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中科院期末考试题

中科院期末考试题
中科院期末考试题

PAPER ONE

PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (25 minutes, 20 points) Section A (1 point each)

1. A. She does not really need his help.

B. She has not started thinking about it yet.

C. She is very grateful to the man for his advice.

D. She has already talked with the man.

2. A. Climbing the mountain was terrible and exhausting.

B. The mountain’s scenery was extremely beautiful.

C. He could hardly breathe after climbing onto the top.

D. The wind atop the mountain was very strong.

3. A. Mixed.

B. Fascinated.

C. Enthusiastic.

D. Indifferent.

4. A. The woman looks down upon Margaret.

B. The woman feels jealous of Margaret.

C. Margaret has the chance to meet stars at the White House.

D. Margaret has set a high goal in her career.

5. A. He doesn’t think the woman can do both things well.

B. He doesn’t think the woman can do both things at the same time.

C. He suggests the woman stay at home to take care of her daughter.

D. He encourages the woman to do a part-time job.

6. A. Chris and the man are good friends.

B. Chris is ill so the man gives him some money.

C. Chris told the man he decided to return the money.

D. The man treats Chris as Chris has treated him.

7. A. The man will get a high score in the exam.

B. The man didn’t devote himself to his study.

C. The woman would have helped him in the exam.

D. The teacher is so strict that the students have to do what he says.

8. A. The man shows his good will to the woman.

B. The man suggests her not regretting what’s already happened.

C. The woman is confident about handling a project well.

D. The woman is upset because her milk was spilt.

9. A. He was playing a joke.

B. He was leaving Boston.

C. He was moving to Boston.

D. He was selling his house himself.

Section B (1 point each)

Mini-talk one

10. A. Social Research.

B. World Values Survey.

C. The W orld’s Happiest Country.

D. Perspectives on Psychological Science.

11. A. Happiness levels around the world do not really change.

B. Many people around the world like to talk about happiness.

C. Many people around the world are happier now than in the past.

D. Many people around the world are less happy now than in the past.

12. A. The health-care system in the country is good.

B. People in the country share strong family ties.

C. There is no hunger in the country.

D. There is no political and social unrest.

Mini-talk Two

13. A. It can find small changes below ground before the earthquake.

B. The devices are placed much deeper below ground.

C. The new electrical devices are highly sensitive.

D. It can help find the earthquake-prone area.

14. A. The flow of the underground water.

B. The movement in the Earth’s center.

C. The increase of the temperature below ground.

D. The rocks below ground pushing together.

15. A. It can help reduce the power of major earthquakes.

B. It can provide a signal a few days before a major earthquake.

C. It can provide a signal up to ten hours before a major earthquake.

D. It can tell people where the earthquake center is.

Section C (1 point each)

16. It is estimated that at least one million people die every year because of

complications ________.

17. The program used by the United Nations agency to reduce mistakes is around

a new ________.

18. In 2004, the death rate that surgical complications led to in developing

countries was ________.

19. The very first step for the checklist is to confirm the ________ and the

operation to be performed.

20. Surgical equipment is counted to make sure ________ stays in the patient. PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )

Section A (0.5 point each)

21. With the debt approaching a staggering sum, this company had no choice but

to declare bankruptcy.

A. astonishing

B. swaying

C. trembling

D. amusing

22. What you have just said seems to have nothing to do with the matter in

question.

A. under attack

B. under consideration

C. under suspicion

D. under way

23. In the light of the current news his argument seems to be well grounded and

convincing.

A. On account of

B. By means of

C. With regard to

D. In view of

24. Overseas athletes and officials were impressed by the superb performance of

Chinese counterparts.

A. unique

B. splendid

C. unbelievable

D. imaginative

25. You don’t have to ask him to render an account of his actions, for he rarely

tells the truth.

A. deliver

B. narrate

C. settle

D. compress

26. Schools are advised to work together with parents to address the issue of

addiction to computer games.

A. speak to

B. deal with

C. take down

D. go for

27. In contrast, the threat posed by the second source of major terrorism is real

and large.

A. proposed

B. presented

C. predicted

D. prevented

28. Around the Spring Festival, a prevailing practice is to exchange greetings and

visits.

A. prevalent

B. populous

C. preceding

D. present

29. My mom would rather put honesty first in her hierarchy of values, which is

important for our growth.

