名词与冠词
【考纲解读】
根据考试大纲,考生要具备在特定语境中选择恰当的形容词、副词的能力,掌握它们的语法特点及语义差异。由此可见,形容词和副词在高考试题中占很重要的地位。高考对形容词和副词的考查主要集中在以下两点:
(1)形容词的比较级和最高级;
(2)在具体语境中辨析形容词和副词语义。 【预习导学】
一、形容词、副词的原级比较
1.“as+______________+as”与“not+as/so +____________+as”表示同级比较,即两个或两部分人或物在性质上或程度上相同/不同。
①A ctually, Jack is as old as Jim. 事实上,杰克和吉姆(年龄)一样大。
②He doesn’t run so/as fast as his younger brother. 他没有他弟弟跑得快。
2.当as ... as 结构中有________时,可用以下结构: ????
?
as +形容词原级++可数名词单数+as as +many +可数名词复数+as as +much +不可数名词+as
①Today is as busy a day as yesterday. 今天跟昨天一样忙。
②Henry does not have so/as many books as I have. 亨利的书没有我的书多。
3.“as+_____________+as +具体数字”表示“高/深/多……达……”。 ①The temperature here is as high as 39℃. 这里的气温高达39摄氏度。
②The building is as tall as 100 meters. 这座楼高达100米。 二、形容词、副词的比较级
1.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则 (1)规则变化
①有少数几个双音节形容词,既可以加er和est,又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是:common, handsome, quiet, wicked, pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired和以ow,er结尾的词。
②有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度,因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有:right (正确的), wrong (错误的), excellent (优秀的), possible (可能的), empty (空的)等。
(2)不规则变化
2.
(1)比较级+than ...“___________”;less ...than“___________”。
Seeking information on the Internet is more convenient than searching in a library.
在网上搜寻信息要比在图书馆里方便。
(2)比较级的修饰语常见的有:_____ ______ ______ ______ ______ _______ (用于否定句或疑问句),______________________________________________________等。
—The film is, I have to say, not a bit interesting.
—Why? It’s far more interesting than the films I have ever seen.
——我不得不说这部电影真的没意思。
——为什么?它比我看过的所有电影都有意思。
(3)the+比较级,the+比较级“__________________”。
The earlier the treatment is given, the better the patient’s chances.
病人越早接受治疗,康复的可能性就越大。
(4)the+比较级+of (the)+名词/代词“_________________________”。
Of the two cameras, I would prefer the smaller one, which is very easy for me to carry.
这两个照相机,我喜欢较小的一个,它容易携带。
三、形容词、副词的最高级
1.三者或三者以上的比较用最高级。表示范围的标志词有____ _____ _________等。
Raymond’s parents wanted him to have the best possible education.(2014·全国大纲卷单选)
雷蒙德的父母想让他接受最好的教育。
2.最高级的修饰语常见的有:________ ________ ________ ________等。
This is by far the most inspiring movie that I have ever seen.(2013·辽宁高考单选) 这是我曾看过的最鼓舞人心的电影了。
3.最高级含义的其他表达法。
(1)“否定词语+比较级”或“否定词语+such/so ... as”结构表示最高级含义。
—Do you think that the Chinese National Games were a success?
——你认为这届中国全运会成功吗?
——是的,绝对成功!没有比它更好的了。 (2)比较级形式表示最高级含义。
比较级+than +???
?
?
any other +可数名词单数+可数名词复数anything/anyone else
Julia is taller than any other girl in her class. =Julia is taller than all the other girls in her class. =Julia is the tallest girl in her class. 朱莉娅是她班上最高的女生。
4.the last 表示“___________”“___________”“_______________”等。 The last thing they want is to work in the red areas where life is hard. 他们最不乐意的是在生活艰难的红色区域里工作。 四、形容词(短语)作状语
形容词(短语)作状语表示伴随或结果,通常用来说明主语的情况,表示主语的状态、性质、特征等,但并不表示动作的方式。
①After the long journey, the three of them went back home, hungry and tired. 经过长时间旅行后,他们三个回到家,又饿又累。
②Helpless, we watched our home destroyed before our eyes. 我们束手无策,只能眼睁睁地看着自己的家园被毁掉。 五、副词作评论性状语
连接副词和修饰整个句子作评论性状语的副词,通常位于句首。有时也用于句中或句尾。 Thankfully, I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end. 谢天谢地,我终于打完比赛了,所有的辛苦都是值得的。 [知识积累]
形容词和副词的词性转换 1.常见的形容词后缀
【考点突破】
考点1 形容词与副词的语境辨析
1.His comprehensive surveys have provided the most ________ statements of how,and on
what basis,data are collected.
