新视野大学英语四课文课后题

Unit1

1.As the gender barriers (crumbled), the number of women working as lawyers, doctors, or bankers began to increase significantly from the mid-20th century.

2.With the data collected each year, the owner of the shop can (discern) customer trends and how things like weather and economic indicators affect sales performance.

3. His supervisor pushes and motivates him in such a positive manner that he is not only able to reach but to (surpass) his personal goals.

4. He is a man with a(n) (shrewd) business sense. He has built his initial investment into a substantial and even excessively large fortune.

5. The (conversion) of nuclear radiation directly into electricity was an exciting possibility that was being vigorously explored in many laboratories in the 1950s.

6. I was not only shocked but also disgusted that the report tried to (distort) the scientific facts in such a manner that even some highly-educated people were fooled.

7. Sixty-two and blessed with his mother's skin, the fisherman had withstood a lifetime of exposure to the sun and looked as (radiant) as a man in his forties.

8. French educator Louis Braille invented a simple but (ingenious) code which has had an impact on the lives of generations of people who are blind.

9. The senators didn't expect us to ask such tough questions, and when we finally did, they got (stumped) and didn't know what to say.

10. This newly established university supports the (proposition) that a more diverse higher education system is desirable since it would enhance opportunities for lifelong learning.

Have you ever heard people say that they tend to be more of a right-brain or left-brain thinker? From books to television programs, you have probably heard the term 1)(mentioned) numerous times, or perhaps you have even taken an online test to 2) (determine) which type best describes you.

Do different parts of the brain really control different bodily and mental functions? Over the years, a theory that has 3) (gained) in popularity is that the right brain and the left brain are 4) (responsible) for different modes of thought and that the way in which a person thinks will depend on which side of his brain works more actively.

People who rely more 5) (heavily) on the right half of their brain tend to be more imaginative and spontaneous. They are interested in patterns, shapes and sizes, for the

right brain is associated with 6) (artistic) ability like singing, painting, writing poetry, etc. Left-brain dominated people are quite 7) (opposite) in the way they think. They tend to be more logical and 8) (analytical) in their thinking and usually stand out in mathematics and word skills.

While the different functions of the two brain parts may have been 9) (distorted) and exaggerated by popular psychology, understanding your strengths and weaknesses in certain areas can help you develop better ways to learn and study. For example, if you are usually 10) (stumped) in trying to follow verbal instructions, an activity often cited as a right-brain characteristic, you can benefit from writing down directions and developing better organizational skills.

你有没有听人说过，他们更像是右脑思考者或左脑思考者？从书籍到电视节目，你可能已经听说过这个术语无数次了，或者你甚至参加了一个在线测试来确定哪种类型最适合描述你？多年来，有一种理论越来越流行，那就是右脑和左脑分别负责不同的思维模式，一个人的思维方式取决于大脑的哪一部分工作更加活跃。他们对图案、形状和大小感兴趣，因为右脑与歌唱、绘画、写诗等艺术能力有关。左脑主导的人在思维方式上完全相反。虽然大脑两个部分的不同功能可能受到流行心理学的扭曲和夸大，但了解自己在某些方面的长处和弱点，可以帮助你发展出更好的学习和学习方法。例如，如果你经常被口头指示难住，而口头指示通常被认为是右脑的特征，那么你可以从写下指示和培养更好的组织能力中获益。

1. The brick walls of the ruined buildings 1) (were dripping with)green mold and moisture, and she shivered involuntarily, looking down to avoid the sight.

2. As urban populations exported finished goods 2) (in exchange for) raw materials from neighboring populations, organized trade grew substantially.

3.Knowing just how quickly a wildfire can spread, some residents of the village decided to leave their homes after the flames 3) (flared up) nearby.

4. Biology teachers often 4) (make an analogy between) the heart and a pump in order to help students understand how the heart works.

5. They would like to 5) (set a date for) their wedding and announce their engagement to their families and friends as soon as possible.

6. He was determined not to sour a perfectly good day with the memory of one jealous classmate trying to 6) (make) a fool 7) (out of) him in front of the entire class.

7. The couple 8) (made a pact) never to work at the same time, so that one of them was always on full-time parenting duty, and their child wouldn't have to be looked after by strangers.

8. The president said that it's the worst earthquake ever to hit the country, and that he

9) (had appealed to) the world for help, asking in particular for heavy-lift helicopters able to carry relief supplies into the isolated mountain areas.

Unit2

1.We need to improve the quality of education so that our children will not leave school (deficient) in literary and reasoning skills.

2. In a society governed by the rule of law, every citizen is subject to possible (prosecution) if he violates the law.

3. The pay gap between average workers and top corporate officers has led to pubic (outrage) as executives receive large packages despite falling share prices.

4. The delicious meal (appeased) our hunger and made us feel warm again after having walked in the snow all day.

5. The military insists on (conformity) in many areas, for example, dress and haircut, with the primary objective of promoting group unity.

6. My daughter used to play with the dog by taking a(n) (strand) of its hair and then spending a long time rubbing, combing and twisting it.

7. When she left for the party, she took great care to make her necklace and shoes (complement) her dress.

8.It was necessary to provide living places for (transient) immigrants passing through the area on their way to more permanent dwellings.

