消防专业英语

avel distance 疏散距离Two-stage centrifugal pump 两级离心泵Type of alarm 报警方式Type of equipment 设备型式Type of pump 泵型号T TAE time available for escape [消]避难可用时间ultraviolet electronic detection [消]紫外电子探测器ultraviolet flame detector [消]紫外火焰探测器〈对火焰中特定波长的紫外光敏感的探测器〉ultra-violet radiation fire detector [消]紫外光束火灾探测器umqualified 不合格的under control [消]（火势）被控制underground air-conditioning 地下空调underground building 地下建筑物underground control center 地下指挥所underground fire [消]地下火灾underground fire pump adapter [消]地下式消防水泵接合器underground garage 地下车库underground gate valve 地下闸阀underground headquarter 地下指挥所underground hydrant [消]地下消火栓underground parking （area）地下停车场underwire raise [消]电线下升降法underwriter 保险商underwriter thread [消]保险商（水带接口）螺纹undesired signal 干扰信号undetermined cause 原因未定unenclosed ramp 敞开式坡道unenclosed stair 敞开式楼梯unequal liablility 事故易发性ungrounded 未接地的Uniform Crime Report 犯罪统一报告uniform fire reporting 统一火灾报告uniform floor 标准层uniform sign code 统一标志规范uniformed force [消]穿制服的人员uninsulated wire 裸线universal meter 万用电表，通用电表unknown cause [消]不明（火灾）原因unknown cause fire [消]原因不明火灾unregulated fire 任意点的火unreported fire 未报告的火灾unsafe act 不安全行为unsafe condition 不安全状态Unsafe failure 非安全故障unsafe personal factor 个人不安全因素（会导致不安全行动的精神或身体特性）unsprinklered area [消]无喷水灭火系统的地区unusual condition 异常状况unusual odor 异常气味unvented fire [消]不通风的火vehicle ①车辆②载色体vehicle bumper 车辆保险杠vehicle fire [消]车辆火灾vehicle maintenance area 车辆维修区vehicle mounted fire pump [消]车载消防泵v vehicle warning system 车辆警告系统vehicular fire fighting pmnp [消]车用消防泵vehicular gap 行车间距vehicular safety sign holder 车用安全标志夹持器vehienlar extinguisher container 车用灭火器容器velocity 速度，速率velocity head 速度头velocity modulation 速度调制velocity of combustion 燃烧速度velocity of explosion 传爆速度velocity of flame propagation 火焰传播速度veneer 镶面板，饰面板veneer board 胶合板veneer exterior 饰面外墙veneered wall 有镶面结构的墙venetian blind （活动）百叶窗vent ①通风孔[口），排烟口[孔）②排（烟，热），放出（烟，热）③透风vent area