(2016·江苏,31)
A.explicit B.ambiguous
C.original D.arbitrary
2.A sudden stop can be a very frightening experience,________ if you are travelling at high speed.(2016·浙江,13)
A.eventually B.strangely
C.merely D.especially
3.In this article,you need to back up general statements with ________ examples.(2016·浙江,16)
A.specific B.permanent
C.abstract D.universal
4.I’m so________to all those volunteers because they helped my terrible day en d happily.(2015·安徽,26)
A.special B.superior
C.grateful D.attractive
5.They gave money to the old people’s home either ________ or through their companies.(2015·安徽,31)
A.legally B.sincerely
6.It was ________ of Michael to inform us of his delay in case we got worried.(2015·福建,23)
A.careless B.considerate
C.patient D.generous
7.Most of us,if we know even a little about where our food comes from,understand that every bite put into our mouths was ________ alive.(2015·浙江,13)
A.steadily B.instantly
C.formerly D.permanently
8.Listening is thus an active,not a ________,behavior consisting of hearing,understanding and remembering.(2015·浙江,14)
A.considerate B.sensitive
C.reliable D.passive
9.The police officers decided to conduct a thorough and ________ review of the case.(2015·江苏,31)
C.conscious D.crucial
考点归纳
解决词义辨析题的关键是牢记某些高频词的词义,掌握词义的有效办法就是通过语境去记忆,通过背诵句子来记忆词汇的音、形、义。
1.—Did he break it accidentally (=by accident/by chance)?
—No,purposely (=on purpose).
——他是不小心把它打碎了吗?
——不是,是故意地。
2.Search your heart and ask if you’re equally to blame.
扪心自问,你是不是同样也应该受到谴责。
3.I’m especially (=particularly) fond of pop songs.
我尤其喜欢流行音乐。
4.Eventually (=Finally),he made it.
他终于成功了。
创设语境牢记下列高考高频词汇:
考点2 形容词和副词的比较等级
1.I have always enjoyed all the events you organized and I hope to attend ________ in the coming years.(2016·浙江,18)
A.little more
B.no more
C.much more
D.many more
2.Andy is content with the toy.It is________ he has ever got.
(2015·四川,7)
A.a better
B.the better
C.a best
D.the best
考点归纳
1.否定词与比较级连用表达最高级的意义。
I can’t agree more.
我完全同意。
2.比较级+than any other+单数名词/any of the other+复数名词/the others /any of the others表示“某人/物比同一范围的任何一个人/物都……”,含义是“某人(物)最……”。
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China/than any of the other rivers in China.
长江比中国的其他任何一条河都长。
3.在倍数表达结构中,要把倍数放在比较结构前。
At a rough estimate,Nigeria is twice bigger than Great Britain.
粗略估算,尼日利亚的面积是大不列颠的3倍。
4.比较级前可用still,much,even,far,a lot,a bit,a great deal,以及分数、百分数等修饰,此时注意它们要放在比较级前。
You’re driving too fast.Can you drive a bit more s lowly?
你开得太快了。你能开得慢些吗?
考点3 形容词作状语
—Could you please explain the assignment for Monday,Miss Smith?
—Certainly.Read the next chapter and come to class ________ to discuss what you’ve read.
