How to Build Powerfully Successful Work Teams

How to Build Powerfully Successful Work Teams

Team Building Success

By Susan M. Heathfield, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2b1691275.html, Guide

The Path to Team Building Success

How to create effective teams, team work, and team building is a challenge in every organization. Work environments tend to foster rugged individuals working on personal goals for personal gain. Typically, reward, recognition, and pay systems single out the achievements of individual employees.

Appraisal, performance management, and goal setting systems most frequently focus on individual goals and progress, not on team building. Promotions and additional authority are also bestowed on individuals. Given these factors, is it any wonder that teams and team work are an uphill battle in most organizations?

Here is the information you need to develop team work and effective work teams in your organization. Use this information for team building.

Teams

Employee involvement, teams, and employee empowerment enable people to make decisions about their work. This employee involvement, team building approach, and employee empowerment increases loyalty and fosters ownership. These resources tell you how to do team building and effectively involve people.

Employee Empowerment: How to Empower Employees

Employee empowerment is a strategy and philosophy that enables employees to make decisions about their jobs. Employee empowerment helps employees own their work and take responsibility for their results. Employee empowerment helps employees serve customers at the level of the organization where the customer interface exists.

Employee Involvement: Involve Employees in Decision Making

Employee involvement is creating an environment in which people have an impact on decisions and actions that affect their jobs. Employee involvement is not the goal nor is it a tool, as practiced in many organizations. Employee involvement is a management and leadership philosophy about how people are enabled to contribute to continuous improvement and the ongoing success of their organization.

Team Building Creates Successful Teams

People in every workplace talk about team building, working as a team, and my team, but few understand how to create the experience of team building or how to develop an effective team. Many view teams as the best organization design for involving all employees in creating business success and profitability. Learn how team building helps enable the success of work teams and team work.

Teams and Team Building Resources

Find recommended reading to help you create effective work teams, successful team work, and team building ideas and activities.

Meeting Management for Team Meetings

Ineffective team meetings use critical resources, sap organizational energy and movement, and affect employee morale. Find out how to make your team meetings work for you.

Team Energizers, Icebreakers, and Team Building Activities

Icebreakers, energizers, and activities heighten the effectiveness of training and team building sessions when targeted to the training, speaking, or facilitation topic and the needs of the learners or participants.

Team Building Holidays

Find ideas for successful teams, effective team work, and team building aroud holiday ideas and themes.

Positive Work Relationships Contribute to Effective Teams

Want to work more effectively with people at work? Whether your relationship is with your team, supervisor, manager, customer or coworker, you want to make your interpersonal relationships positive, supportive, clear, and empowering.

I trust these resources will help you create successful and effective teams and team work. Happy team building.

机器翻译技术介绍

机器翻译技术介绍
常宝宝 北京大学计算语言学研究所 chbb@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2b1691275.html,

什么是机器翻译
研究目标：研制出能把一种自然语言（源语言）的文 本翻译为另外一种自然语言（目标语言）的文本的计 算机软件系统。 制造一种机器，让使用不同语言的人无障碍地自由交 流，一直是人类的一个梦想。 随着国际互联网络的日益普及，网上出现了以各种语 言为载体的大量信息，语言障碍问题在新的时代又一 次凸显出来，人们比以往任何时候都更迫切需要语言 的自动翻译系统。 但机器翻译是一个极为困难的研究课题，无论目前对 它的需求多么迫切，全自动高质量的机器翻译系统 (FAHQMT)仍将是人类一个遥远的梦。

机器翻译的基本方法
机器翻译的基本方法 ? 基于规则的机器翻译方法 ? 直接翻译法 ? 转换法 ? 中间语言法 ? 基于语料库的机器翻译方法 ? 基于统计的方法 ? 基于实例的方法 ? 混合式机器翻译方法
目前没有任何 一种方法能实现机 器翻译的完美理 想，但在方法论方 面的探索已经使得 人们对机器翻译问 题的认识更加深 刻，而且也确实带 动了不少不那么完 美但尚可使用的产 品问世。
20世纪90年代以前，机器翻译方法的主流一直是基于规则的方 法，不过，统计方法后来居上，目前似乎已成主流方法，从学术 研究的角度看，更是如此。(Google translate)