9. They had just moved in, so they needed to buy a number of kitchen (appliances) ,including a microwave oven, a toaster, and a coffee maker. 10.She wanted a beautiful and elegant (outfit) to attend the wedding of a friend, but couldn't find anything satisfactory in the nearby shops.

I was once in a relationship with a woman who was the most brilliant, creative and driven person I'd ever known. I told her these things often because she didn't see

herself this way, despite 1) (achieving) great success and acclaim (称赞) in her professional field. She was also 2) (gorgeous) and sexy, though she seemed not to realize this either, so I told her these things too. But while I thought it was more important to praise her brilliance, it seemed to mean more to her that she was 3) (considered) attractive.

My experience with this girlfriend exemplifies a common phenomenon in life – when it comes to complimenting a woman, men often walk a very difficult line. Of course, 4) (context) matters. In a professional setting, talking about appearance is often inappropriate, but at a singles club, it may be important. She will be very pleased if a man thinks her clothes and 5) (accessories) are pretty, or her hair looks wonderful. However, things in between these two cases are unclear. Women have every right to be recognized and 6) (appreciated) for their intelligence and creativity. But at the same time, they want to be admired for their looks as well, for example, their perfect skin 7) (complexion) and elegant outfits.

Unfortunately, most guys don't understand this. If we receive compliments from women, they're usually about our achievements, not our looks. Most of us don't expect a woman to tell us how 8) (handsome) or sexy we are, and some of us would find it hard to regard such a(n) 9) (comment) as sincere.

I'm not saying it's very hard to be a guy these days. It is important for every man to understand how to treat women with both respect and 10) (admiration). But as far as the right balance of these two is concerned, we really have no frame of reference, especially when it comes to looks.

我曾经和一个女人有过一段感情，她是我认识的最聪明、最有创造力、最有动力的人。我经常告诉她这些事情，因为她没有这样看待自己，尽管在她的专业领域取得了巨大的成功和赞誉。她也很漂亮和性感，虽然她似乎也没有意识到这一点，所以我告诉她这些事情。不过，虽然我认为赞美她的才华更为重要，但对她来说，被认为有吸引力似乎更为重要。

我和这位女朋友的经历证明了生活中的一个普遍现象——当谈到赞美一个女人时，男人往往会走一条非常艰难的路线。当然，语境很重要。在专业场合，谈论外表往往是不合适的，但在单身俱乐部，这可能很重要。如果一个男人认为她的衣服和饰物很漂亮，或者她的头发很漂亮，她会很高兴的。然而，这两起案件之间的情况尚不清楚。妇女完全有权因其聪明才智和创造力而得到承认和赞赏。但同时，他们也希望自己的外表也能让人钦佩，比如，他们完美的肤色和优雅的服装。

不幸的是，大多数人都不明白这一点。如果我们得到女性的称赞，她们通常是关于我们的成就，而不是我们的长相。我们大多数人都不指望一个女人告诉我们我们有多帅或性感，我们中的一些人会发现很难把这样的评论看作是真诚的。

我不是说现在做男人很难。对每个男人来说，了解如何既尊重又钦佩地对待女人是很重要的。但就这两者的正确平衡而言，我们确实没有参照系，尤其是在外观方面。

1. Every month, the Community Services Center offers several lectures on health and fitness (in hopes of) introducing people to healthier lifestyles.

2. Do you know who (came up with) the idea of having cheesecake for dessert yesterday? It was delicious and made everyone happy.

3. The pain medication left Claudia feeling rather dull and sleepy, and soon after dinner she apologized for being such poor company and (excused herself) to bed.

4. When I was young, I (was obsessed with) maps, and I sometimes spent the whole day charting land routes from one point to another.

5. To make immigrants comfortable (reaching out to) police for help, more than 70 cities now bar police from asking them to prove their legal status.

6. Mary was often accused of "having a strong personality" because she was not afraid to (voice an opinion on) subjects about which she was knowledgeable.

7. At the end of his term in office, the governor was criticized for failure to (live up to) his campaign promise.

8. Results of a survey revealed that of the top 10 automobile makers (in terms of) customer satisfaction, six were Japanese and two were German.

Unit3

1. The curtains changed the atmosphere of the house completely and made it into a place of (exquisite) beauty.

2. As the sun (dispersed) the clouds, we enjoyed our afternoon of playing cards in the forest under the clear sky and observing the most spectacular view I have ever seen in my life.

3. The big company (decentralized / decentralised) their operations last year and opened several regional offices in the country to meet the needs of the market.

4. It is not easy to (deduce) a trend of growth from the available facts since they are quite scarce and not that convincing.

5. Formerly found only in large industrial applications, microwave ovens now have become a standard (fixture) of most modern kitchens.

6. He calls on the public to save in everyday life and believes that (frugality) is the key to battling a culture that rewards mindless consumption.

7. He is suitable for the position as he is young enough to understand what the teenagers think but old enough to (administrate) their programs.

8. When asked about her whereabouts at 9 o'clock that night, she gave a rather (disjointed) response, which caught the detective's attention.