通风面积vent connector 通气连接器vent discharge duct 通风排气管道vent duct 通风管道vent flow 通风流量vent system 排气系统vent valve 排气阀vented gas appliance 排出气装置vented-exhaust mechanical pump=gas ballast pump 压载水泵ventilate ①[消]使（起火的建筑物）通风②通风ventilated lobby [消]通风走廊，通风的前室ventilating air 通风空气，新鲜空气ventilating fan 排风扇ventilating shaft 通风井ventilation ①通风②[消]（打开起火建筑物的门窗或在它的屋顶开口以）排烟热③通气ventilation control 换气控制ventilation duct 通风管道ventilation equipment room 通风机房ventilation leakage 漏风ventilation lobby 通风大厅ventilation operation 通风工作ventilation rate 通风率，换气率ventilation system 通风系统ventilation-limited 通风受限制的ventilator 通风机venting ①通风，排烟[气] ②防爆口venting capacity 排气能力venting device 排气装置venting gas appliance 排气装置venting practice 通风措施vent-pipe 通风（排气）管vertical opening [建]垂直洞口，垂直通道vertical shaft [矿]立井，竖井vertical spread （火焰）垂直向上蔓延vertical test method 垂直试验法vertical tower 垂直升降塔架very early warning smoke detection apparatus [消]极早期报警感烟火灾探测very large scale integrated circuit 大规模集成电路very-high-pressure spray nozzle 高压喷雾水枪voltage 电压volunteer fire brigade 义务消防队VAS vocal alarm system 话音报警系统VDC volt DC或direct-current volts 直流电压wagon steering 转向装置waiting time 停留时间，停工时间Waiting space 避难空间Wall powder extinguishing equipment 壁挂式干粉灭火装置Warning point 报警点Warning Sign 警告标志Warning signal 报警信号Warning signal alarm device 报警装置Water fire extinguishing system 水灭火系统water fire main line 消防水总管Water spray projecter system 水雾系统water spray test 喷淋试验Wet alarm valve 湿式报警阀Wet sprinkler system 湿式喷水灭火系统wet system alarm valves 湿式报警阀Wired alarming 有线报警with spraying 喷淋式without spraying 无喷淋式yard hydrant [消]（各出口都有单独门阀的）工业消防栓yard piping 室外管道yarding 集居Y-bend Y形管，三通管zipper [消]（防护服装的）拉链，拉锁zone control system 分区控制系统zone fire alarm control unit 区域火灾报警控制器zone impeded egress [消]分区有阻碍出路zone indicator [消]（火灾报警显示设备的）区域显示器zone indicator panel [消]区域指示盘zone of aeration 通气地带zone of alarm 报警区zone of combustion 燃烧区zone of protection 保护区zone of

vision 地区，可见范围zone pressurization system 分区加压（送风）系统zone protection 区域保护zone smoke control [消]分区烟气控制zone structure of flame 火灾的

层次结构zone water supply 分区供水

心理学专业英语复习资料

心理学专业英语复习资料 I. Translate the Following English Phrases into Chinese 1. Research Methods 研究方法 2. Psychophysics 心理物理学 3. Theories of Learning 学习理论 4. Social Cognition 社会认知 5．Personality Test 人格测试 6. Extraneous Variable 无关变量 7. Longitudinal Study 纵向研究 8. Crystallized Intelligence 晶体智力 9. Motor control 运动控制 10. Corpus Callosum 胼胝体 11. Group Thinking 群体思维 12. Social Loafing 社会懈怠 13. Social Exchange 社会交换 14. Social Approval 社会赞许 15. Diffusion of Responsibility 责任分散 16. Recency Effec 近因效应 17．Trace Decay 痕迹消退 18. Retrograde Amnesia 倒摄遗忘 19. Social Support 社会支持 20. Self-efficacy 自我效能 21. Case Study 个案研究 II. Translate the Following Chinese Word Groups into English 1. 机能主义functionalism 2. 自我实现self—actualization 3．一般规律研究法nomothetic method 4. 分层抽样stratified sampling 5. 外在信度external reliability 6. 选择性注意selective attention 7. 知觉恒常性perceptual constancy 8. 自我概念self concept 9. 液体智力fluid intelligence 10. 安全型依恋secure attachment 11. 性别图示gender schema 12. 亲社会行为pro social behavior 13. 从众实验conformity experiment 14. 头脑风暴brain storming 15. 社会助长social facilitation 16. 旁观者效应bystander effect 17. 标准差standard deviation 18. 柱状图bar chart 19. 正态分布normal distribution