机器翻译的基本方法
20世纪90年代以前，机器翻译方法的主流一直是基于 规则的方法，因此基于规则的方法也称为传统的机器 翻译方法。 直接翻译法 ? 逐词进行翻译，又称逐词翻译法(word for word translation) ? 无需对源语言文本进行分析 ? 对翻译过程的认识过渡简化，忽视了不同语言之间 在词序、词汇、结构等方面的差异。 ? 翻译效果差，属于早期过时认识，现已无人采用 How are you ? 怎么 是 你 ? How old are you ? 怎么 老 是 你 ?

铁道运输外文翻译--基于多目标规划的铁路枢纽客运站布局优化研究

Study on Layout Optimization of Passenger Station based on Multi-objective Planning Abstract—This paper study on the optimal layout of passenger station and the basic principle of selection location. There are both quantitative index and qualitative index existing in the evaluation indexes of the layout of passenger station. To unify the evaluation indexes, this paper establishes a multi-objective planning optimization model of the layout of passenger station, by using the basic idea of multi-objective planning and introducing the effect of targets of the evaluation indexes. In Nanning railway terminal for example, four evaluation indexes: construction investment、operation cost in railway terminal、cost of passenger trip and the other social benefits are determined. Calculate respectively all effect of targets of the evaluation indexes and then determine the optimal scheme of the layout of passenger station in Nanning railway hub by the total effect of targets after being weighted. Keywords-component; multi-objective; passenger station; Layout Optimization In the past, paying much attention to improving line carrying capacity and neglecting the carrying capacity of hubs or stations in China leaded to the shortage of passenger capacity and the difficulty in meeting the demand of transport market. At present, China is in the primary stage of high-speed railway construction. High-speed railway being introduced into existing railway terminal will break the transport pattern of existing railway hub and will dramatically change the original railway hub transportation structure、transportation operation mode and transportation path. It is an important question in railway terminal planning to reasonably determine the locations and the number of the high-speed passenger stations in hub and optimize the layout of passenger stations in terminal. I Layout Optimization model of Passenger Station in railway hub A. Layout of passenger station in railway hub and basic principle of selection location （1）For human-oriented, make the trip distance and time of passenger from the starting point to passenger station shortest、the travel cost lowest、the riding most convenient and reduce the passenger transfer or make it more convenient. (Including

机器翻译研究现状与展望1 Machine TranslationPast,Present,future

机器翻译研究现状与展望1 戴新宇，尹存燕，陈家骏，郑国梁 （南京大学计算机软件新技术国家重点实验室，南京 210093） （南京大学计算机科学与技术系，南京 210093） 摘要：本文回顾机器翻译研究的历史，介绍典型的机器翻译方法，包括：基于规则、基于统计以及基于实例的机器翻译方法；针对机器翻译的研究现状，详细介绍和分析了基于混合策略的机器翻译方法，对统计以及机器学习方法在机器翻译中的应用进行了描述；论文还介绍了当前机器翻译评测技术；最后对机器翻译进行总结和展望。 关键字：机器翻译，基于规则，基于统计，基于实例，混合策略，机器学习 Machine Translation:Past,Present,future Dai Xinyu, Yin Cunyan, Chen Jiajun and Zheng Guoliang (State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Department of Computer Science & Technology Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093) Abstract：This paper firstly presents the history of machine translation, and introduces some classical paradigms of machine translation: RBMT, SBMT and EBMT. Secondly, we introduce the recent research on machine translation, and describe the hybrid strategies on machine translation in detail, and discuss the applications of machine learning for machine translation. We also analyze the current techniques about evaluation on machine translation. Finally, we draw a conclusion and prospect on the research of machine translation. Keywords：Machine Translation, RBMT, SBMT,EBMT, HSBMT, Machine Learning. 1本论文工作得到863课题资助（编号：2001AA114102, 2002AA117010-04） 戴新宇博士生，主要研究自然语言处理；尹存燕助教，主要研究自然语言处理；陈家骏教授，博士生导师，主要研究自然语言处理、软件工程；郑国梁教授，博士生导师，主要研究软件工程。