9.(Reviving) the stalled economy and sticking to promises to bring the deficit down next year is proving to be the principal test for the new president.

10.A considerable period of time has to (elapse) before the effects of such security measures as closed-circuit television cameras and cell-phone monitoring become evident in reducing crimes.

In some urban centers, workaholism (工作狂) is so common that people do not consider it unusual: They accept the lifestyle as normal. Government workers in Washington D.C., for example, 1)(frequently) work 60 to 70 hours a week. They don't do this because they have to; they do it because they want to.

Workaholism can be a serious problem. True workaholics, being deeply 2) (immersed) in their work, allow themselves little or no time to take breaks. They like to work without being 3)(disrupted), and they probably don't know how to relax.

But is workaholism always bad? Perhaps not. There are people who work well under 4) (stress). Besides, some studies show that many workaholics have great energy and interest in their own 5) (sphere). Their work is so pleasurable that they are actually very happy. For most workaholics, work and entertainment are the same thing. Their work 6) (challenges) them, keeping them busy and genuinely engaged.

Why do workaholics enjoy doing their jobs so much? Of course they get paychecks from it, but it is hard to 7) (quantify) the pleasure with money. It offers more than 8) (financial) security. Psychologists claim that work gives people an identity and provides them with self-confidence. People have a feeling of satisfaction when they 9)(administrate) a business well or complete a challenging piece of work. In addition, most jobs provide a socially acceptable way for people to meet others. So, though some people are compulsive (强迫性的) about their work, their 10)(addiction) seems

to be a safe or even an advantageous one. They feel empty and incomplete when they are involved in activities not related to work.

在一些城市中心，工作狂非常普遍，人们并不认为这是不寻常的：他们接受正常的生活方式。例如，华盛顿特区的政府工作人员通常每周工作60到70小时。他们这样做不是因为他们必须这样做，而是因为他们想这样做。

工作狂可能是一个严重的问题。真正的工作狂，沉浸在工作中，很少或根本没有时间休息。他们喜欢不受干扰地工作，而且他们可能不知道如何放松。

但是工作狂总是不好吗？也许不是。有些人在压力下工作得很好。此外，一些研究表明，许多工作狂对自己的领域有很大的精力和兴趣。他们的工作非常愉快，实际上他们非常高兴。对大多数工作狂来说，工作和娱乐是一回事。他们的工作挑战着他们，让他们忙得不可开交。

为什么工作狂那么喜欢做他们的工作？当然，他们可以从中得到薪水，但很难量化金钱带来的快乐。它提供的不仅仅是金融安全。心理学家声称，工作给人一种身份，给人一种自信。当人们管理好一项业务或完成一项具有挑战性的工作时，会有一种满足感。此外，大多数工作为人们提供了一种社会上可以接受的见面方式。因此，尽管有些人对工作有强迫性，但他们的上瘾似乎是安全的，甚至是有利的。当他们参与与工作无关的活动时，他们感到空虚和不完整。

1. Because of his quiet personality, many people said they would not elect him president of the institute though they 1) (held) him 2) (in high regard).

2. Peter graduated from college in June and started his work in the auto company in August. 3) (In the interim), he took a trip around the country.

3. When his advertisement using the new digital technique drew as many as 5,000 responses overnight, he knew he 4) (was onto something).

4. When students are more involved in their academic and extracurricular activities, they will experience a richer campus life, which 5) (in turn) benefits their development.

5. The scientists of the research center keep the good habit of summing up their experience 6) (from time to time).

6. Whenever the older kids in school tried to 7) (pick on) her brother, she would not be afraid to stand up for him.

7. If he doesn't try to get a ticket now, he's probably not going to get one. So, he might want to 8) (take a stab at) it one more time.

8. There are a lot of reasons for replacing your hard drive or adding a new one to your old computer, but they all 9) (boil down to)the need for more space.

Unit4

1. I will conduct a top-to-bottom review of the state departments, agencies, and commissions, and seek to (consolidate)or to eliminate them where appropriate.

2. To a 10-year-old girl, you need to offer understanding about her wishes and help her (differentiate) between fantasy and reality.

3. When we heard about the (dreadful) suffering of the children and adults, our primary instinct, like millions of others, was to shed tears.

4. It was when we started living together that we found, to our sadness and surprise, that we were (incompatible).

5. It was (alleged) that he had taken a $50,000 bribe before the project was transferred to another company.

6. The budget proposal has been described as "(bizarre)" and "inappropriate" by people objecting to it.

7. It seems that what people believe and what researchers have found out about the (correlation) between wealth and happiness are more different than overlapping.

8. Current expenditure in this museum is (negligible) in comparison with the huge amount which foreign museums of similar standing spend.

9. The air and rivers in this area are getting cleaner, and attempts to preserve animal species and their (habitats) have been mainly successful.

10.If you can provide rational and (intelligible) debates from an unbiased point of view, maybe we will all learn something.

Farming invariably interferes with the habitats of plants and animals. However, this does not necessarily mean that agriculture and biodiversity are 1) (incompatible). In

fact, quite the opposite is true. The sustainable cultivation of plants for food and feed actually enables us to 2)(preserve)biodiversity.

