这句从

房地产广告中看到的句子，也犯了同样的错：”We have many buyers awaiting for available units here.H n Awaiting0

是个及物动词，后而的介词”for”是多余的，要去掉；不然把"awaiting*1改为"waiting for"也行。许多人习惯上喜欢把

介词加到及物动词后面，然后才带出宾语。最常见的是

H emphasize/stress on/upon M和"discuss about11，如：⑧Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains.⑨ In our education system, we stress upon examination results. ⑩ World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems. 显然的，这三句里的介词"on/upon" 和”about”是多余的，不必要的。下血是些类似的错误：? The young must obey to their elders. ? Do not approach to that odd-looking man. ? The audience attacked on the rude speaker. ? Nothing can escape from his parents1 eyes?? Do you hope to serve for your nation? ? When did Susan marry with Paul? 介词”to, on, from, for, with"都要去掉才对。

My watch stopped.我的表停了。She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening.她在昨天晚匕的会上发了言。兼作及物动词和不及物动词注:英语屮许多词既可以作及物动词也可以作不及物动词，比如常见的ask, want, tell, allow..大堆呢，在此就不一一举例。

a）兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较：Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?（begin作不及物动词）She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。（began作及物动词）When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的？（leave作及物动词）They left last week.他们是上周离开的。（left作

不及物动词）

b）兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。如：Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。

Docs this cloth wash well?这布经得起洗吗?另外，与汉语的比较冇时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法，与汉语的用法完全不一样，请注意下列两种情况：

町有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词，而汉语则可用作及物动词，如arrive到达，agree同意‘listen听。英语里这些动词后血常接介词。如：We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。（at不能省去）（比较：Wc reached the railway station at noon.）Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课° （to 不町省去）（比较：We all heard the lecture.） Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?（to不可以省去）b）有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词，而在汉语里则不能用作及物动诃，如serve为…服务。Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全

意为人民服务

系动词

系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb）,作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

说明：有些系动词乂是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，

可单独作谓语,例如:He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）He

fell off the ladder.他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。分类

1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只冇be —词，例如：He is a teacher.他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand,例如：He alway s kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。This matt er rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。

3）表像系动诃用来表示”看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look,例如：He looks tired.他看起來很累。He seems （to be） very sad.他看起來很伤心。

4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起來很香。

5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主耍有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如:

(2)Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.

(3)He walked down the hill, singing softly to himself.

(4)If traveling north, you must change at Leeds ?

4.过去分词

(1)developed country; fallen leaves; lost child

(2)Half of the guests invited to the party were foreigners.

(3)She can't make herself understood in English

五根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词

(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase)例女口：The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多如语动词和动词

短语。(contains 是单字动词。) Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。

(look up 是短语动词。) The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语。)

六动词有五种形态,分别是：原形(Original Form)>第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form ) 过去分词(Past Participle ) > 现在分词(Present Participle )o 七及物动词不需要介词在英语错谋屮，”及物动词+介词+ 宾语"(transitive verb+prcposition+object),是常见的一种。所谓及物动诃，就是谓语动诃(predicative verb),不必通过介词引荐宾语。相反的，不及物动词(intransitive verb) 是不带宾语的。有许多动词，虽然性质是及物的，但不一定要有宾语，如下列的①a和②a 便是这种情形：

?a. We study every day. b? Do you study English every day.

②a. Please write clearly next time. b. Can you write

非限定动词和限定动词

英语上根据动词在旬法上是否受到主语的限定，英语动词有川以分为限定动词(Finite Forms of Verbs)和非限定动词(Non-Finitc Forms of Vcrbs)0限定动词乂叫谓语动词，在句中充当谓语，在人称和数上必须和主语保持一致，同时还表现出时态、语态和语气的变化。如:I play basketball. He plays basketball. 1'hey played basketball yesterday. The cars are made in China.

非限定动词,又叫非谓语动词,在句屮不能单独充当谓语(但可以和情态动词或助动词一起充当谓语),它们不受主语的限定，没有人称和数的变化，具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以充当主语、宾语、衣逬、定语、状语、补足语等。同时

非限定动词也保留了动词的部分特征，有时态和语态的变化，也可以有自己的宾语、表语、状语等，构成非限定动词短语，在逻辑意义上也有其动作的执行者或承受者，叫非限定动词的逻辑主语(Logical Subjects)o

英语非限定动词有-三种基木形式：不定式(Infi n itives)、动名词(gerund )＞分词(现在分词ing Participles和过去分词ed Participles) o

1.不定式

(1)Jean aims to go tomonow.