A.preparing
B.prepared
C.to prepare
D.to be prepared
考点归纳
形容词或形容词短语作状语用时,一般用逗号将其与句子的其余部分隔开。这种状语可位于句首、句末和句中,相当于一个状语从句,可表示行为方式、伴随状况、原因、时间、条件、结果或让步。有时像非限制性定语从句一样,表示意义上的增补,其逻辑主语多为句子的主语。
考点4 常见的连接性副词
1.Thanks for your directions to the house;we wouldn’t have found it ________.(2014·江西,23)
A.nowhere
B.however
C.otherwise
D.instead
2.It’s our hope that we will play a greater role in the market place and,________,supply more jobs.(2014·安徽,33)
A.however B.anywhere
C.therefore D.otherwise
考点归纳
1.表示增补:besides,further,then,similarly,likewise,moreover
2.表示等同:similarly,likewise,equally
4.表示概括:altogether,generally
5.表示列举:first(ly),second(ly),finally
7.表示让步:however,still,yet,nevertheless,though,anyway
8.表示结果:therefore,consequently,accordingly,thus
9.表示时间过渡:meanwhile,sometimes,occasionally
10.表示同位关系:namely
11.表示着重特指:mainly,mostly,particularly,especially
考点5 形容词和副词的一些固定表达
1.The idea “happiness,”________,will not sit still for easy definition.(2014·江苏,28)
A.to be rigid
B.to be sure
C.to be perfect
D.to be fair
2.—What did you do last weekend?
—Oh,no thing ________.(2014·大纲全国,35)
A.much
B.else
C.ever
D.yet
考点归纳
1.to be sure诚然,无疑
to be rigid刻板地说,死板地说
to be perfect完美地说
to be fair公平而言
to be frank坦率地讲
2.good/nice and...很,非常,完全
3.much less=still less(承接前述否定内容)更不用说
still more还有更多;更进一步
4.so much the better那样更好
for better or (for) worse不论是好是坏,不论是福是祸
5.Not a/one (little) bit!一点也不!
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2a2075130.html,st but not least=last but by no means least最后但同样很重要的是
【方法总结】
方法1 形容词词义辨析法
形容词的考查在高考试题中比较多,具体在解答试题时要根据具体的语境辨析所给选项。
(1)In this lecture,I can only give you a purely_________view of how we can live life to the full and make some suggestions about the future.
A.private
B.personal
C.unique
D.different
(2)Mistakes don’t just happen;they occur for a reason.Find out the reason,and then making the mistake becomes ________.
A.favourable
B.precious
C.essential
D.worthwhile
方法2 副词词义辨析法
副词的考查在高考试题中比较多,具体在解答试题时要根据具体的语境辨析所给选项。具体来
说,要注意:1)一些副词的具体含义;2)一些副词在具体句子中的辨析。
(1)—Volunteering is becoming ________ popular in China.
—Yeah,people are now aware that helping others is helping themselves.
A.naturally B.successfully
C.splendidly D.increasingly
(2)Do you think shopping online will ________ take the place of shopping in stores?
A.especially B.frequently
C.merely D.finally
【扩展交流】
the left-hand side of the
class, I could easy see the football field.
②(2015·陕西高考)I thought the biscuits were
really well. ①_________________
②______________
(1)形容词与副词的错用
①修饰动词应用副词而
不用形容词;修饰名词应用
形容词而不用副词;
②系动词后作表语应用
形容词而不用副词。
①(2013·四川高考) I found the test difficult, but I tried hardly to do it.
②(2016·南宁市适应性测试)Sometime you may not be able to decide the situation you are in, but you can change your
attitude.
①________________
②___________________
(2)形近引起的错用
有些词词形看似差不多
但实际词意相差甚远,例
如:
①hard用作副词时表示
“努力地”,而hardly表示
“几乎不”;
②sometimes表示“有
时”,而sometime表示“某
个时候”;
③high表示具体的高,
而highly表示抽象的高。
①(2015·陕西高考)My
mum makes the better biscuits in the world, so I decided to ask her for
help.
①__________________
②___________________
_
③_____________
(3)比较等级的错用
①比较级与最高级的错
用。表示二者比较用比较
级;表示三者或三者以上比
较用最高级;
②(2016·哈尔滨三中一模)I knew she would get much use of it than me.
③(2016·银川一中一模)Moreover, it shows that people are becoming richer and the country is much
more stronger.