(消防培训)消防术语英文

水枪firehosenozzle 水带firehose 消防服turnouts 防火门fireproof door 窗window 破拆工具entrytool 消防靴firefighter'sboots 防火涂料fire-resistant paint 机动泵motorpump 消防手套insulatedrubbergloves-绝缘胶手套 (后跟中文的是不知道准不准的,下同.我不是英语专业也不是消防专业的,见谅) 感烟器smokedetector 机动水炮turret nozzle-车载消防炮turret pipe-车载水炮 导向绳guide ring 自动喷淋automatic spray 无火花工具non-sparking tools 消防腰斧fireman'saxe 监控探头monitor and control probe (这个是自己翻译的- -#) 金属切割机metal-cutting machine(自己翻译的- -#) 个人报警器personalalarmdevice 自动报警系统automatic fire alarm system-火灾自动报警系统 绝缘工具isolated tool 消防头盔firehat 液压扩张器hydraulic spreader 照明灯具lighting burner-照明灯 消防栓firehydrantchamber消火栓井 排烟机smokeventilator 空气呼吸器aerophore-呼吸器 水泵结合器firedepartmentpumperconnection 各类梯子 ladder <1> abandonment 离弃（指见死不救的行为） <2> abatement of smoke 消减烟雾（法） <3> ABC extinguisher [消]ABC灭火器（能用来扑灭A、B、C类火灾的灭火器） <4> ABC method 心肺复苏法 <5> ABC powder extinguishing agent [消]ABC 干粉灭火剂（适用于扑救A类、B类和C 类火灾的干粉灭火剂） <6> ablation characteristics 烧蚀特征 <7> ablation of melting body 熔融物体的烧蚀 <8> ablation-product radiation 烧蚀生成物的辐射 <9> abnormal combustion 异常燃烧（发动机爆震，早燃等不正常的总称） <10> abnormal condition 反常情况，不正常状态，非正常状态

心理学专业英语

心理学是什么－－What Psychology Is Why people do the things they do is an age-old question. However, psychology--the science concerned with behavior, both humans and animals--is only about 125 years old. Despite its youth, it is a broad discipline, essentially spanning subject matter from biology to sociology. Biology studies the structures and functions of living organisms. Sociology examines how groups function in society. Psychologists study two critical relationships: one between brain function and behavior, and one between the environment and behavior. As scientists, psychologists follow scientific methods, using careful observation, experimentation, and analysis. But psychologists also need to be creative in the way they apply scientific findings. Psychologists are frequently innovators, evolving new approaches from established knowledge to meet changing needs of people and societies. They develop theories and test them through their research. As this research yields new information, these findings become part of the body of knowledge that practitioners call on in their work with clients and patients. Psychology is a tremendously varied field. Psychologists conduct both basic and applied research, serve as consultants to communities and organizations, diagnose and treat people, and teach future psychologists and other types of students. They test intelligence and personality. They assess behavioral and mental function and well-being, stepping in to help where appropriate. They study how human beings relate to each other and also to machines, and they work to improve these relationships. And with America undergoing large changes in its population makeup, psychologists bring important knowledge and skills to understanding diverse cultures. Many psychologists work independently. They also team up with other professionals--for example, other scientists, physicians, lawyers, school personnel, computer experts, engineers, policy makers, and managers--to contribute to every area of society. Thus we find them in laboratories, hospitals, courtrooms, schools and universities, community health centers, prisons, and corporate offices. Psychologists traditionally study both normal and abnormal functioning, and also treat patients with mental and emotional problems. Today, they are increasingly concentrating on behaviors that affect the mental and emotional health and mental processes of healthy human beings. For example, they work with business executives, performers, and athletes to combat stress and improve performance. They advise lawyers on jury selection and collaborate with educators on school reform. They show up immediately following a disaster such as a plane crash or bombing, to help victims and bystanders recover from the trauma, or shock, of the event. They team with law enforcement and public health officials to analyze the causes of such events and prevent their occurrence. Involved in all aspects of our fast-paced world, psychologists must keep up with what's happening all around us. When you're a psychologist, your education never ends. Psychology is a discipline with a bright future. Among fields requiring a college degree, it is expected to be the third fastest-growing field in America through the year 2005 and to continue to grow steadily for at least another dozen years after that. Opportunities for work in psychology are expanding in number and scope. The move toward preventing illness, rather than merely diagnosing and treating it, requires people to learn how to make healthy behavior a routine part of living. Indeed, many of the problems facing society today are problems about behavior, for example, drug addiction, poor personal relationships, violence at home and in the street, and the harm we do to our environment. Psychologists contribute solutions to problems through careful collection of data, analysis of data, and development of intervention strategies--in other words, by