A. inventory

B. grading

C. accumulation

D. assessment

30. We have come to realize the need to leave enough environmental space for

our offspring.

A. contemporaries

B. ancestors

C. descendants

D. neighbors Section B (0.5 point each)

31. Some stories bring a smile, because they _______ some officials who care

nothing but their own position.

A. make sense of

B. poke fun at

C. give rise to

D. let go of

32. The Environmental Protection Agency has put forward what _______ the

most serious government warning to date.

A. adds to

B. objects to

C. occurs to

D. amounts to

33. These papers have helped to ________ the causes of depression and ways out

of depression.

A. catch sight of

B. take advantage of

C. shed light on

D. get along with

34. A person must satisfy his physiological needs, such as food, clothing and

shelter, before _______ any other objective.

A. chasing

B. pursuing

C. sustaining

D. searching

35. Wealth, advanced education and a ________ occupation can give a person

high status in society.

A. tedious

B. weary

C. prestigious

D. notorious

36. Studies have shown that workers’ desire to be accepted by co-workers could

_______ them more strongly than the desire to earn more money.

A. hamper

B. motivate

C. intervene

D. streamline

37. A network of miniature toxin detectors has been _______ in 30 American

cities for the sake of bio-security.

A. deployed

B. committed

C. indulged

D. immersed

38. Since 2004, some 60 million visitors to the U.S. have had their two index

fingerprints recorded by an _______ scanner.

A. opposite

B. organic

C. occasional

D. optical

39. With this sensitive machine, we can find the _______ of a milligram of

aspirin in an Olympic-size swimming pool.

A. counterpart

B. equivalent

C. average

D. installation

40. The construction of _______ and theories reflects the scientists’

interpretation of what has been observed.

A. prototypes

B. hypotheses

C. fantasies

D. imaginations PART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)

Blue collar and government jobs are among the most 41 careers for US graduates, according to US News magazine’s 2008 Best Careers report. US employers are increasingly offshoring professional jobs. This means less jobs 42 college-graduate skills, the magazine says.

As in many other countries, US high school students are told that college is the 43 . So there’s a growing 44 of skilled people in jobs that don’t require a college education. But the report also says that some rewarding blue-collar careers, such as technical work in the biomedical equipment and security systems sectors, are more 45 to college graduates. These are more knowledge-based than the usual blue-collar jobs.

Government is becoming an employer of 46 . Corporations, fueled by pressures to compete globally, continue to get ever 47 . Non-profit organizations are increasingly strapped for cash. Government is able to pay employees well, 48 their practices are economically sound, the magazine says. The report also indicates that social 49 may be the enemy of contentment in career. People are flocking in greater numbers to careers in the law, medicine and architecture. Yet recent surveys of job satisfaction in those professions 50 a less-than-rosy picture.

41. A. profitable B. promising C. prompt D. progressive

42. A. acquire B. inquire C. require D. request

43. A. route B. road C. passage D. way

44. A. shortage B. necessity C. decrease D. increase

45. A. capable of going B. likely to go

C. prone to going

D. able to go

46. A. right B. election C. choice D. occasion

47. A. fatter B. heavier C. lighter D. leaner

48. A. whether or not B. now and then C. off and on D. so and so

49. A. post B. status C. level D. grade

50. A. purchase B. demonstrate C. paint D. alter

PART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)

Passage One

Justin was always prepared. His motto was “Never throw anything out, you never know when it might come in handy.” His bedroom was so full of flat bicycle tires, bent tennis rackets, deflated basketballs, and games with missing pieces that you could barely get in the door. His parents pleaded with him to clean out his room.

“What use is a fish tank with a hole in the bottom?” his father asked. But Justin simply smiled and repeated his motto, “Never throw anything out, y ou never know when it might come in handy.”

When Justin was away from home, he always carried his blue backpack. He liked to think of it as a smaller version of his bedroom—a place to store the

many objects that he collected. It was so worn and stretched that it hardly resembled a backpack anymore. It was full of the kind of things that seemed unimportant, but when used with a little imagination, might come in handy.

Justin had earned a reputation for figuring things out and getting people out of otherwise hopeless situations. Many of his classmates and neighbors sought him out when they needed help with a problem. On the first day of school, his friend Kenny, came looking for Justin.

“Do you think you have something in your bag that could help me remember m y locker combination?” he asked. “I lost the scrap of paper it was written on. I have science class in two minutes and if I’m late on the first day it’ll make me look bad for the rest of the year.” Kenny looked genuinely worried.

