牛津高一英语语法

牛津高中英语语法复习（模块1-4）

语法复习一：定语从句

（一）定义

1)在复合句中（一个句子的某一成分由句子承当），修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句或形容词从句；在句中起定语的作用.

2)被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词antecedent

1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman.[

先行词 关系代词 定语从句

2) You must do everything that I do.

先行词 关系代词 定语从句

(二)：关系代词的作用;

1.连接主句和从句。

2.代表被修饰的先行词。

3.在定语从句做一个句子成分。

eg. This is the room which I lived in last year.

先行词 关系代词 定语从句

(三)：定语从句中有

关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as.

关系副词 when, where, why 等引导定语从句。

（四）：用关系代词还是用关系副词

关系代词起代词的作用，关系副词起副词的作用，因此同样的先行词，选用什么样的关系词，要由它在定语从句中担任的逻辑

This is the place where we work.（vi.） (关系词所做的成分关键是有从句中的动词来决定的)

This is the place which we visited. (vt. )

注：先行词是time, minute, moment, next time很少用关系副词when,可用that 但通常省去。

This is the place where work.（vi.）(关系词所做的成分关键是有从句中的动词来决定的) This is the place which we visited. (vt. )

（五）：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别

1．二者差异比较

限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词．关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。

He has a brother who is a physicist.

He has a brother, who is a physicist. (只有一个)

He returned all the books which are written in English.

He returned all the books, which are written in English.

I will wear no clothes which will be out of ordinary.

I will wear no clothes, which will be out of ordinary.

The man who lives next door is a doctor.

My sister, who lives next door, is a doctor.

I’m sure I know the person who served me.

Tom, who served us, is the owner of the restaurant.

A student who studies hard will make good progress.

The student, who lives far from school, is the leader of their football match.

（六）关系代词that和which的区别

<1>．只能用that的情况

(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none ，few.等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不

用which。例如：

All the people that are present burst into tears.

Everything that we saw was interesting.

I’m interested in everything that I don’t know.

All that is needed is a supply of oil.

(2) 如果先等词被all ,little none any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which.

例如：I read all the books that you gave to me.

This is the only money that I have in my pocket.

All the money that was collected was given to the Hope Project.

(3) 如果先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或者先行词是最高级时，关系代词常用that,不用which。

This is the first book that was written in English.

This is the last factory that I visited.

This is the best film that I have ever seen.

This is the funniest thing that I ever heard.

(4) 如果先等词被the only ,the very , the same ,the last修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which.

This is the only book that I really like.

He was the only person in the office that was invited to the ball.

(5) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。而不用who, which.

例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.

He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.

(6)who ,which开头的特殊疑问句中，关系代词用that.

Who is the person that is standing there?

Which of us that knows English doesn’t know this?

which of the novel do you like best?

(7) 关系代词作表语时，关系代词用that.

It took us many years to make the city that it is today.

He is not the man that he used to be.

China isn’t the country it used to be.

(8) 先行词是奇数词或是序数词时，关系代词用that .

Yesterday I caught two fish. Now you can see the two that are still alive in the basin of water.

(9) 当主句“there be “开头时，关系代词要用that 引导的定语从句修饰该句型的主语。

There are four desks in the middle of the office that are used for the teachers.

(10) 当先行词是“to be “ 后面的表语时关系代词用that .

This is the dictionary that was bought in the bookstore yesterday.

<2>．只能用which的情况

1) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。如：

There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.

Bei jing , which is china’s capital, is rich in culture.

2)those/that +名词后的定语从句用which引导。不能用关系代词that。

That pen which he took is mine.

A shop should keep those goods which sells well.

3) 介词后只用which

This is the room in which he lived.

I don’t know the man to whom you talked.

The chair on which he is sitting is made of wood.

(4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，不用that..例如：

He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.

(5)先行词是that时，关系代词要用which.

What’s that which flashed in t he sky just now?

(6) 关系代词后面有插入语时，益用关系代词which.

Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve your English.

<3>．只用who, whom.而不用that的情况

(1) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, those, ones等时，关系代词应该用who 或whom，不用which .that。例如：

Is there anyone here who will go with you?

People all like those who have good manners.

（2）当先行词是指人的集合名词时，如果作这个名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。

Mr. Smith came to visit my family, who were watching TV then.

Our class, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting.

(3)当先行词有较长的后置定语或者在被分割的定语从句中，宜用关系代词who

Pro. Wang is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.