By 2007, there were more than twice as many people living on the planet as there were in 1961. Over the same period, the total amount of 3) (available) arable (可耕的) land grew by just 10 percent. In comparison with population growth, the expansion of arable land was small. And there are limits to further expansion. A large 4)(proportion) of the earth's surface – like deserts – is not suitable for cultivation, and other areas are 5)(utilized) by humans for roads and buildings. Some land that is rich in biodiversity needs to be preserved and thus should not be 6)(converted) into arable land. The tropical rain forests, for example, have the highest species density in the world, and changing this land for crop cultivation would be 7)(dreadful) to these species' habitats and, indeed, existence.

By 2050, global demand for food will have risen by 70 percent. But the expansion of land available for cultivation has its limits. This is one of the greatest challenges facing agriculture today: How do we 8) (balance) the increased demand for food with the need to maintain biological diversity, now and in the future?

Efficient and 9) (sane) use of land will be key to preserving natural animal and plant habitats. To achieve this aim will depend to a(n) 10)(considerable) extent on the use of modern agricultural methods. If these methods are successfully applied, we believe that agriculture and biodiversity can coexist in harmony.

农业总是干扰动植物的栖息地。然而，这并不一定意味着农业和生物多样性是不相容的。事实上，恰恰相反。可持续种植植物作为食物和饲料实际上使我们能够保护生物多样性。

到2007年，地球上的人口是1961年的两倍多。同期，可供耕地总量仅增长10%。与人口增长相比，耕地面积增长幅度较小。而且进一步的扩张是有限度的。地球表面有很大一部分像沙漠一样不适合耕种，其他地区则被人类用作道路和建筑物。一些生物多样性丰富的土地需要得到保护，因此不应转变为可耕地。例如，热带雨林是世界上物种密度最高的地区，改变这片土地种植农作物对这些物种的栖息地和生存来说都是可怕的

到2050年，全球粮食需求将增长70%。但可供耕种的土地的扩大有其局限性。这是当今农业面临的最大挑战之一：我们如何平衡粮食需求的增加与维持生物多样性的需要，无论是现在还是将来？

有效和合理利用土地将是保护自然动植物栖息地的关键。实现这一目标在很大程度上取决于现代农业方法的使用。如果这些方法得到成功应用，我们相信农业和生物多样性可以在哈蒙共存。

1. After the painter's move to Paris in 1904, Picasso's Rose Period paintings (took on) a warmer and more optimistic mood than the previous Blue Period.

2. There are a number of different occasions when you might be (called upon) to make a speech. Therefore, you need to practice how to speak to a large audience.

3. Schools in the US believe that cheating in examinations (runs against the grain) of the "honor system" proposed by Thomas Jefferson hundreds of years ago.

4. Being a major global concern, rapid population growth is believed by many to (be incompatible with) sustainable management of the environment.

5. It seems that many people have (come through) periods of stress, with more physical and mental vigor than they had before.

6. More and more native plants disappear every year. Saving them is important because our own survival (is bound up) with their fate.

7. It's up to you to (differentiate between) those who have your interests at heart and those who would take advantage of you.

8. Although J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter novels are written for "ages 9-12", they (have struck a chord with) many older readers.

Unit5

1. Although he was not a legal expert, he knew it would not be proper to (fabricate) anything to mislead the public.

2. He does not work full time there, but he has been the (nominal) head of the organization's scholarship program for five years.

3. As Mark walked the sites on that initial trip of the migrants, he found some important (temporal) clues – dated bus tickets, shopping receipts and calendars.

4. In urban planning, it is important to take into consideration the (reciprocal) influence between the transportation network and other facilities, for example shopping centers and medical centers.

5. The label "Smart Choices" on the front of food packages usually (denotes) products that meet criteria for lower fat, sugar and sodium (钠) content.

6. The public high school graduation rates in New Mexico and Arizona have been increasing for three (consecutive) years, thanks to an online program that helps students earn missing credits.

7. In the accident at the air show last week, a pilot and 10 (spectators) were killed when a fighter plane crashed into the crowd.

8. The mother was not sure where the boys went, but she did hear them (muttering) something about going out for a movie with friends.

9. This newly released portrait of Planet Earth is actually a (composite) of several pictures taken earlier this month by a new research satellite.

10.You shouldn't feel insulted. We can assure you he meant to be friendly and there was nothing impolite or (malicious) in his words.

Stereotypes have some truth mixed in with a few generalizations. Sometimes these generalizations can be misleading as they are often based on observation of the 1) (exterior) behavior of people in a certain culture. Spaghetti, pasta, mafia (黑手党), gestures, fashion –these are some words commonly used to describe Italians. How much truth is there in the stereotype? As an Italian myself, I will give you some 2)(insights) into the Italian soul and clarify some misunderstandings that foreigners have about us.

Spaghetti and pasta are sacred. You can't take pasta away from an Italian meal; otherwise it won't be 3) (complete). A typical Italian meal generally includes pasta as a starter, fish or meat with salad as the main 4) (course), followed by fruit or dessert, and then coffee. But there are considerable regional differences in Italy, and hence 5)(inconsistencies) exist between the stereotype and reality. For instance, you might find risotto (加有肉、鱼或蔬菜的调味饭) replacing pasta in some places!