“Relax,” Justin said, taki ng his backpack off and unzipping the top. “Remember how you borrowed my notebook in homeroom to write the combination down? Well, I know how we can recover what you wrote.”

He took the notebook and a soft lead pencil out of his bag. The page that Kenny had written on had left faint indentations(印凹痕)on another page in the notebook. Justin held the pencil on its side and rubbed it lightly over the indentations. Slowly but surely the numbers of the locker combination appeared in white, set off by the gray pencil rubbings.

“That’s amazing!” Kenny said. “I owe you one.” And he dashed off to open his locker.

51. Why is Justin’s room such a mess?

A. He always forgets to clean it.

B. He never throws anything away.

C. He has no time to clean it.

D. He shares a room with Kenny.

52. The word “pleaded” in Paragraph 1 can best be replaced by ________.

A. ignored

B. asked

C. pushed

D. begged

53. In what way is Justin’s backpack a smaller version of his bedroom?

A. He uses it as a place to store objects.

B. He uses it to carry his books and sports equipment.

C. His parents tell him to clean it all the time.

D. He has had it for too long a time.

54. How does Justin help his friends?

A. He offers them advice.

B. He loans them his backpack.

C. He listens to their problems.

D. He uses the objects in his backpack.

55. How come Justin could help Kenny recover his locker combination?

A. Justin remembered Kenny’s locker combination.

B. Kenny had left the scrap of paper in Justin’s backpack.

C. Kenny had left indentations of the combination on Justin’s notebook.

D. Justin found the scrap of paper the locker combination was written on.

56. T he author’s purpose in writing this story is to .

A. inform

B. entertain

C. educate

D. satirize

Passage Two

Only moments after announcing a policy of zero tolerance on cellphone use in the classroom, Ali Nazemi heard a ring. Nazemi, a business professor at Roanoke College in Virginia, took out a hammer and walked towards a young man. He smashed the offending device. Students’ faces turned white all over the classroom.

This episode reflects a growing challenge for American college teachers in, as the New York Times puts it, a “New Class (room) War: Teacher vs. Technology”. Fortunately, the smashed-phone incident had been planned ahead of time to demonstrate teachers’anger at inattentive students distracted by high-tech gadgets.

At age 55, Nazemi stands on the far shore of a new sort of generational divide between teacher and student. The divide separates those who want to use technology to grow smarter from those who want to use it to get dumber. Perhaps there’s a nicer way to put it. “The baby boomers seem to see technology as information and communication,”said Michael Bugeja, the author of Interpersonal Divide: the Search for Community in a Technological Age. “Their children seem to see the same devices as entertainment and socializing.”

All the advances schools and colleges have made to supposedly enhance learning have instead enabled distraction.

Bugeja’s online survey of several hundred students found that a majority had used their cell phones, sent or read e-mail, and logged onto social-network sites during class time. A quarter of the respondents admitted they were taking

the survey while sitting in a different class.

The Canadian company Smart Technologies makes and sells a program called SynchronEyes. It allows a classroom teacher to monitor every student’s computer activity and to freeze it at a click. Last year, the company sold more than 10,000 licenses. The biggest problem, said Nancy Knowlton, the company’s chief executive officer, is staying ahead of students trying to crack the program’s code. “There’s an active discussion on the Web, and we’re monitoring it.”Knowlton said. “They keep us on our toes.”

57. Prof. Nazemi smashed the student’s cellphone with a hammer because

________.

A. students in his class didn’t listen to his announcement

B. he hated new gadgets such as cellphones

C. he no longer tolerated cellphone use in the classroom

D. he wanted to show how distractive the cellphone was

58. According to the passage high-tech gadgets can make youngsters ________.

A. more intelligent

B. more stupid

C. study more easily

D. get more information

59. “The baby boomers” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to ________.

