全新版大学英语Book 4 期末复习内容最新整理(U1-5)
全新版大学英语4（第二版）
Unit 1-5
背诵段落翻译、课后练习词汇、翻译
Unit 1
【背诵段落】
1 In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, led his Grand Army into Russia. He was prepared for the fierce resistance of the Russian people defending their homeland. He was prepared for the long march across Russian soil to Moscow, the capital city. But he was not prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in Moscow -- the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter.
1812年，法国皇帝拿破仑·波拿巴率大军入侵俄罗斯。他准备好俄罗斯人民会为保卫祖国而奋勇抵抗。他准备好在俄罗斯广袤的国土上要经过长途跋涉才能进军首都莫斯科。但他却没有料到在莫斯科他会遭遇劲敌——俄罗斯阴冷凄苦的寒冬。
2 In 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, launched an attack against the Soviet Union, as Russia then was called. Hitler's military might was unequaled. His war machine had mowed down resistance in most of Europe. Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon before him, was taught a painful lesson. The Russian winter again came to the aid of the Soviet soldiers. 1941年，纳粹德国元首阿道夫·希特勒进攻当时被称作苏联的俄罗斯。希特勒的军事实力堪称无敌。他的战争机器扫除了欧洲绝大部分地区的抵抗。希特勒希望速战速决，但是，就像在他之前的拿破仑一样，他得到的是痛苦的教训。仍是俄罗斯的冬天助了苏维埃士兵一臂之力。
【词组连线】
每单元Text A：Words and phrases to drill里面的词组英文连线。
Vocabulary
1、The Labor Party's electoral(竞选的)strategy, which was based on a tactical alliance with other minor parties, has proved successful.
2、The government troops recaptured the city from the rebels at the cost of two thousand casualties.
3、By a stroke of good luck, Genelle, who had been buried in the rubble(瓦砾)for more than 26 hours, came out alive.
4、My brother wasn't badly hurt, but he injured his leg and had to limp around for a few weeks.
5、The aircraft was subjected to a test of temperatures of minus 65 degrees Celsius and plus 120 degrees.
6、Tax incentives combined with cheap labor will attract companies to the western regions of our country away from the east coast.
7、To my surprise, the opening speeches sounded more like declarations of war than offerings of peace.
8、After a three-day siege by the police, the terrorists who had seized the restaurant had to give in.
9、Once we stepped off the plane and onto the prairie, we were greeted by a gust of raw and biting wind.
10、Being young and impatient, they are inclined to dash into the jaws of danger where an experienced fighter might bide his time .
11、The harassing budget problems of the past few months have taken their toll on her health and there are shadows beneath her eyes.
12、Workers who have to work on weekends are paid twice the normal wages. And in the case of national holidays, they get triple pay.
【课后练习翻译】
1. 多尔蒂先生和他的家人目前正在农场忙于秋收。(be engaged in doing sth.)
Mr. Doherty and his family are currently engaged in getting the autumn harvest in on the farm.
2. 我们不能低估敌人，他们装备了最先进的武器。(underestimate, equip)
We can’t underestimate the enemy, they are equipped with the most sophisticated weapons. 3. 菲尔已三个月没有找到工作了，正变得越来越绝望。(desperate)
Having been out of a job / Not having had a job for 3 months, Phil is getting increasingly desperate.
4. 作为项目经理，山姆办事果断，工作效率高，且判断准确。(efficient, decisive)
Sam, as a project manager, is decisive, efficient, and accurate in judgment.
5. 既然已证实这家化工厂是污染源，村委会决定将其关闭，为此损失了一百个工作岗位。(at the cost of)
Since the chemical plant was identified as the source of pollution, the village neighborhood committee decided to close it down at the cost of 100 jobs.
Unit 2
【背诵段落】
7 Two of the most frustrating things about driving a car are getting lost and getting stuck in traffic. While the computer revolution is unlikely to cure these problems, it will have a positive impact. Sensors in your car tuned to radio signals from orbiting satellites can locate your car precisely at any moment and warn of traffic jams. We already have twenty-four Navstar satellites orbiting the earth, making up what is called the Global Positioning System. They make it possible to determine your location on the earth to within about a hundred feet. At any given time, there are several GPS satellites orbiting overhead at a distance of about 11,000 miles. Each satellite contains four "atomic clocks," which vibrate at a precise frequency, according to the laws of the quantum theory.