(2)I was delighted to meet him

.(3) The clothes are easy to wash

2.动名词

(1)Reading is an art.

(2)Swimming is a good sport in summer.

3.现在分词

(1)1 saw the dog digging holes in the yard.

He became mad after that.自那之后,他疯了。She gre w rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。

6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要冇prove, trun o ut,表达”证实”，”变成“Z意，例如：The rumor proved fal sc.这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult.搜査证实很难。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。

（turn out表终止性结來）注意事项系动词木身有一定的词义，不能单独作谓语，后而必须与表语连用。复习系动词吋，必须注意以下儿个问题：

1.be是最重要的系动词，主语不同，be的形式也不同，11 有时态的变化。通常表示主语的特征、状态和身份等，后而接形

容词、副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、v-ing.过去分词及表语从句作表语。特别要注意“由be+过去分词”所构成的系表结构与“由be+过去分词"所构成的被动语态的区别。前者侧重于表示主语的特征或所处的状态，通常没有由by 引导的介词短语。女fl： The door was closed.后者侧重于强调主语是谓语动词所示动作的承受者，表示动作；旬屮可以用曲by引导的介词短语。如：The door was closed by me. 述要注意讪bc+ V?ing所构成的系表结构与“由be+ V-ing" 所构成的进行时态的区别。前者侧重于说明主语具有的特征或存在的状态，也"J说明主语是什么。如：My job is teachi ng English.后者侧重于强调主语」E在做某事。如：Mr Wan g is reading an evening paper now.

2.要注意由行为动词转化成的系动词。表示人体感官的系动词有sound, taste, look, feeh smell等，后面接形容词;

表示主语从一种状态转变到另一种状态的系动词冇become, get, go, turn, run, grow, come, fall, prove 等，后面接形容词、名词或to bc+形容词‘become后面接单数名词时，名词前要用不宦冠词，turn后面接单数名词时，名词前不用不定冠词；表示主语继续或保持某种身份、特征或状态的系动词冇continue, keep, remain, stay, stand lie, rest, stay 等，后而接表示状态的形容词；表示判断的系动词有seem 和appear,后而接形容词、to bc+名词或形容词、that?clausc、不定式等。

3.要注意系动词的固定搭配。常见的有come true, fall aslc cp, fall ill, go bad, come right, run wild, wear thin, turn n asty 等o

4.要特别注意某些动词既可以做系动词，又可以做实惠动词的用法。系动词部分主要注意：其示要求接形容词，而不是副

词做表语。遇到这种悄况，只能先根据其意思判断清楚到底是前者述是示者，然示再对示而的词性和词义做出正确判断和选择。以taste—词为例：The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique.（这种新研制的软饮料尝起来挺独特的。注意：在这句话里，taste做系动词，不能使用进行时,后面接形容词。）The chef is tasting the fish carefu lly.（厨师长正在品尝这道鱼。注意：在这句话中,taste做实意动词，对以使用进行时，并口后面接副词做状语。）助动词

out, stay up....在这类结构中，必须注意有的多字动诃即及物又可不及物。冇的甚至汉语意义也完全不相同。如：He looked up and saw his teacher in front of him. （vi.抬起头看）He looked up the word in the dictionary, （vt.査找）类似的有break down vi.（车等）坏了vt.分解，分为;go over vi.走过去vt.复习，仔细查看等。

c.”动词+副词+介词”结构。如：We should do away with that sort of thing.类似的有：give in to, catch up with, look down upon, make up for, put up with....

d.”动词+名词+介词”结构。该结构是蝕多，最常见的多字动词。如:We will take care of them.类似的有:catch sight of, keep an eye on, make use of make a fool of, make fun o￡ make room for, make sure of, knock out o￡ have a word with, pay attention to, put an end to, set fire to, take advantage of, take hold of, take note of, take notice of, take part in, take pride in, take possession of, play a trick on, play a part in.... **** 说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌乂能跳舞。（sing 在此用作不及物动词。）She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌Illio （sing用作及物动词。）3英语动词