A. the generation of people like Ali Nazemi

B. the generation of people like Ali Nazemi’s students

C. the very young babies

D. the people who were born in the 1980s

60. All the following statements are true EXCEPT ________.

A. schools have used advanced devices to enhance students’ learning

B. many students use their cellphones during class time

C. young people see the interpersonal devices as toys

D. schools’ advanced facilities are effectively used by students

61. The biggest problem for the Canadian company Smart Technologies is

________.

A. students may soon decode their program SynchronEyes

B. whether they have the right to allow teachers to monitor students

C. they must sell the program without the students’ knowing of it

D. they have to discuss whether the SynchronEyes is useful on the Web

62. The best title of this passage is ________.

A. Different Opinions Between Teachers and Students

B. Classroom Chaos over Gadget Use

C. The Development of Classroom Wars

D. Keep Us on Our Toes

Passage Three

Hand in hand with the one you love, you gaze at the horizon to watch the earth rise.

It sounds like science fiction, but companies around the world are working hard to make this sort of holiday a reality. The idea of space tourism has been around for nearly forty years now. At first NASA made plans for the ultimate in holiday destinations, but then private companies became involved in the mid-1980s. The Challenger shuttle disaster of 1986 postponed their plans, but now space is back as a future holiday resort.

The Hilton hotel group has produced ambitious and serious plans for hotels on the moon, as well as orbiting hotels, hoping to give their space tourists’ different holiday experience. But zero-gravity will be a little uncomfortable. “There will be space mot ion sickness in the first few days, with headaches and nausea.” says George Turner, a hopeful space tour operator.

Hotels will try to prevent these problems by providing areas with the sensation of gravity. This means going to parts of the hotel that will be spinning. Centrifugal (离心的) force will push you against the wall, and give the feeling of some weight. Since it will be possible to lie down, many people will probably prefer to sleep in these areas. The alternative will be to strap themselves into a sleeping bag attached to a wall.

Sunbathing will be possible, but will require some very strong sunscreen protection factor. 1000 will do it.

However the plans all depend on one thing: cheap space travel. At the moment the only re-usable rocket is NASA’s sp ace shuttle. The cost of each shuttle launch is US$1 billion. A space craft that only costs US$2 million per launch is what the travel industry is looking for. So far that remains a far-off dream, but it may come a lot closer if someone wins the X-Prize.

Launched in 1997, the X-Prize offers US$10 million to anyone who can build a re-usable space craft. All you have to do is launch three people 100 km into space twice within three weeks. So far 16 companies are racing to win the prize money. But the real prize will be the income from space tourism, estimated to be US$12 billion per year: as Turner explain s: “Just think what you’ll be able to tell your friends that you had a holiday that was really out of this world!”

63. The idea of spending holidays in space ________.

A. was first proposed by NASA in the mid-1980s

B. had been questioned by NASA for nearly 40 years

C. became appealing to private companies in the mid-1980s

D. drew the attention of private companies four decades ago

64. According to Hilton, in their hotels on the moon ________.

A. zero gravity will not be a problem to tourists

B. motion sickness is still unavoidable for tourists

C. adjustment to space life will be easier with training for tourists

D. excitement may help tourists overcome their physical discomfort

65. The spinning areas in space hotels will help tourists ________.

A. take the sun bath

B. sleep lying down

C. fix their sleeping bags

D. enjoy the space walk

66. What can we learn about the X-Prize?

A. Its aim is to cut the cost of per space craft launch to US$2 million.

B. The winner has managed to put people into space twice in 3 weeks.

C. It’s offered by NASA to build a new type of reusable space craft.

D. Many companies are competing to win the US$10 million prize.

67. What is the attitude of Turner towards the future of space tourism?

A. Confident.

B. Cautious.

C. Suspicious.

D. Uninterested.

68. The passage is focused on ________.

A. why it is possible to make space tourism a reality

B. what should be done to prepare for space tourism

C. the plans for space tourism and the existing problems

D. the opportunities and challenges posed by space tourism

Passage Four

Defending the French language from the creeping invasion of English has long been a favo rite pastime of France’s elite. In 2006 Jacques Chirac walked out of a Brussels summit in protest at a Frenchman speaking in English. It is a point of national pride to protect French music, film, even advertising, from the corrupting influence of English. So why are the French giving up the struggle?

As French children filed back to school on September 2nd, Xavier Darcos, the education minister, announced that he was increasing English-language teaching in the curriculum. “I’ve had enough of hearing that t he French do not learn English,” he said. “It’s a big disadvantage for international competition.”

By the end of compulsory schooling, he promised, all pupils should be bilingual.

The French are embracing English in less high-minded ways too. When they ent ered a song in English at this year’s Eurovision song contest, it provoked ironic amusement abroad, but indifference at home. In fact for many young French musicians singing in English is now even de rigueur. “The children of globalization are giving up writing in French,”declared Le Monde, the bible of the French elite—without apparent regret.