城市交通规划外文翻译

本科毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 专业名称：土木工程 年级班级： 学生姓名： 指导教师： 二○年月日

Urban transportation Planning An urban transportation system is basic component of an urban area's social，economic，and physical structure. Not only does the design and performance of a transportation system provide opportunities for mobility，but over the long term，it influences patterns of growth and the level of economic activity through the accessibility it provides to land. Planning for the development or maintenance of the urban transportation system is thus an important activity，both for promoting the efficient movement of people and goods in an urban area and for maintaining the strong supportive role that transportation can play in attaining other community objectives. There are several basic concepts about an urban transportation system that should be kept in mind. Most important，a transportation system in an urban area is defined as consisting of the facilities and services that allow travel throughout the region，providing opportunities for:(I)mobility to residents of an urban area and movement of goods and (2) accessibility to land .Given this definition，an urban transportation system can be further characterized by three major components: the spatial configuration that permits travel from one location to another; the transportation technologies that provide the means of moving over these distances; and the institutional framework that provides for the planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of system facilities. The Spatial Configuration of a Transportation System One way to describe the spatial dimension of an urban transportation system is to consider the characteristics of individual trips from an origin to a destination. For example, a trip can consist of several types of movement undertaken to achieve different objectives. Travelers leaving home might use a local bus system to reach a suburban subway station(a trip collection process)，proceed through the station to the subway platform (a transfer process)，ride the subway to a downtown station (a line-haul process)，and walk to a place of employment (a distribution process). Similarly，one can view a home-to-work trip by car as consisting of similar segments，with the local street system providing the trip collection process, a freeway providing the line-haul capability，a parking lot in the central business district serving as a transfer point，and walking，as before，serving the distribution function. The facilities and services that provide these opportunities for travel，when

路面设计外文翻译---柔性路面设计

英文翻译 Flexible pavement design Generally speaking,pavements(and bases) may be divided into two broad classifications or tipes:rigid and flexible. As commonly used in the United States,the term “rigid pavement”is applied to wearing surfaces constructed of Portland-cement concrete. A pavement constructed of concrete is assumed to possess considerable flexural strength that will permit it to act as a beam and allow it to bridge over minor irregularities which may occor in the base or subgrade on which it rests;hence the term “rigid”.Similarity,a concrete base that supports a brick or block layer might be described as “rigid”. All other types of pavement have traditionally been classed as “flexible”.A commonly used definition is that “a flexible pavement is a structure that maintains contact with and distributes loads to the subgrade and depends on aggregate interlock,particlefriction,and cohesion for stability”.Thus,the classical flexible pavement include primarily those pavement that are composed of a series of granular layers topped by a relatively thin high-quality bituminous wearing surface .Typically,the highest-quatily materials are at or near the surface.It should be pointed out that certain pavementsthat have an asphalt surface may behave more like the classical “rigid”pavement,for example, pavement that have very thick asphalt surface or that have base courses composed of aggregate treated with asphalt,cement, or lime-fly ash. However,for convenience of presentation,these pavements will be considered to be in the flexible class. The structure of flexible pavement is composed of a “wearing surface”, base, subbase(not always used), and subgrade . The wearing surface and the base often comprise two or more layers that are somewhat different in composition and that are put down in separate construction operations.On many heavy-duty pavements,asubbase of select material is often placed between the base and subgrade.the wearing surface may range in thickness from less than 1 in. in the case of a bituminous surface used for low-cost, light-traffic loads to 6 in. or more of alphalt