The Mafia is real: We are not proud of it, but it does exist, especially in the South and on the island of Sicily. Obviously, not every Italian is a member of the Mafia, and most will be 6) (offended) if you use the term, even if you are just joking.

Yes, the way we speak is unique. Italians use 7) (gestures) a lot in communication. We simply cannot talk without our hands. If the hands are busy doing something else, we start moving shoulders or other parts of the body.

We are also fashion victims. You can recognize Italians by the way they dress from head to toe. We wear stylish clothes and 8) (ornaments) for every possible occasion.

You won't ever see an Italian wearing running shorts combined with long socks: It's simply against our 9)(sense) of style!

Italy is made up of many regions and provinces which are similar in some ways and

10) (distinctive) in others. The stereotype contains some truth, but being Italian takes

a lot more than that.

刻板印象中掺杂了一些事实和一些概括。有时，这些概括可能会产生误导，因为它们通常是基于对某一文化中人们的外部行为的观察。意大利面、意大利面、黑手党、手势、时尚——这些都是意大利人常用的词汇。这个刻板印象有多少真实性？作为一个意大利人，我会给你一些关于意大利灵魂的见解，澄清一些外国人对我们的误解。

意大利面和意大利面是神圣的。你不能把意大利面从意大利餐中拿走，否则它就不完整了。典型的意大利餐通常包括意大利面作为开胃菜，鱼或肉作为主菜，然后是水果或甜点，然后是咖啡。但是，意大利存在着相当大的地区差异，因此在陈规定型观念和现实之间存在着不一致。例如，在某些地方，你可能会发现意大利饭取代了意大利面！

黑手党是真的：我们并不以它为荣，但它确实存在，特别是在南方和西西里岛。显然，并不是每个意大利人都是黑手党成员，如果你用这个词，即使你只是开玩笑，大多数人也会被冒犯。

是的，我们说话的方式很独特。意大利人在交流中经常使用手势。没有我们的手我们根本无法交谈。如果手忙着做别的事情，我们就开始移动肩膀或身体的其他部位。

我们也是时尚的受害者。你可以通过意大利人从头到脚的穿衣方式认出他们。我们在任何可能的场合都穿着时髦的衣服和装饰品。你永远不会看到一个意大利人穿着运动短裤和长袜：这完全违背了我们的时尚感！

意大利由许多地区和省份组成，这些地区和省份在某些方面相似，而在另一些方面则与众不同。这个刻板印象包含了一些事实，但成为意大利人需要的远不止这些。

1. We chatted for half an hour before he finally (got to the point): He wanted to work as a business consultant and wondered if I could pass along the names of certain potential clients.

2. Scientists at the research center identified various features that (are attached to) the commodities purchased by female consumers.

3. The three mountain climbers (would have starved to death) if the villagers had not found them lying at the bottom of the valley.

4. The boy looked up timidly at his father who was sitting next to him, but he didn't stop crying. (If anything), his crying became more intense.

5. Since no one knew how the disease spread, they (were suspicious of) everything, including mosquitoes, swimming pools, and people from other neighborhoods.

6.At the press conference, the government spokesman avoided answering the question about health-care reform directly. Instead he just (wandered around) to talk about the harsh economic situation.

7. Mr. Rogers, whom you met in the museum yesterday, works as a software engineer and plays folk music (on the side).

8.These schools were selected for our survey because the composition of their student bodies (was representative of) the district's enrollment, which included a large proportion of children from immigrant families.

课文：

Love and logic: The story of a fallacy

1 I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't too shrewd, either.

2 But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too

much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant,

well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.

3 "Radiant" she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her "well-spoken".

4 After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway. What I had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought

the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. "What are we going to talk about?" she asked.

5 "Logic."

6 "Cool," she said over her gum.

7 "The doctrine of logic," I said, "is a staple of clear thinking. Failures in

logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known. First let's look at the

fallacy Dicto Simpliciter."

8 "Great," she agreed.

9 "Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore, everybody should exercise."

10 She nodded in agreement.

11 I could see she was stumped. "Polly," I explained, "it's too simple a generalization. If you have, say, heart disease or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good. Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people."

12 "Next is Hasty Generalization. Self-explanatory, right? Listen carefully: You can't speak French. Rob can't speak French. Looks like nobody at this school can speak French."

13 "Really?" said Polly, amazed. "Nobody?"

14 "This is also a fallacy," I said. "The generalization is reached too hastily. Too few instances support such a conclusion."

15 She seemed to have a good time. I could safely say my plan was underway. I took her home and set a date for another conversation.

16 Seated under the oak the next evening I said, "Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam."

17 She nodded with delight.

18 "Listen closely," I said. "A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he says he has six children to feed."

19 "Oh, this is awful, awful," she whispered in a choked voice.

20 "Yes, it's awful," I agreed, "but it's no argument. The man never answered the boss's question. Instead he appealed to the boss's sympathy – Ad Misericordiam."