Despite rules requiring advertising slogans in English to be sub-titled, French manufacturers still borrow English words. France’s fashion press is another cross-dr esser, writing of “Vive la fashion attitude”. In a post-modern twist, teenagers are importing American slang via the heavily north African suburbs, where hip-hop flourishes and street dress is styled on New York city.

Once this might have had official France speaking with indignation. The rules designed to fend off English remain—and are an obstacle to new musicians who do not qualify for the quota of radio time reserved for singers in French. Yet in the globalized, internet age, the French seem to realize, as Mr Darcos put it, that the losers from a refusal to learn English are themselves—and that speaking it need not make them less French. Part of this is down to Mr Chirac’s successor, Nicolas Sarkozy, who, although no linguist, rejects the anti-Americanism that adds much hostility to English. Appropriately, the new album by his wife Carla Bruni, has a track in English—presumably not one his predecessor will listen to.

69. According to the education minister Xavier Darcos, ________.

A. French pupils will benefit from more English learning

B. it is necessary to protect the French language in schools

C. compulsory English lessons may not be as good as expected

D. globalization has put the French language at an advantage

70. What does the phrase “de rigueur” in paragraph 3 probably mean?

A. Problematic.

B. Unsuccessful.

C. Tolerable.

D. Proper.

71. It can be learned that le Monde ________.

A. strongly supports the use of English

B. is worrying about the rapid spread of English

C. feels sorry that the French prefer English over French

D. considers it acceptable for the French to use more English

72. Which of the following fields is NOT mentioned to demonstrate the rising

English influence?

A. Music.

B. Commerce.

C. A dvertising.

D. Fashion.

73. Compared with Mr. Chirac, President Sarkozy ________ Frenchman’s using

English.

A. is more critical of

B. cares too much about

C. gives more support to

D. gains more profits from

74. The best title for the passage is “________”.

A. The never-ending battle to defend the French language

B. Predominance of the English language in modern France

C. The French hostility to the English language is relaxed

D. Tension emerged between the French and English languages

Passage Five

For much of its history, psychology has seemed obsessed with human failings and pathology. The very idea of psychotherapy, first formalized by Freud, rests on a view of human beings as troubled creatures in need of repair. Freud himself was profoundly pessimistic about human nature, which he felt was governed by deep, dark drives that we could hardly control. The scientists who followed developed a model of human life that seemed to many mechanical if not robotic: humans were passive beings harshly shaped by the stimuli and the rewards and punishments that surrounded them.

After World War II, psychologists tried to explain how so many ordinary citizens could have agreed with fascism, and did work symbolized in the 1950 classic The Authoritarian Personality by T.W. Adorno, et al. Social psychologists followed on. Some of the most famous experiments proved that normal folk could become coldly insensitive to suffering when obeying “legitimate” orders or cruelly aggressive when playing the role of prison guard.

A watershed moment arrived in 1998, when University of Pennsylvania psychologist Martin Seligman, in his presidential address to the American Psychological Association, urged psychology to “turn toward understanding and building the human strengths to comple ment our emphasis on healing damage.” That speech launched today’s positive psychology movement.

Though not denying humanity’s flaws, the new positive psychologists recommend focusing on people’s strengths and virtues as a point of departure. Rather than analyze the psychopathology underlying alcoholism, for example, positive psychologists might study the toughness of those who have managed a successful recovery—for example, through organizations like Alcoholics Anonymous. Instead of viewing religion as a delusion and a support, as did Freud, they might identify the mechanisms through which a spiritual practice

like meditation enhances mental and physical health. Their lab experiments might seek to define not the conditions that induce wicked behavior, but those that foster generosity, courage, creativity, and laughter.

Seligman’s idea quickly caught on. The Gallup Organization founded the Gallup Positive Psychology Institute to sponsor scholarly work in the field. In 1999, 60 scholars gathered for the first Gallup Positive Psychology Summit; two years later, the conference went international, and ever since has drawn about 400 attendees annually.