(4) 当先行词用-body 或-one 构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词用who

We’d better not believe in anyone who we don’t know.

(5) 当先行词是一个限定性的表示人的特定名词时，常用who

The aunt/uncle who came to see us last week is my brother’s sister.

（七）．“介词＋关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构

(1)“介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词“结构中的介词可以是in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或which,不可用that 。其中whom代表人，which代表物Who is the comrade with whom you shook hands?

He works in a factory, in front of which there is a river

Give me the book the cover of which is red (the cover of which=whose cover)

He is the man whose father is a teacher.=He is the man the father of whom is a teacher.

This is the neighborhood from whom I borrowed the bicycle.

(2) from where为“介词＋关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句（不常用）。例如：

We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..

（3）***关系代词前的介词如何确定？

A.依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配

Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.

B.依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定

There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth. ( in this way)

C.根据所表达的意思确定

The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen.

The gas without which we can not live is called oxygen.

(4)***注意关系代词的位置

介词在关系代词前时，只能用which 和whom不能用that 代替，也不可省略；介词在句尾时，关系代词可which ,that ,whom, who,都行，而且还可以省略。

This is the drawer in which I put my letters.

= This is the drawer (which/that )I put my letters in.

Have you seen the pen with which I wrote letters this morning?

= Have you seen the pen (which/that) I wrote letters with this morning?

所以一个句子有时有多种用法

如：那就是他工作的大学

This is the college at which he works.

This is the college that/which he works at.

This is the college where he works.

但像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.

This is the book which /that I am looking for.

This is the girl I have been looking for the whole afternoon.

（八）whose 引导从句的意义

1）指人=of whom 表示所修饰的“某（些）人的用做所修饰的先行词的所有格。

A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.

2) 指物=of which 表所修饰的“某物的“

I live in the room whose window faces south.

I live in the room, the window of which faces south

( whose +从句可以用“of which +从句”代替)

（九）As 与which 是有区别的

A) 相同之处：都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的主句所表达的内容。which 可做宾语或表语

He failed once more in the match, which was a great pity.

He succeeded in the composition, which made his parents very happy.

B) 区别：

1）as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：

1) As we all know, Galileo’s theory of falling objects is right.

= Galileo’s theory of falling objects, as we all know, is right

= Galileo’s theory of falling objects is right, as we all know.

2) He was thrown into prison, which got round throughout our village

3) As is expected, the England team won the football match.

4) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.

5) He was late again, which made me unhappy

6) As you know, he is good at English.

2.）as有“如”、“正如”、“像”、“正像”的含义，which 没有。后面的谓语动词多是see, know, expect, say, mention, report 等。

Bob did an excellent job, as we had expected.

Our team won the game, which made us happy.

As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China.

We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.

We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.

We hope to get such a tool as he is using.

We hope to get the tool which he is using.

3.) as 在引导限制性定语从句多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。

the same…as such….as

This is the same story as he told me.

I hope to get such a book as he is using

4).as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。可代表一个句子。例如：

The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.

5).as做主语时，其后必跟系动词，而which 无此限制

The meeting was put off, as was what we wanted.

He was murdered, as seemed true.

6)as引导从句时，从句语义必须和主句一致

She was married again, which was unexpected

She was married again, as was unexpected 7

7）the same …as 与the same ..that 的区别：前者修饰的是原物同样的

而后者修饰的就是先行词

This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢的那一只手表是一样的。

This is the dame watch that I lost.着就是我丢的那一只手表。

（十）什么时候that 可以省略？

1) 引导同位语从句，主语从句，表语从句不能省略，且不做成分。

The name “whitewater ”comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.

It’s known to all that light travels in straight lines. ( that 置后可一省略)

The reason for his absence was that he was ill. ( 有时可省，一般不省)

2）宾语从句中可以省略

I don’t think (that) you are right.

3）that 只有在定语从句中做成分，可做主、宾、表语。

（十一）关系代词做主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词而不是关系代词。

I want to see the film that is on show.

The students who don’t study hard will not pas the exam.

(十二)one of the… 与the one of the … 做先行词时谓语不一致。

Li Bai is one of the greatest poets that have lived in China.

Li Bai is the one of the greatest poets that has lived in China.

This is one of the books that I have been written in Chinese.

This is the only one of the books that has been written in Chinese.

He is one of the boys who are willing to do it.

He is the only one of the boys who is willing to do it.