机器翻译研究综述

机器翻译综述 1.引言 1.1机器翻译的历史 现代机器翻译的研究应该是从20世纪50年代开始，但是早在这以前很多人已经提出了相应的想法，甚至是远在古希腊时期就有人提出要用机器来进行语言翻译的想法。 在1946年，美国宾夕法尼亚大学的两位科学家设计并制造了世界上第一台电子计算机。与此同时，英国工程师同美国洛克菲勒基金会副总裁韦弗在讨论计算机的应用范围时，就提出了利用计算机实现语言的自动翻译的想法。在1949年，韦弗发表了一份名为《翻译》的备忘录，正式提出了机器翻译问题。他提出了两个主要观点： 第一，他认为翻译类似于解读密码的过程。 第二，他认为原文与译文“说的是同样的事情”，因此，当把语言A翻译为语言B时，就意味着从语言A出发，经过某一“通用语言”或“中 间语言”，可以假定是全人类共同的。 在这一段时间由于学者的热心倡导，实业界的大力支持，美国的机器翻译研究一时兴盛起来。 1964年，美国科学院成立语言自动处理咨询委员会，调查机器翻译的研究情况，给出了“在目前给机器翻译以大力支持还没有多少理由”的结论，随后机器翻译的研究就陷入了低潮期。直到70年代以后机器翻译的研究才重新进入了一个复苏期，随后机器翻译的发展又迎来了繁荣期 1.2机器翻译的主要内容 经过50多年的发展，在机器翻译领域中出现了很多的研究方法，总结如下：●直接翻译方法 ●句法转换方法 ●中间语言方法 ●基于规则的方法 ●基于语料库的方法 基于实例的方法（含模板、翻译记忆方法） 基于统计的方法 在当前的研究中，更多的是基于统计的方法进行的，因为基于统计的方法可以充分的利用计算机的计算能力，并且并不需要过多的语言学知识作为支撑，可以让更多的计算机科学家投入到实用系统的研究中，极大的促进了统计机器翻译的发展。 下面对各个方法逐一的进行介绍。

交通工程公路建设中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 英文原文： The Basics of a Good Road We have known how to build good roads for a long time. Archaeologists have found ancient Egyptian roadsthat carried blocks to the pyramids in 4600 BCE. Later,the Romans built an extensive road system, using the same principles we use today. Some of these roads are still in service. If you follow the basic concepts of road building, you will create a road that will last. The ten commandments of a good road are: （1）Get water away from the road （2）Build on a firm foundation （3）Use the best materials （4）Compact all layers properly （5）Design for traffic loads and volumes

（6）Design for maintenance （7）Pave only when ready （8）Build from the bottom up （9）Protect your investment （10）Keep good records 1．Get water away from the road We can’t overemphasize the importance of good drainage.Engineers estimate that at least 90% of a road’s problems can be related to excess water or to poor waterdrainage. Too much water in any layer of a road’sstructure can weaken that layer, leading to failure. In the surface layer, water can cause cracks and potholes. In lower layers it undermines support, causing cracks and potholes. A common sign of water in an asphalt road surface is alligator cracking — an interconnected pattern of cracks forming small irregular shaped pieces that look like alligator skin. Edge cracking, frost heaves, and spring breakup of pavements also point to moisture problems. To prevent these problems remember that water: ? flows downhill ? needs to flow someplace ? is a problem if it is not flowing Effective drainage systems divert, drain and dispose of water. To do this they use interceptor ditches and slopes,road crowns, and ditch and culvert systems. Divert —Interceptor ditches, located between the road and higher ground along the road, keep the water from reaching the roadway. These ditches must slope so they carry water away from the road. Drain —Creating a crown in the road so it is higher along the centerline than at the edges encourages water to flow off the road. Typically a paved crown should be 1?4" higher than the shoulder for each foot of width from the centerline to the edge. For gravel surfaces the crown should be 1?2" higher per foot of width. For this flow path to work, the road surface must be relatively water tight. Road shoulders also must be sloped away from the road to continue carrying the flow away. Superelevations (banking) at the outside of curves will also help drain

现代城市交通规划的思想发展·文献综述

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