75. Psychotherapy is based on the idea that human beings ________.

A. are suffering

B. often lie

C. are eager to control each other

D. can effectively control themselves

76. According to Freud, human nature ________.

A. was positive on the whole

B. was controlled by secret desires

C. was inclined to control other people

D. was becoming worse and worse

77. The research discussed in the second paragraph showed that ________.

A. compassion was essential to human nature

B. fascism had brought disasters to human nature

C. suffering could not change human nature

D. man could be harsh by nature

78. What does the passage say about positive psychology?

A. It stresses that human nature is perfect.

B. It rejects the role of religion.

C. It began in 1998.

D. It began in 1950.

79. What may be an example of “wick ed behavior”(Para. 4)?

A. Making a toy.

B. Giving money to the poor.

C. Drinking without control.

D. Believing in a religion.

80. What does the passage say about Martin Seligman?

A. His idea was hard for many people to understand.

B. He stressed the role of good human qualities.

C. He founded the Gallup Organization.

D. His idea caused a lot of controversy.

PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)

Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)

When dominant innovators in a science respond to the challenge of a situation that demands some change in its practice, this may take a number of forms, and rival schools may grow up around different leaders responding differently to a particular situation. These rivalries may be reinforced and perpetuated by the use of standard textbooks. Any empirical science must be able to cope with its own phenomena, and once any observation is accepted as relevant, its theory and modes of description and analysis must be able to handle it with scientific adequacy, of which exhaustiveness, consistency, economy are basic principles. The extension of a science to new but relevant fields may require the further elaboration and presentation of existing theory along previously-followed lines.

PART VI WRITING ( 30 minutes, 10 points )

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of “T ransportation Has

Changed People’s Lives”. Your composition should be based on the

information given below:

Choose one of the following types of transportation vehicles and explain why you think it has changed people’s lives.

? automobiles

? bicycles

? airplanes

Give specific reasons and examples to support your idea.

中科院原子物理

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西工大-有限元试题(附答案)

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6.设阶梯形杆件由两个等截面杆件○ 1与○2所组成,试写出三个结点1、2、3的结点轴向力F 1,F 2,F 3与结点轴向位移321,,u u u 之间的整体刚度矩阵[K]。 7. 在上题的阶梯形杆件中,设结点3为固定端,结点1作用轴向载荷F 1=P ,求各结点的轴向位移和各杆的轴力。 8. 下图所示为平面桁架中的任一单元,y x ,为局部坐标系,x ,y 为总体坐标系,x 轴与x 轴的夹角为 。 (1) 求在局部坐标系中的单元刚度矩阵 )(][e k (2) 求单元的坐标转换矩阵 [T]; (3) 求在总体坐标系中的单元刚度矩阵 )(][e k

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西工大有限元试题附答案68872

1.针对下图所示的3个三角形元,写出用完整多项式描述的位移模式表达式。 2.如下图所示,求下列情况的带宽: a)4结点四边形元; b)2结点线性杆元。 3、对上题图诸结点制定一种结点编号的方法,使所得带宽更小。图左下角的四边形在两种不同编号方式下,单元的带宽分别就是多大? 4、下图所示,若单元就是2结点线性杆单元,勾画出组装总刚后总刚空间轮廓线。系统的带宽就是多大?按一右一左重新编号(即6变成3等)后,重复以上运算。

5. 设杆件1-2受轴向力作用,截面积为A,长度为L,弹性模量为E,试写出杆端力F1,F 2与杆端位移21,u u 之间的关系式,并求出杆件的单元刚度矩阵)(][e k 6、设阶梯形杆件由两个等截面杆件\o \a c(○,1)与错误!所组成,试写出三个结点1、2、3的结点轴向力F 1,F 2,F3与结点轴向位移321,,u u u 之间的整体刚度矩阵[K]。 7. 在上题的阶梯形杆件中,设结点3为固定端,结点1作用轴向载荷F 1=P,求各结点的轴向位移与各杆的轴力。 8、 下图所示为平面桁架中的任一单元,y x ,为局部坐标系,x,y 为总体坐标系,x 轴与x 轴的夹角为 。 (1) 求在局部坐标系中的单元刚度矩阵 )(][e k (2) 求单元的坐标转换矩阵 [T]; (3) 求在总体坐标系中的单元刚度矩阵 )(][e k

9.如图所示一个直角三角形桁架,已知27/103cm N E ?=,两个直角边长度cm l 100=,各杆截面面积210cm A =,求整体刚度矩阵[K ] 。 10. 设上题中的桁架的支承情况与载荷情况如下图所示,按有限元素法求出各结点的位移与各杆的内力。

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