（十三）．关系副词引导的定语从句

1．关系副词也可以引导定语从句

关系副词在从句中分别表示时间．地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。

1)when 表示时间, 充当时间状语when=on/ in/ of /at…+which

I still remember the day when I join the party

1.当先行词是表地点：place ,room, mountain, airport等时间：time, day, year, month, week,等原因：reason 等名词时,并且分别在句中做地点、时间、原因状语时，应用where ,when ,why引导。但是如果如果表示时间地点原因的名词不做状语，而是做主语，宾语，或者表语时，必须用关系代词that /which来引导而不是用where等。

I still remember the day that we spent together。

May 1 is the day that I will never forget。

The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that /which) people all over the world look forward to visiting.

长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。

The moment (that /which) I turned around, she had left and disappeared in the crowd.

Is this the reason that he gave us for being late?

This is the factory that we visited

That is the house that he lived in..

The place that we had been to was far.

The shop that /which we saw is beautiful.

2.当先行词为by the time ,any time , the way, every time, the first time ,the last time 时，关系词不用when而用that.或省略

This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.

The first time I saw him was in 1980

By the time he was 14 he had learned advanced mathematics

但如果time前无修饰语,关系词用that when 均可

I will never forgot the time when (that) we met for the first time.

3. 当先行词为way 时，关系词用in which ,that, 或省略.

This is the way that/ in which / 不加he smiles.

但注意：

4.why 表示原因（现行词只有一个reason），做原因状语。Why= for which

That is the reason why he was late.

（十四）学生容易出现的问题。

1.在定语从句中多加了宾语，如：

Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come.

Some of the boys I invited didn’t come.

Is this the horse you drew it yesterday?

Is this the horse you drew yesterday?

2.把定语从句的动词的单复数弄错。

Those who has finished may leave the classroom now.

They key opens the room is missing.

Those who have finished may leave the classroom now.

This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward.

This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward.

3.省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词。

Children eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth.

Children who eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth.

They key opens the room is missing.

They key which/that opens the room is missing.

4.定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或者是介词。

The house where he lives in needs repairing.

The house where he lives needs repairing.

The house which/that he lives in needs repairing.

This is the time at when he’s more likely to be in.

This is the time when he’s more likely to be in.

This is the time at which he’s more likely to be in.

（十五）代有插入语的定语从句who 与whom 的选用。

担主语成分时用who ,担宾格成分时用whom

方法：要区分是定语从句中的插入语还是主谓结构。

Jason is a man who (I believed) is honest.(去掉仍成立)

Jason is a man whom I believe to be honest.

做宾语

The girl who we supposed was drowned came back.

The girl who we supposed to be drowned came back.

（十六）什么时候宜用非限制性定语从句

1）当先行词是专有名词时，通常用非限制性定语从句，它本身就具有特殊性，无需在加限定。Shenzhen, which is in South China, is developing rapidly.

My house, which I bought last year, has got a garden .

Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.

2) 当先行词是具有某一特征的人或者物中的一个，但跟非限制从句时则表示唯一的一个，compare:

Her room has a window which faces south.

Her room has a window, which faces south.

I have a brother who is working in Beijing.

I have a brother, who is working in Beijing.

3.当先行词表示类属意义，即表示某类动物，事物或人时，其后所跟的定语从句一般是非限制性的。

A sleep is a useful animal, whose wool has many uses.

Football, which is a very interesting game, is now played all over the world.

语法经典练习：

1.He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows ,most of_______ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.

A. these

B. those

C. that

D. which

2.Alice received an invitation from her boss, ______ came as a surprise.

A. it

B. that

C. which

D. he

3.She heard a terrible noise , _______ brought her heart into her mouth.

A. it

B. which

C. this

D. that

4.In the dark street, there wasn't a single person _____ she could turn for help.

A. that

B. who

C. from whom

D. to whom

5.Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work hard , but ______ didn’t help.

A. he

B. which

C. she

D. it

6. The weather turned out to be very good, ______ was more than we could expect.

A. what

B. which

C. that

D. it

7. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town he grew up as a child.

A. which

B. where

C. that

D. when

8. Carol said the work would be done by October, ______ personally I doubt very much.

A. it

B. that

C. when

D. which

9.The result of the experiment was very good, ______ we hadn’t expected.

A. when

B. that

C. which

D. what

10.It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, ______ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.