②原级与比较级的错用。若句中有than或暗含比较意味用比较级,若没有比较意味或表示同等程度的比
较则用原级;
③比较级的重复。若形容词或副词后面加了-er,前面就不能再用more。
【当堂达标】
Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空
1.I'm happy that everything goes ________ (smooth).
2.The naughty boy missed classes ________ (constant).
3.This is the ________ (bad) day I've ever experienced.
4.Because he lives far from his parents, he goes to see them ________ (occasion).5.He treated the customers ________ (rude).
6.We spoke ________ (high) of this hero.
7.Our summer holiday couldn't be ________ (good).
8.My brother went abroad to study ________ (far).
9.The wind was blowing ________ (strong) and it became even ________ (cold).
10.This is one of the ________ (excite) moment.
11.After passing the exam, he felt ________ (relax).
12.He became ________ (patience) with me and lost his temper.
13.It was on a ________ (fog) day that he came to my house.
14.The ________ (short) of the two boys is my little brother.
15.The ________ (care) boy often made mistakes in his homework.
16.Don't follow others ________ (blind).
17.The temperature dropped ________ (sharp).
18.She cleaned the yard ________ (thorough).
19.The price of the house is ________ (reason).
20.He is as ________ (care) as his sister.
Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给词的适当形式填空)
Some time ago, a friend of mine, who worked in a part of the city I didn't know very __1__ (good), invited me to call on him. It took me hours to get there and I took __2__
(greatly) trouble to find a proper spot to park my car. As I was already three-quarters of an hour late, I parked my car __3__ (quick).
Feeling quite __8__ (tire) now, I went off for lunch. Some time __9__ (late), I left the restaurant and walked __10__ (slow) down the street. Turning the corner, I nearly jumped for joy: my car was right in front of me, and there was no problem this time.
参考答案
【预习导学】
一、形容词、副词的原级比较
1.形容词/副词原级形容词/副词原级
2. 名词
3. 形容词原级
二、形容词、副词的比较级
1.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则
(1)规则变化
-er -est
-r -st
-er -est
-er -est
-er -est
more most
(2)不规则变化
better best
worse worst
more most
less least
farther/further farthest/furthest
older/elder oldest/eldest
2.形容词、副词比较级的用法
(1)比……更不如……
(2) rather, much, still, even, far, any a lot, a little, a great deal, by far,
a bit
(3) 越……,越……
(4) (两者中)较……的
三、形容词、副词的最高级
1.in, of, among
2. 序数词,by far, nearly, almost
4. 最不可能的最不适合的最不希望的
【考点突破】
考点1 形容词与副词的语境辨析
1. 答案 A
解析考查形容词辨析。句意为:他全面的调查提供了关于如何收集信息及在什么基础上收集信息的最清楚明确的说明。explicit清楚的,明晰的,详述的;ambiguous模棱两可的,含糊不清的;original起初的,原来的;arbitrary任意的,随心所欲的。
2. 答案 D
解析考查副词辨析。句意为:突然停下来可能是一次非常可怕的经历,尤其是你正在高速行驶时。especially特别,尤其,符合语境。eventually最终;strangely奇怪地;merely仅仅,只。
3. 答案 A