四根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是: 限

定动词（Finite Verb）、卜限定动词（Non-finite Verb）例如：She sings very well. 她唱得很好°（sing受主语she的限制,

故用笫三人称单数形式singso）She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。（toleam不受主语she的限制，没有

词形变化，是非限定动词。

说弧英语中共有三种非限定动词，分別是：动词不定式（Infinitive）^ 动名词（Gerund）、分词（Participle）。sound, look, feel, get…等。

（五、）注意词义相近，用法不同的动词

a.表主观与客观的动词I received his invitation last night, but i didn f t want to accept it.该句中，动词receive, accept 都表示”接受”但前者表示客观地接收到什么东西;后者表示”1“ 的主观意愿。类似用法的动词还W: listen to; hear, look at; see, must; have to 等。

b.表直接与间接的动词He heard that the scientist would come to our school. He heard of the news that the scientist would come to our school.前旬中hear的表示直接听说的，而后一句中hear of 的表示I'可接听说的。类似用法的动词还有：know; know of, speak; speak of, talk; talk of 等。

（六、）重视多字动词的用法所谓多字动词是指动词与某些副词、介词构成的动词词组。-?般有四种形式：

a.”动词+介词“结构。该结构中的动词是不及物动词，当和一些介词搭配后，则把它看成一个整体，即把它看成一个及彳勿动词。女We never thought of such success when we first started.类似用法的还有:agree to, ask for, attention to, break into, call upon, deal with, laugh at, dream of, listen to, look at, operate on, talk about, rely on, refer to...

b.”动词+副词”结构。该结构中的动词是及物动词的,该结构及物；是不及物的，则不及物。如：We put off the sports meet. After

he grew up, he went to london to work for a company. 类似丿IJ 法的还有：bring about, bring up, call up, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, help out, look up, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put down, put away, put down, put off； put on, ring up, set up, take up, think over, turn down, use up, work out..., wake up, shut up, come about, break out, cany on, come up, fall over, get away, get back, look out, go up, go

协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxilia ry Verb)o被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)□助动词自身没冇词义，不可单独使用，

例如：He doesn't like English.他不喜欢英语。(doc sNt是助动词，无词义like是主要动词，冇词义)

2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：

a.表示时态,例如：He is singing.他在唱歌。He h as got married.他已结女！5。

b.表示语态,例如：He was sent to England.他被派往英国。

c.构成疑问句,例如：Do you like college life?你喜欢大学生活吗？Did you study English before you came

here?你来这儿之前学过英语吗？

d.与否定副词not合用，构成否定彳U，例如：I don't like him.我不喜欢他。

e.加强语气，例如：Do come to the party tomorrow evening.明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that.

他的确知道那件事。

3)最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, shoul d, would

助动词在有实义动词或叫行为动词的句子中对其进行否定和疑问的时候用，否定句时在其后加not,疑问句时把助动词提到句首，后而用动词原型即可。一般现在时(do/does)、一般过去时(did), 一般将来时(will,would/shall,should),现在完成时

(have/has),过去完成时(had)等待。rfn be动词就是在系表结构中用，be直接就是“是”的意思，如果和实义动词一起的话就冇bc+动词?ing (进行时态)bc+动词过去分词(彼动语态)

情态动词

情态动词是一种木身冇一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪，态度或语气的动词I?不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。情态动词数量不多，但用途广泛，主要有下列：can (c ould), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shal I (should), will (would).情态动词的位置：情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之询，谓语动词询若有助动词,则在助动词之前?疑问句中.情态动词则在主语Z前。

情态动词的特点：情态动词无人称和数的变化，悄态动词示而跟的动词需用原形，否定式构成是在悄态动词后而加"n ot%个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式，过去式用来表达更加客气，委婉的语气，时态性不强，可用于过去，现在或将来。

情态动词的用法:can (could)表示说话人能，可以，同意, 准许，以及客观条件许可,could为can的过去式。

Must必须，应该，一定，准是，表示说话人认为有必耍做某事，命令，要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。must用来指一般现在时和一般将来时，过去式可用have to的过公式代替。must