A. that

B.while

C. which

D.when

11. These houses are sold at such a low price _______ people expected.

A. like

B. as

C. that

D. which

12. Recently I bought an ancient vase, ___ was very reasonable.

A. which price

B. the price of which

C. its price

D. the price of those

13. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________,of course , made the others unhappy.

A．who B．which C．this D．what

14. John said he’d been working in the office for an hour, _______ was true.

A．he B．this C．which D．who

15. The film brought the hours back to me _____ I was taken good care of in that far-away village.

A. until

B. that

C. when

D. where

16.The famous basketball star, _______ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention.

A. where

B. when

C. which

D. Who

17. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, ______ I will always treasure.

A that

B one

C it

D what

18. We will be shown around the city: schools, museums and some other places, _____ other visitors seldom go.

A what

B which

C where

D when

19.Alec asked the policeman _____he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.

A with him

B who

C with whom

D whom

20.We are living in an age ______ many things are done on computers.

A. which

B. that

C. whose

D. when

21.______ has been announced , we shall have our final exams next month.

A. That

B. As

C. It

D. What

22.York, ______ last year, is a nice old city.

A. that I visited

B. which I visited

C. where I visited

D.in chich I visited

23.Luckly, we’d brought a road map without ______ we would have lost our way.

A. it

B. that

C. this

D. which

24.A fast food restaurant is the place ______ , just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly.

A. which

B. where

C. there

D. what

25.Geoge Orwell, ______ was Eric Arthur, write many political novels and essays .

A. the real name

B. what his real name C his real name D. whose real name.

26. _____ is reported in the newspapers , talks between the two countries are making progress.

A. It B .As C. That D. what

27. American women usually identify their best friend as someone ______ they can talk frequently.

A. who

B. as

C. about which

D. with whom.

28. The English play ______my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.

A. for which B . at which C. in which D. on which

29. There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped her hands.

A. where

B. which

C. when

D. that

30. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months，______ the sailing time was 226 days.

A. of which.

B. during which

C. from which D for which

31. There was _____ time ______ I hated to go to school.

A. a, that

B. a, when

C. the, that

D. the, when

32. there are two buildings, ______ stands nearly a hundred feet high.

A. the larger

B. the larger of them

C. the larger one that

D. the larger of which

33. ______ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.

A. Which

B. When

C. What

D. As

34. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% ______ are sold abroad.

A. of which

B. which of

C. of them

D. of that

35.Anyway, that evening, ______ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at the Rache’s place.

A. when

B. where

C. what

D. which

36.. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the other, ______, of course, made the others envy him.

A. who

B. that

C. what

D. which

37.It is easy to do the repair. ______ you need is a hammer and some nails.

A. Something

B. All

C. Both

D. Everything

38.. I work in a business ______ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.

A. how

B. which

C. where

D. that

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2e2719135.html,st month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from ____ effects the people are still suffering. （

A. that

B. whose

C. those

D. what

40.If a shop has chairs ____ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.

A. that

B. which

C. when

D. where

41.Frank’s dream was to have his own shop ____ to produce the workings of his own hands.

A. that

B. in which

C. by which

D. how

42.Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, ___________ he studied very hard and was made c hairman of the Students’ Union.

A. during which time

B. for which time

C. during whose time

D. by that time

43. Her sister has become a lawyer, she wanted to be.

A．who B．that C．what D．which

44. The place _______ the bridge is supposed to be built should be________the cross-river traffic is the heaviest

A. which; where

B. at which; which

C. at which; where

D. which; in which

45. I walked in our garden, _______ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees.

A．which B．when C．where D．that

46.I have many friends , some are businessmen .

A．of them B．from which C．who of D．of whom

47. —Is that the small town you often refer to?

—Right, just the one you know I used to work for years.

A．that B．which C．where D．what

48. He was educated at a local grammar school, _____ he went on to Cambridge.

A. from which

B. after that

C. after which

D. from this

49. Have you seen the film "Titanic", __________ leading actor is world famous?

A．its B．it's C．whose D．which

50.The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _______ didn’t help.

A．it B．she C．which D．he

Keys:

1-5 DCBDD 6-10 BBDCD 11-15 BBBCC 16-20 DBCCD 21-25BBDBD

26-30BDCAA 31-35BDDAD 36-40DBCBD 41-45 BADCC 46-50 DCCCA

语法复习二：动词时态

1 一般现在时的用法

1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。

时间状语：every…, sometimes,at…, on Sunday

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。

The earth moves around the sun.

Shanghai lies in the east of China.

3) 表示格言或警句中。

Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。

注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..