解析考查形容词辨析。句意为:在这篇文章里,你需要用具体的例子来支持你的总体性陈述。specific具体的,特定的;permanent永久的;abstract抽象的;universal通用的,普遍的。根据句意可知选A。
4. 答案 C
解析考查形容词辨析。句意为:我非常感激所有那些志愿者,因为他们帮我愉快地结束了糟糕的一天。special特殊的;superior优越的;grateful感激的;attractive有吸引力的。根据句意可知,这里是在向志愿者表达感激之情,故选C。
5. 答案 C
6. 答案 B
解析考查形容词辨析。句意为:Michael通知我们他要迟一会儿以防我们担心,他想得真周到。本句使用了Itis/wasconsiderateofsb.todosth.这一结构。careless粗心的;considerate考虑周到的;patient有耐心的;generous慷慨的,大方的。
7. 答案 C
解析考查副词辨析。句意为:我们大多数人,如果对食物来源多少知道一点点的话,就会明白我们嘴里的每一口食物从前都是有生命的。formerly以前,从前,符合语境。steadily稳固地,坚定地,不动摇地;instantly立刻,马上;permanently永久地,长期不变地。
8. 答案 D
解析考查形容词辨析。句意为:聆听是一种积极的行为,而不是被动的接受,它包括听、理解和记忆。passive被动的,消极的,与前面的active对应。considerate体贴的,体谅的;sensitive易受伤害的,易受影响的,敏感的;reliable可靠的,可信赖的。
9. 答案 A
解析考查形容词辨析。句意为:警官们决定对该案件进行一次彻底、详尽的审查。comprehensive综合的,详尽的;complicated复杂的;conscious有意识的;crucial至关重要的。根据and判断,所填词和thorough(彻底的,细致的)意思相近,故选A项。
考点2 形容词和副词的比较等级
1. 答案 D
解析考查比较级。句意为:我一直喜欢你组织的所有活动,希望在未来几年里能参加更多的活动。Many more后省略了events。根据句意可知选D。
2. 答案 D
解析考查形容词的最高级。句意为:Andy对这个玩具很满意。这是他得到的最好的玩具。根据hehasevergot可以推知这是“他得到的最好的玩具”,故选D。
考点3 形容词作状语
答案 B
考点4 常见的连接性副词
1. 答案 C
解析考查副词词义辨析。nowhere无处;however然而;otherwise否则,要不然;instead 反而。句意为:谢谢你为我们指路,要不然我们找不到那所房子。故C项正确。
2. 答案 C
解析考查副词词义辨析。句意为:我们希望的是,我们能在市场发挥更大作用,因此,提供更多的就业机会。however然而,表转折关系;anywhere无论何处,表条件;therefore因此,表因果关系;otherwise否则,表相反的结果。根据句意选C。
考点5 形容词和副词的一些固定表达
1. 答案 B
解析考查动词不定式短语意义辨析。to be rigid刻板地说,死板地说;to be sure诚然,的确,无可否认;to be perfect完美地说,说得完美些;to be fair公平而言,说句公道话。本句主干是The idea “happiness” will not sit still for easy definition.,其意思是:给“幸福”这一概念下定义远非易事。根据四个动词不定式短语的意义和句子主干的意思,我们可以选择B项to be sure。综合考虑可知题干句意为:诚然,给“幸福”这一概念下定义远非易事。
2. 答案 A
解析句意为:——上周末你干什么了?——哦,没(干)什么事。Nothing much和nothing
else是固定短语,nothing much意为“没什么事”,nothing else意为“没有别的东西,没有别的事情”;nothing不和ever构成固定短语,但可以一起用在句中,表示“没有什么事情曾经……”;nothing和yet也不能构成固定短语,但也可以同时出现在句中。由语境可知,此处显然是表示“没什么事”,故A项正确。
【方法总结】
方法1 形容词词义辨析法
(1) 答案 B
解析由语境可知,此处表示个人观点,故用personal。personalview个人观点。
(2) 答案 D
解析worthwhile表示“值得的,有价值的”,此处表示犯错误是值得的。favourable喜爱的,赞同的;precious珍贵的;essential本质的。
方法2 副词词义辨析法
(1) 答案 D
解析句意为:——志愿活动现在在中国变得越来越受欢迎了。——是的,人们现在开始意识到帮助别人就是帮助他们自己。naturally自然地,理所当然地;successfully成功地;splendidly华丽地,壮观地;increasingly渐增地。由句意知选D项。
(2) 答案 D
解析especially特别,尤其;frequently经常地,频繁地;merely仅仅;finally最终。句意为:你认为网上购物最终会替代商场购物吗?故选D项。
【扩展交流】
easily
good
hard
②Sometime→Sometimes
①bett best
more
③去掉more
【当堂达标】
Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空
答案
1.smoothly 2.constantly 3.worst 4.occasionally 5.rudely 6.highly 7.better 8.further 9.strongly; colder 10.most exciting 11.relaxed 12.impatient 13.foggy 14.shorter15.careless 16.blindly17.sharply18.thoroughly 19.reasonable 20.careful
Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给词的适当形式填空)
答案
1.well 2.great 3.quickly 4.suddenly 5.closely 6.disappointed7.exactly 8.tired 9.later 10.slowly