+ have +过去分词，表示现在对过去事物的推测。

must和have to的区别：must表示说话人的主观思想，have to 表示客观需要。

升高：举起"。He lifted his glass and drank.类似的还有：beat vi.跳动vt.敲、打；grow vi.生长vt.种植

play vi.玩耍vt.打（牌、球），演奏smell vi.发出（气味）vt.嗅

ring vi.（电话、铃）响vt.打电话speak vi.讲话vt.说（语言）hang vi.悬挂vt.绞

死operate vi.动手术vt.操作

（二、）辨别表动作与表结果的动词表动作的动词强调动作的发生，不涉及该动词的结果。如：He looked at the picture. He saw a picture .前一句中的动词强调”看”这一动作；而后一句中的动词表示”看至$这一结果。类似的还冇：tear at; tear, look for; find, try to do sth.; manage to do sth., prepare for; be prepared for, advise; persuade 等。

（三、）记住瞬间动词英语中不少动词所表示的动作在瞬间就川以完成.女口：He arrived in paris yesterday.而另一些动词所表示的动作则可以延续.女II： They worked until 12 （Yclock last night.特别是在现在完成时态的句了中,瞬间动词的完成时态不能跟表示一?段时间的时间状语连用。瞬间动词有:arrive, borrow, buy, close, fall, finish, go, join, kill, hit, leave, lend, die, marry, open, reach, return, start, stop, recognize....等。

（四、）掌握好表状态的连系动词与表变化的连系动词英语中的连系动词主耍分为两大类：2英语动词

a.表状态的连系动词。如：he is a good worker.除了be而夕卜,还有:stand（位于）,He（位于）,stay, have, consist of, belong to, exist, weigh, own....等。

b.另一类连系动词表示动作或变化，是由行为动词转化而来

的。一般在这些连系动词后跟形容词作表语如：his hair grows grey.这类连系动词还冇：turn, become, taste, smell, 动词(Transitive Verb)、个及物动诃(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.°动词的重要性；**英语动词是句子的核心。它既决定着句子意思的表达同时乂决定着句子的语法结构。难怪有人说，英语是动词和介词的语言。可见研究动词的用法在英语学习中是十分重要的。

(一、)分清及物不及物：分清动词的及物不及物是在英语学习中必须解决的首耍问题。动词及物与不及物通常有以下几种情况：

a.主要用作及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语。可以用于：”主+谓+宾”；”主+谓+双宾”；”主+谓+宾+宾补“ 结构。如：He reached Paris the day before yesterday. Please hand me the book over there. I'hey asked me to go fishing with them.类似的还有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell....

b.主要用作不及物的动词。不及物动词后面不跟宾语。只能用与："主 + 谓”结构。This is the room where I once lived.类彳以的述有:agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed....

c.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义不变。如begin 都是作”开始"讲。everybody , our game begins, let us begin our game.类似白勺还有:start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve....

d.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义完全不同。这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义；而作及物动词时却是另一个意义。如lift作不及物动词吋是指烟雾的”消散”。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted.作及.物动词时是”

need是一个情态动词，他的用法完全和英他情态动词一样，但need还可当作实义动词使用，这时need就象其他动词一样，冇第三人称，单复数，后面加带to的动词等特性。needn't + have +过去分词表示过去做了没必要做的事情。

dare除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用，用法同实义动词一样，要考虑人称，单复数，时态等。

ought应当，应该后而跟带有to的动词不定式。ought + to have done句型。指过去动作，表示一件事情该做而未做。

ought not to have done句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。will (would)决心,愿望。would 为will 的过去式,wil 1, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问，用would比will

更婉转，客气。Shall, should表示命令,警告，允诺，征求，劝告，建议惊奇。have S,不得不，必须，表示客观条件只能如此，而must则表示主观思、想必须情态动词是一种木身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪，态度或语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。

悄态动词数量不多，但用途广泛，主要有下列：can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (sh ould), will (would).

情态动词的位置：情态动词在句中放在谓语动词z前,逍语动词前若有助动词，则在助动词之前，疑问句中.悄态动词则在主语Z前。

悄态动词的特点：情态动词无人称和数的变化，情态动词示而跟的动词需用原形，否定式构成是在悄态动词示而加F Ot H o 个别情态动词冇现在式和过去式两种形式，过去式用来表达

2019年公共英语三级考试作文试题

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