专业英语期末试卷

ACCOUNTING ENGLISH Middle-of-term Test Papers PartⅠ.Translating the following terms 1、Notes to financial statements 2、Accounting elements 3、Variable costs 4、Economic entity 5、Depreciation expense 6、Deferred income taxes 7、Nominal accounts 8、ROA 9、LIFO 10、Work in process 11、现金收支 12、原材料 13、制造费用 14、相关性 15、持续经营 16、复式记账 17、优先股 18、预付费用 19、购货退回与折让 20、永续盘存制

PartⅡ.True or False 1、 The accounting process generates financial reports for both “internal ”and “external”users. 2、The balance sheet reflects the basic accounting equation and the means of financing the organization's assets. 3、The existence of Accounts Receivable on the Balance Sheet indicates that the company has one or more creditors. 4、Liabilities are classified and presented in increasing order of liquidity. 5、Working capital equals current assets less current liabilities. 6、Declaration of dividends reduces the retained earnings portion of the owners' equity of the corporation and creates a liabilities called Dividends Payable. 7、A chart of accounts is a listing of the titles of all accounts. 8、The cash basis of accounting often violates the matching rule. 9、Closing entries convert real and nominal accounts to zero balance. 10、The work sheet is published with the balance sheet and income statement, as a supplementary statement. 11、A company's sustainable growth rate is the highest growth rate in sales it can attain without issuing new stock. 12、Only rapidly growing firms have growth management problems.

消防英语专业词汇(E)

消防英语专业词汇(E) 消防英语专业词汇(E)消防英语专业词汇(E)e = 电压 ear cover 耳罩 ear defender 护耳器 ear protection 护耳 ear protector 护耳器 eardrum rupture 鼓膜破裂 early burning 早期火烧 early cause 早期因素 early fire detection 早期火灾探测 early radar warning 雷达预警 early suppression fast-response sprinkler 早期灭火快速反应洒水喷头 early warning device 早期报警装置系统 early warning 预警 earth arrester 接地避雷器 earth circuit 接地电路 earth connection 接地 earth current 大地电流 earth device 接地装置

earth leakage circuit breaker 通地泄露电路断电器earth plate 支腿底座 earth retaining 挡土墙 earth 地线 earth's ozone layer 地球臭氧层 earthed circuit 接地电路 earthed contact 接地触点 earthed fault 接地故障 earthed neutral conductor 接地中线导体earthed neutral 接地中线 earthed switch 接地开关 earthed system 接地装置 earthed 接地的 earthing 接地 earthquake allowance 地震裕度 earthquake country 震区 earthquake damage 地震损害 earthquake disaster preparedness 震前防灾准备earthquake engineering 地震工程earthquake fire 地震火灾 earthquake forecast 地震预报 earthquake insurance 地震保险

修改过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译

修改过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译Unit 16 压力容器及其部件 压力容器时不泄露的容器。它们有各种尺寸。最小的直径不到一英寸，最大的直径能达到150英尺甚至更大。某些是埋在地下或海洋深处，多数是安放在地上或支撑在平台上，还有一些实际上是在航天飞行器中的贮槽和液压装置中。 由于内部压力，容器被设计成各种形状和尺寸。内部的压力可能低到1英寸，水的表面压力可能达到300000多磅。普通的单层表面建筑压力是15到5000磅，虽然有很多容器的设计压力高出或低于这个范围。ASME锅炉和压力标准中第八卷第一节指定一个范围从15磅在底部到上限，然而，内部压力在3000磅以上，ASME 标准，第八卷第一节，指出考虑特殊设计的情况是必要的。 压力容器的典型部件描述如下: 圆柱壳体在石化工业中对于结构压力容器圆柱壳体是经常被用到的，它是很容易制造、安装并且维修很经济。虽然在一些场合应用载荷和外压控制，要求的厚度通常由内压决定。其他因素如热应力和不连续压力可能有要求厚度决定。 成型的封头许多的端封头和过度部分有设计工程师选择。用一种结构相对另一种依靠很多因素，如成型方法、材料成本、和空间限。一些经常应用的成型封头是: 带凸缘的封头这些封头通常在较低压力的压力设备中，例如汽油罐和锅炉。有些也应用在较高压力的但是较小直径的设备中。设计和结构的许多细节在ASME 标准，第八卷第一节中给出。 半球形封头通常，在一个给定温度和压力下半球形的要求厚度是相同直径和材料圆柱壳体的一半。假如我们用镍和钛昂贵的合金建造实心或覆盖形半球形封头，这样是很经济的。假如使用碳钢，然而，由于这高价的制造费用就不比凸缘形