4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。

I don't want so much.

Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.

比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.

I am doing my homework now.

第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。

2 一般过去时的用法

1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。

时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。

Where did you go just now?

2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。

When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.

3）句型：

It is time for sb. to do sth"到……时间了""该……了"

It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了""早该……了"

It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。

It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。

would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'

I'd rather you came tomorrow.

4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。

I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。

比较：

一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。

Christine was an invalid all her life.

(含义：她已不在人间。)

Christine has been an invalid all her life.

(含义：她现在还活着)

Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.

(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)

Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.

( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)

注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。

1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。

Did you want anything else?

I wondered if you could help me.

2）情态动词could, would.

Could you lend me your bike?

3 used to / be used to

used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。

Mother used not to be so forgetful.

Scarf used to take a walk.(过去常常散步)

be used to + doing：对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。

He is used to a vegetarian diet.

Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)

典型例题

---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.

---- It's 69568442.

A. didn't

B. couldn't

C. don't

D. can't

答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。

4 一般将来时

1)shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。

will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。

Which paragraph shall I read first.

Will you be at home at seven this evening?

2)be going to +不定式，表示将来。

a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。

What are you going to do tomorrow?

b. 计划，安排要发生的事。

The play is going to be produced next month。

c. 有迹象要发生的事

Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.

3)be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。

We are to discuss the report next Saturday.

4)be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。

He is about to leave for Beijing.

注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

5 be going to / will

用于条件句时，be going to表将来

will表意愿

If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.

Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

6 be to和be going to

be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。

be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。

I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排)

I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)

7 一般现在时表将来

1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.

When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.

2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：

Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.

There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.

3）在时间或条件句中。

When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.

4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。

I hope they have a nice time next week.

Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.

8 用现在进行时表示将来

意为："意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。

I'm leaving tomorrow.

Are you staying here till next week?

9 现在完成时

现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have (has) +过去分词。

10 比较过去时与现在完成时

1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。

2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语:

yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语

共同的时间状语:

this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately

现在完成时的时间状语

for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till / until, up to now, in past years, always,

不确定的时间状语

3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.

过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。

举例：

I saw this film yesterday.

（强调看的动作发生过了。）

I have seen this film.

（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）

Why did you get up so early?

（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）

Who hasn't handed in his paper?

（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）

She has returned from Paris.

她已从巴黎回来了。

She returned yesterday.

她是昨天回来了。

He has been in the League for three years.

(在团内的状态可延续)

He has been a League member for three years.

(是团员的状态可持续)

He joined the League three years ago.

( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)

I have finished my homework now.

---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?

---He's already been sent for.

句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。

（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

11 用于现在完成时的句型

1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。

It is the first time that I have visited the city.

It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2）This is the…that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.

This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.

这是我看过的最好的电影。

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。

典型例题

(1) ---Do you know our town at all?

--- No, this is the first time I ___ here.

A. was

B. have been

C. came

D. am coming

答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。

(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?

---No, it's the first time I ___ here.

A. even, come

B. even, have come

C. ever, come

D. ever, have come

答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。

注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。

（错）I have received his letter for a month.

（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

12 比较since和for

Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。

I have lived here for more than twenty years.

I have lived here since I was born..

My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.

Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.

I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.

My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.

I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.

注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。

I worked here for more than twenty years.

(我现在已不在这里工作。)

I have worked here for many years.

(现在我仍在这里工作。)

小窍门：当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。

1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.

= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.

2)(错) Harry has got married for six years.

= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.

显然，第二句不对，它应改为Harry got married six years ago.或Harry has been married for six years.

13 since的四种用法

1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。

I have been here since 1989.

2) since +一段时间+ ago

I have been here since five months ago.

3) since +从句

Great changes have taken place since you left.

Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.

4) It is +一段时间+ since从句

It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.

14 延续动词与瞬间动词

1) 用于完成时的区别

延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。

He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)

I've known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)

2)用于till / until从句的差异

延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"

He didn't come back until ten o'clock.

他到10 点才回来。

He slept until ten o'clock.

他一直睡到10点。

典型例题

1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.

A. had met

B. have met

C. met

D. meet

答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。

2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.

---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.

A. have been

B. had been

C. was

D. will be

答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。

15 过去完成时

1）概念：表示过去的过去

----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。

那时以前那时现在

2）用法

a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。

She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

b. 状语从句

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。

He said that he had learned some English before.

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

典型例题

The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.

A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left

答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此