21 She blinked, still trying hard to keep back her tears.

22 "Next," I said carefully, "we will discuss False Analogy. An example, students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during exams, because surgeons have

X-rays to guide them during surgery."

23 "I like that idea," she said.

24 "Polly," I groaned, "don't derail the discussion. The inference is wrong. Doctors aren't taking a test to see how much they have learned, but students are. The situations are altogether different. You can't make an analogy between them."

25 "I still think it's a good idea," said Polly.

26 With five nights of diligent work, I actually made a logician out of Polly. She was an analytical thinker at last. The time had come for the conversion of our relationship from academic to romantic.

27 "Polly," I said when next we sat under our oak, "tonight we won't discuss fallacies."

28 "Oh?" she said, a little disappointed.

29 Favoring her with a grin, I said, "We have now spent five evenings together. We get along pretty well. We make a pretty good couple."

30 "Hasty Generalization," said Polly brightly. "Or as a normal person might say, that's a little premature, don't you think?"

31 I laughed with amusement. She'd learned her lessons well, far surpassing my expectations. "Sweetheart," I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner, "five dates is plenty. After all, you don't have to eat a whole cake to know it's good."

32 "False Analogy," said Polly promptly. "Your premise is that dating is like eating. But you're not a cake.You're a boy."

33 I laughed with somewhat less amusement, hiding my dread that she'd learned her lessons too well. A few more false steps would be my doom. I decided to

change tactics and try flattery instead.

34 "Polly, I love you. Please say you'll go out with me. I'm nothing without you."

35 "Ad Misericordiam," she said.

36 "You certainly can discern a fallacy when you see it," I said, my hopes starting

to crumble. "But don't take them so literally. I mean this is all academic. You know the things you learn in school don't have anything to do with real life."

37 "Dicto Simpliciter," she said. "Besides, you really should practice what you preach."

38 I leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up. "Will you or will you not go out with me?"

39 "No to your proposition," she replied.

40 "Why?" I demanded.

41 "I'm more interested in a different petitioner– Rob and I are back together."

42 With great effort, I said calmly, "How could you give me the axe over Rob? Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. Look at Rob, a muscular idiot, a guy who'll never know where his next meal is coming from. Can you give me one good reason why you should be with him?"

43 "Wow, what presumption! I'll put it in a way someone as brilliant as you can understand," retorted Polly, her voice dripping with sarcasm. "Full disclosure– I like Rob in leather. I told him to say yes to you so he could have your jacket!"

The confusing pursuit of beauty

1 If you're a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.

2 You must be careful how you answer this question. The best technique is to form an honest yet sensitive response, then promptly excuse yourself for some kind of emergency. Trust me, this is the easiest way out. No amount of rehearsal will help you come up with the right answer.

3 The problem is that men do not think of their looks in the same way women

do. Most men form an opinion of themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of their lives. Some men think they're irresistibly desirable, and they refuse to change this opinion even when they grow bald and their faces visibly wrinkle as they age.

4 Most men, I believe, are not arrogant about their looks. If the transient thought passes through their minds at all, they like to think of themselves as

average-looking. Being average doesn't bother them; average is fine. They

don't affix much value to their looks, or think of them in terms of aesthetics. Their primary form of beauty care is to shave themselves, which is essentially the same care

they give to their lawns. If, at the end of his four-minute allotment of time

for grooming, a man has managed to wipe most of the shaving cream out of

the strands of his hair and isn't bleeding too badly, he feels he's done all he can.

5 Women do not look at themselves this way. If I had to guess what most women think about their appearance, it would be: "Not good enough." No matter how attractive a woman may be, her perception of herself is eclipsed by the beauty industry. She has trouble thinking "I'm beautiful." She magnifies the smallest imperfections in her body and imagines them as glaring flaws the whole world will notice and ridicule.

6 Why do women consider their looks so deficient? This chronic insecurity

isn't inborn, but created through the interaction of many complex psychological and societal factors, beginning with the dolls we give them as children. Girls grow up playing with dolls proportioned so that, if they were human, they would be seven feet tall and weigh 61 pounds, with tiny thighs and a large upper body. This is an absurd standard to live up to, especially when you consider the size of the doll's waist, a relative measurement physically impossible for a living human to achieve. Contrast this absurd standard with that presented to little boys with their "action figures". Most of the toys that young boys have played with were weird-looking, like the one

called Buzz-Off that was part human, part flying insect. This guy was not a looker, but he was still extremely self-confident. You could not imagine him saying to the others, "Is this accessory the right shade of violet for this outfit?"

7 But women grow up thinking they need to look like Barbie dolls or girls on magazine covers, which for most women is impossible. Nonetheless, the multibillion-dollar beauty industry, complete with its own aisle in the grocery store, is devoted to constant warfare on female self-esteem, convincing women that they must buy all the newest moisturizing creams, bronzing powders and appliances that promise to "stimulate and restore" their skin. I once saw an Oprah Show in which supermodel Cindy Crawford dispensed makeup tips to the studio audience. Cindy had all these middle-aged women apply clay masks and other "wrinkle-removing" products to their faces; she stressed how important it was to adhere to the guidelines, like applying products via the tips of their fingers to protect elasticity. All the women dutifully did this, even though it was obvious to any rational observer that, no matter how carefully they applied these products, they would never have Cindy Crawford's face or complexion.