(完整版)心理学专业英语总结(完整)

心理学专业英语总结——HXY 随意传阅·顺颂试安 注释：1.“*”在书上是黑体字，但感觉不重要背了也没什么卵用 2.“”背景色项表示答案恰好有三项，可能出选择 3. 人名已加黑，可能连线或选择 4. 每章节的末尾有方便记忆的单词表（只包括这篇总结中出现的关键单词） 5. 方便理解记忆，已在各项下方注明中文释义 6.“,”大部分都是作为点之间的分割，类似于逗号，前后不连成句子 Chapter 1——Perspectives in psychology 心理学纵览 Section 1: Approaches to psychology 心理学入门 ●What is psychology? 心理学是什么 Definitions: The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. 定义：对行为和心理过程的科学研究 Psychology come from: ①philosophy, ②biology ③physics. 心理学来源于：哲学、生物学和医学 When: 1879 as a separate scientific discipline. 形成于：1879年，作为独立学科 History (develop): structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviourism, cognitive psychology, humanistic approach, biological approach. 历史发展：结构主义，机能主义，精神分析，行为主义，认知，人本主义，生理。 ●The psychoanalytic approach to psychology 精神分析理论 Origins & history: Sigmund Freud, unconscious mental causes, treat as the causes of mental disorders, built up an theory. 历史来源：弗洛伊德提出潜意识心理动机，把它视为心理疾病的原因，并建立理论。 Assumptions: unconscious processes, psychic determinism, hydraulic drives, psychodynamic conflict, stages of development. 假设：潜意识过程，精神决定论，驱力（攻击、性），心理动力冲突，发展阶段 Methods of investigation: case study (method), free association (tech), dream analysis (tech). 研究方法：个案研究方法，自由联想技术，梦的解析技术 *Areas of explanation: personality development, moral/gender development, aggression, abnormality, memory. 可解释领域：人格发展，道德/性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆 *Weaknesses: unrefutable, theoretically unscientific. 缺点：不可被其他事件驳斥，因此理论不具科学性 ●The behaviourist approach to psychology 行为主义理论 Origins & history: John Watson, empiricism, learning. 历史来源：华生，经验主义，学习 Assumptions: behaviour is learned from the environment, only observable behaviour should be studied. 假设：行为来源于环境，研究可观察的行为 *Areas of explanation: language acquisition, moral development, attraction, abnormality.