8 I'm not saying that men are superior. I'm just saying that you're not going to get a group of middle-aged men to plaster cosmetics to themselves under the instruction

of Brad Pitt in hopes of looking more like him. Men don't face the same societal focus purely on physical beauty, and they're encouraged to reach out to other characteristics to promote their self-esteem. They might say to Brad: "Oh yeah? Well, what do you know about lawn care, pretty boy?"

9 Of course women argue that they become obsessed with appearance as a reaction to pressure from men. The truth is that most men think beauty is more than

just lipstick and perfume and take no notice of these extra details. I have never once, in more than 40 years of listening to men talk about women, heard a man say, "She

had gorgeous fingernails!" To most men, little things like fingernails are

all homogeneous anyway, and one woman's flawless pink polish is exactly as invisible as another's bare nails.

10 By participating in this system of extreme conformity, women are actually opening themselves up to the scrutiny of other women, the only ones qualified to judge their efforts. What is the real benefit of working this hard to appease men who don't notice when it only exposes women to prosecution from other women?

11 Anyway, to get back to my original point: If you're a man, and a woman asks you how she looks, you can't say she looks bad without receiving immediate and

well-deserved outrage. But you also can't shower her with empty compliments about how her shoes complement her dress nicely because she'll know you're lying. She has spent countless hours worrying about the differences between her looks and Cindy Crawford's. Also, she suspects that you're not qualified to voice a subjective opinion on anybody's appearance. This may be because you have shaving cream in your hair and inside the folds of your ears.

Fred Smith and FedEx: The vision that changed the world

1 Every night several hundred planes bearing a purple, white, and orange design touch down at Memphis Airport, in Tennessee. What precedes this landing are package pick-ups from locations all over the United States earlier in the day. Crews unload the planes' cargo of more than half a million parcels and letters. The rectangular packages and envelopes are rapidly reshuffled and sorted according to address, then loaded onto other aircraft, and flown to their destinations to be dispersed by hand – many within 24 hours of leaving their senders. This is the culmination of a dream of Frederick W. Smith, the founder, president, chief executive officer, and chairman of the board of the FedEx Corp. – known originally as Federal Express – the largest and most successful overnight delivery service in the world. Conceived when he was in college and now in its 28th year of operation, Smith's exquisite brainchild has become the standard for door-to-door package delivery.

2 Recognized as an outstanding entrepreneur with an agreeable and winning personality, Smith is held in high regard by his competitors as well as his employees and stockholders. Fred Smith was just 27 when he founded FedEx. Now, so many years later, he's still the "captain of the ship". He attributes the success of the company simply to leadership, something he deduced from his years in the military, and from his family.

3 Frederick Wallace Smith was born into a wealthy family clan on August 11, 1944

in Mississippi. His father died when he was just four years old. As a juvenile, Smith was an invalid, suffering from a disease that left him unable to walk normally. He was picked on by bullies, and he learned to defend himself by swinging at them with

his alloy walking stick. Cured of the disease by the age of 10, he became a star athlete in high school, playing football, basketball, and baseball.

4 Smith's passion was flying. At 15, he was operating a crop-duster over

the skyline of the Mississippi Delta, a terrain so flat that there was little need

for radar navigation. As a student at Yale University, he helped revive the Yale flying club; its alumni had populated naval aviation history, including the famous "Millionaires' Unit" in World War I. Smith administrated the club's business end and ran a small charter operation in New Haven.

5 With his study time disrupted by flying, his academic performance suffered, but Smith never stopped looking for his own "big idea". He thought he had found it when he wrote a term paper for an economics class. He drafted a prototype for a transportation company that would guarantee overnight delivery of small,

time-sensitive goods, such as replacement parts and medical supplies, to major

US regions. The professor wasn't impressed and told Smith he couldn't quantify the idea and clearly it wasn't feasible.

6 However, Smith was certain he was onto something, even though several more years elapsed before he could turn his idea into reality. In the interim, he graduated from Yale in 1966, just as America's involvement in the Vietnam War was deepening. Since he was a patriot and had attended officers' training classes, he joined the Marines.

7 Smith completed two tours in Vietnam, eventually flying more than 200 missions. "In the military, leadership means getting a group of people to subordinate their individual desires and ambitions for the achievement of organizational goals," Smith says, fusing together his military and business experiences. "And good leadership has very measurable effects on a company's bottom line."

8 Home from Vietnam, Smith became fascinated by the notion that if you connected all the points of a network through an intermediary hub, the streamlined efficiency could be enormous compared to other disjointed, decentralized businesses, whether the system involved moving packages and letters or people and planes. He decided to take a stab at starting his own business. With an investment from his father's company, as well as a chunk of his own inheritance, Smith bought his first delivery planes and

in 1971 formed the Federal Express.

9 The early days were underscored by extreme frugality and financial losses. It was not uncommon for FedEx drivers to pay for gasoline for their vans out of their own pockets. But despite such problems, Smith showed concern for the welfare of his employees. Just as he recalled, even when they didn't have the money, even when there weren't couches in the office and electric typewriters, they still set

the precedent to ensure a good medical and dental plan for their people.