医学影像专业英语总结

Chest plain film/plain chest radiography 胸部平片Posteroanterior 后前位 Left-lateral 左侧位 Contour 轮廓 Symmetric 对称 Lung field 肺野 Lung marking 肺纹理 Lesion 病变 Lung hilar 肺门 Mediastinum 胸廓 Diaphragm 膈肌 Rib 肋骨 Round-shaped 类圆形的 Mass 团块 Post-basic segment 后基底段 Lobulated-edge 边缘分叶 Well-defined margin 边界清楚 ill-define margin 边缘不清vague margin Homogeneous attenuation 密度均匀 Thoracic vertebraes 胸椎 Obstructive atelectasis 阻塞性肺不张 Sign of “recersal S”反S征 Bilateral 双侧的 Cloud-shaped areas 大片密度增高区域 Piece-like high attunuation 片状高密度Pulmonary edema 肺水肿 Node 结节 Acute miliary tuberculosis 急性粟粒性肺结核Anteroposterior abdomen plain film 腹部平片Supine overhead projection 仰卧前后位投照Radiopaque foreign body 不透光异物 Stone 结石 Liver 肝gallbladder 胆kidney 肾 Bowel 肠 Distension 扩张 Free gas 游离气体 Vertebrate and pelvis bone 腰椎和骨盆 Plain film of pelvis 骨盆平片 Acetabulun 髋臼 Hip joint 髋关节 Bone destruction 骨质破坏 Femoral head 股骨头 The left hip joint space 左髋关节间隙Osteoporosis 骨质疏松

消防专业英语词汇表

消防专业英语词汇表 Abandonment 离弃（指见死不救的行为） Abatement of smoke 消减烟雾（法） ABC extinguisher ABC灭火器（能用来扑灭A、B、C类火灾的灭火器） ABC method 心肺复苏法 ABC powder extinguishing agent ABC 干粉灭火剂 （适用于扑救A类、B类和C类火灾的干粉灭火剂） Ablation characteristics 烧蚀特征 Ablation of melting body 熔融物体的烧蚀 Ablation-product radiation 烧蚀生成物的辐射 Abnormal combustion 异常燃烧（发动机爆震，早燃等不正常的总称） Abnormal condition 反常情况，不正常状态，非正常状态 Absolute temperature 绝对温度 Absolute temperature scale 绝对温标 Absorbed gas 吸收状态气体（或瓦斯） Absorbent for confining spills 限制溢出物蔓延的吸收性材料 Acceptance check and reception systems of plant 设备验收交接制度 Acceptance regulation of equipment repair quality 设备修理质量验收制度Accessible Means of Egress 易通行的疏散通道 Accident due to quality 质量事故 Accident management regulation of plant 设备事故管理制度 Accommodation stairway 简易楼梯 acousto-optic effect 声光效应 Added value rate of plant assets 设备资产增值率

过程装备与控制工程专业英语词汇

abrasiveness 研磨；腐蚀absolute 绝对的accumulate 堆积；积累 acid 酸；酸性的，酸味的actuator 执行机构 adjust 调整；调节agitation 搅拌 air preheater 空气预热器 air register 空气调节器airflow 气流 alkali 碱 allowance 公差，容差，容许量alloy 合金 alternating current 交流电 angle 角度，角 apparatus 装置，仪器，仪表application 应用 artificial 人造的；仿造的assembly 装配 atmospheric 大气的，大气层的austenite 奥氏体 automation 自动化，自动操作auxiliary 辅助设备，附属机构backflow 回流 baffle 挡板；折流板；隔板batch 一批，批量 bearing 轴承 bellow 波纹管 belt 带；腰带；地带blade 叶片 blower 鼓风机 boiler 锅炉

bolt 螺栓 bonnet 阀盖，阀帽，机罩box furnace 箱式炉 brittle 易碎的，脆弱的burner 燃烧器 bushing 轴衬；套管butterfly valve 蝶阀capacity 容积 carbon steel 碳钢，碳素钢casing 机壳 cast 浇铸 catalyst 催化剂category 分类，种类cavity 腔；洞，凹处centrifugal force 离心力chamber 腔，室，船舱check valve 止回阀checklist 检查表，清单classify 分类；分等clockwise 顺时针方向的coating 涂层，覆盖层coefficient 系数 coil 盘管，线圈 coking 结焦，焦化 column 圆柱，柱形物combination 结合 combustion 燃烧，氧化 component 成分；组件；零件composition 组成，成分 compressor 压缩机 concentration 浓度 concentric 同轴的，同心的

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认知失调 cognitive dissonance 认知地图 cognitive map 认知技能 cognitive skill 认知方式 cognitive style 信息 information 信息论 information theory 信息加工 information processing 信息加工心理学 information processing psychology 信息加工理论 information processing theory 信息加工模型 information processing model 中央处理器模型 central processor model 信息储存 information storage 信息提取 information retrieval 人工智能 artificial intelligence, AI 计算机类比 computer analogy 计算机模拟 computer simulation 计算机模型 computer model 唯心主义心理学 idealistic psychology 意动心理学 act psychology 唯意志论 voluntarism 唯灵论 spiritualism 强调超自然精神作用。 心灵学 parapsychology 心灵决定论 psychic determinism 心灵致动 psychokinesis, PK 心理技术学 psychotechnics 内省 introspection 内省法 introspective method 直觉主义 intuitionalism

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faa test method faa fab = first-aid box 急救箱 fabl = fire alarm bell 火警铃 fabric rubber lined hose 有橡胶衬里纤维水带 fabric 织品 fabrication 制作 fabx = fire alarm box 火警箱 fac-2 program = fire and combustion-2 中国科技大学火灾科学国家重点实验定编制的一套可计算火灾的燃烧过程的二维计算机程序 facade 正面 face mask 面罩 face protector 面部保护用具 face shield 面罩 face velocity 表面速度 face 正面 faced wall 饰面墙 facepiece 面罩罩 faceplate 面板 facet 面 facility 设备 facsimile apparatus 传真机

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译6

Reading Material 6 Stainless Steel Stainless steels do not rust in the atmosphere as most other steels do. The term "stainless" implies a resistance to staining, rusting, and pitting in the air, moist and polluted as it is, and generally defines a chromium content in excess of 11 % but less than 30%. And the fact that the stuff is "steel" means that the base is iron. Stainless steels have room-temperature yield strengths that range from 205 MPa (30 ksi) to more than 1725 MPa (250 ksi). Operating temperatures around 750 C (1400 F) are reached. At the other extreme of temperature some stainless steels maintain their toughness down to temperatures approaching absolute zero. With specific restrictions in certain types, the stainless steels can be shaped and fabricated in conventional ways. They can be produced and used in the as-cast condition; shapes can be produced by powder-metallurgy techniques; cast ingots can be rolled or forged (and this accounts for the greatest tonnage by far). The rolled product can be drawn, bent, extruded, or spun. Stainless steel can be further shaped by machining, and it can be joined by soldering, brazing, and welding. It can be used as an integral cladding on plain carbon or low-alloy steels. The generic term "stainless steel" covers scores of standard compositions as well as variations bearing company trade names and special alloys made for particular applications. Stainless steels vary in their composition from a fairly simple alloy of, essentially, iron with 11% chromium, to complex alloys that include 30% chromium, substantial quantities of nickel, and half a dozen other effective elements. At the high-chromium, high-nickel end of the range they merge into other groups of heat-resisting alloys, and one has to be arbitrary about a cutoff point. If the alloy content is so high that the iron content is about half, however, the alloy falls outside the stainless family. Even with these imposed restrictions on composition, the range is great, and naturally, the properties that affect fabrication and use vary enormously. It is obviously not enough to specify simply a "stainless steel.” Classification the various specifying bodies categorize stainless steels according to chemical composition and other properties. However, all the stainless steels, whatever specifications they conform to, can be conveniently classified into six major classes that represent three distinct types of alloy constitution, or structure. These classes are ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, manganese-substituted austenitic, duplex austenitic ferritic, and precipitation-hardening. Each class is briefly described below. (1) Ferrous stainless steels: This class is so named because the crystal structure of the steel is the same as that of iron at room temperature. The alloys in the class are magnetic at room temperature and up to their Curie temperature (about 750 C; 1400 F). Common alloys in the ferrous class contain between 11% and 29% chromium, no nickel, and very little carbon in the wrought condition. (2)Martensitic stainless steels: Stainless steels of this class, which