10 Along the way, FedEx pioneered centralization and the "hub and spoke" system, which has since been adopted by almost all major airlines. The phrase FedEx it has become a fixture in our language as much as Xerox or Google.

11 Smith says success in business boils down to three things. First, you need to have appealing product or service and a compelling strategy. Then you need to have an

efficient management system. Assuming you have those things, leading a team is the single most important issue in running an organization today.

12 Although Smith avoids the media and the trappings of public life, he is said to be a friendly and accessible employer. He values his people and never takes them for granted. He reportedly visits FedEx's Memphis site at night from time to time and addresses sorters by name. For years he extended an offer to any courier with 10 years of service to come to Memphis for an "anniversary breakfast". That embodies Fred Smith's philosophy: People, Service, Profit (P-S-P). Smith says, "The P-S-P philosophy is like an unbroken circle or chain. There are no clearly definable points of entry or exit. Each link upholds the others and is, in turn, supported by them." In articulating this philosophy and in personally involving himself in its implementation, Frederick Smith is the forerunner of the new sphere of leadership that success in the future will demand.

Achieving sustainable environmentalism

1 Environmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude in polite society as is, say, belief in democracy or disapproval of plastic surgery. But now that everyone

from Ted Turner to George H. W. Bush has claimed love for Mother Earth, how are we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals, regulations and laws advanced by congressmen and constituents alike in the name of the environment? Clearly, not everything with an environmental claim is worth

doing. How do we segregate the best options and consolidate our varying interests into a single, sound policy?

2 There is a simple way. First, differentiate between environmental luxuries and environmental necessities. Luxuries are those things that would be nice to have if costless. Necessities are those things we must have regardless. Call this distinction the definitive rule of sane environmentalism, which stipulates that

combating ecological change that directly threatens the health and safety of people is an environmental necessity. All else is luxury.

3 For example, preserving the atmosphere – stopping ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect – is an environmental necessity. Recently, scientists reported that ozone damage is far worse than previously thought. Ozone depletion has

a correlation not only with skin cancer and eye problems, it also destroys the

ocean's ecology, the beginning of the food chain atop which we humans sit.

4 The possible thermal consequences of the greenhouse effect are far deadlier: melting ice caps, flooded coastlines, disrupted climate, dry plains and, ultimately, empty breadbaskets. The American Midwest feeds people at all corners of

the atlas. With the planetary climate changes, are we prepared to see Iowa take

on New Mexico's desert climate, or Siberia take on Iowa's moderate climate?

5 Ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are human disasters, and they are urgent because they directly threaten humanity and are not easily reversible. A sane environmentalism, the only kind of environmentalism that will strike a chord with the general public, begins by openly declaring that nature is here to serve human beings. A sane environmentalism is entirely a human focused regime: It calls upon humanity to preserve nature, but merely within the parameters of self-survival.

6 Of course, this human focus runs against the grain of a contemporary environmentalism that indulges in overt earth worship. Some people even allege that the earth is a living organism. This kind of environmentalism likes to consider itself spiritual. It is nothing more than sentimental. It takes, for example, a highly selective view of the kindness of nature, one that is incompatible with the reality of natural disasters. My nature worship stops with the twister that came through Kansas or

the dreadful rains in Bangladesh that eradicated whole villages and left millions homeless.

7 A non-sentimental environmentalism is one founded on Protagoras's idea that "Man is the measure of all things. " In establishing the sovereignty of man, such a principle helps us through the dense forest of environmental arguments. Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in a corner of the Arctic National Wildlife

Refuge (ANWR). Environmentalist coalitions, mobilizing against a legislative action working its way through the US Congress for the legalization of such exploration, propagate that Americans should be preserving and economizing energy instead of drilling for it. This is a false either-or proposition. The US does need a sizable energy tax to reduce consumption. But it needs more production

too. Government estimates indicate a nearly fifty-fifty chance that under the ANWR rests one of the five largest oil fields ever discovered in America. It seems illogical that we are not finding safe ways to drill for oil in the ANWR.

8 The US has just come through a war fought in part over oil. Energy dependence costs Americans not just dollars but lives. It is a bizarre sentimentalism that would deny oil that is peacefully attainable because it risks disrupting the birthing grounds of Arctic caribou.

9 I like the caribou as much as the next person. And I would be rather sorry if their mating patterns were disturbed. But you can't have your cake and eat it too. And in the standoff of the welfare of caribou versus reducing an oil reliance that gets people killed in wars, I choose people over caribou every time.

10 I feel similarly about the spotted owl in Oregon. I am no enemy of the owl. If it could be preserved at a negligible cost, I would agree that it should be – biodiversity is after all necessary to the ecosystem. But we must remember that not every species is needed to keep that diversity. Sometimes aesthetic aspects of life have to be sacrificed to more fundamental ones. If the cost of preserving the spotted owl is the loss of livelihood for 30,000 logging families, I choose the families (with

their saws and chopped timber) over the owl.

11 The important distinction is between those environmental goods that are fundamental and those that are not. Nature is our ward, not our master. It is to be

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