开车最头疼的两大麻烦是迷路和交通堵塞。虽然计算机革命不可能彻底解决这两个问题，但却会带来积极的影响。你汽车上与绕轨道运行的卫星发出的无线电信号调谐的传感器能随时精确地确定你汽车的方位，并告知交通阻塞情况。我们已经有24颗环绕地球运行的导航卫星，组成了人们所说的全球卫星定位系统。通过这些卫星我们有可能以小于100英尺的误差确定你在地球上的方位。在任何一个特定时间，总有若干颗全球定位系统的卫星在11000英里的高空绕地球运行。每颗卫星都装有4个“原子钟”，它们根据量子理论法则，以精确的频率振动。
8 As a satellite passes overhead, it sends out a radio signal that can be detected by a receiver in a car's computer. The car's computer can then calculate how far the satellite is by measuring how long it took for the signal to arrive. Since the speed of light is well known, any delay in receiving the satellite's signal can be converted into a distance.
卫星从高空经过时发出能被汽车上计算机里的接收器辨认的无线电信号。汽车上的计算机就会根据信号传来所花的时间计算出卫星有多远。由于光速为人熟知，接收卫星信号时的任何时间迟缓都能折算出距离的远近。
Vocabulary
1) Before Anglo-American westward expansion, North America had been shaped by many other cultures.
2) We are confident that the introduction of a(n) automated assembly line will eliminate most of today’s human errors.
3) Warmer air is able to hold more water vapor than cold air and so has a higher humidity.
4) In most communities in the United States, the local American Red Cross chapter has been auth orized to take control of certain local public buildings in times of emergency.
5) Traffic control establishes a set of rules and instructions that drivers, pilots, train engineers, an
d ship captains rely on to avoid collisions(碰撞) and other hazards.
6) Since the launching of the first artificial satellite in 1957, thousands of "man-made moons" h ave been rocketed into the Earth's orbit, each designed to serve a specific purpose or mission. 7) The thunder crashed so near the house that the glass vibrated in the windows, and some books, which had sat on the windowsill fell to the floor.
8) Radio telescopes have provided valuable information about other stars and about the magnetic fields of other planets in our solar system, especially Jupiter's.
9) At the beginning of the race, the runners were bunched together on the track, but later some of them got ahead and left the others behind.
10) From the control tower, air traffic controllers coordinate aircraft movement both in the air an
d on th
e ground.
11) Further troubles developed in October 1995 when the tape recorder in the orbiter Galileo got /was stuck in the "rewind" position for 15 hours, wearing out a section of the tape.
12) In 1978, at the beginning of the reform period, approximately 11,000 Chinese students went abroad to pursue further studies.
【课后练习翻译】
1 空气中有一种不同寻常的寂静，只有远处响着大炮的声音。(in the air)
There was an unusual quietness in the air, except for the sound of artillery in the distance.
2 在某些非洲国家城市的扩展已引起生活水平相当大的下降和社会问题的增多。(expansion)
The expansion of urban areas in some African countries has been causing a significant fall in living standards and an increase in social problems.
3 研究表明大气中二氧化碳的含量(atmospheric carbon dioxide levels)与全球温度密切相关。(correlate)
The research shows that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are closely correlated with global temperatures.
4 最近公共汽车的车辆行驶(bus service)频率已有改善，从15分钟缩短到20分钟一班。(frequency)
The frequency of the bus service has been improved from 15 to 12 minute recently.
5 那位跳水运动员(diver)立在跳水板(diving board)边沿，只等教练发出信号便会立刻跳下。(be poised to, signal)
The diver stood on the edge of the diving board，poised to jump at the signal from the coach.
Unit 3
【背诵段落】
4 Had he checked with his university to see if there were any graduates working at Mackay whom he could interview? Had he asked any friends to grill him in a mock interview? Did he go to the library to find newspaper clippings on us?
他可曾在就读的大学里查问过有没有校友在本公司就职，以便向他们了解一些情况?他可曾请朋友向他提问，对他进行模拟面试？可曾去图书馆查找过有关本公司的剪报？
5 Did he write a letter beforehand to tell us about himself, what he was doing to prepare for the interview and why he'd be right for the job? Was he planning to follow up the interview with another letter indicating his eagerness to join us? Would the letter be in our hands within 24 hours of the meeting, possibly even hand-delivered?
他事先有没有写封信来介绍自己，告诉我们自己为这次面试在做哪些准备，自己何以能胜任此项工作？面试之后他是否打算再写一封信，表明自己加盟本公司的诚意？这封信会不会在面试后的24小时之内送到我们手上，也许是亲自送来？
6 The answer to every question was the same: no. That left me with only one other question: How well prepared would this person be if he were to call on a prospective customer for us? I already knew the answer.
他对上述每一个问题的回答全都一样：没有。这样我就只剩一个问题要问了：如果此人代表本公司去见可能成为我们客户的人，他准备工作会做得怎样？答案不言自明。
Vocabulary
1、The waitress was so rude that Jane didn't tip her.
2、Racing takes everything you've got--intellectually, emotionally, and physically .
3、Although the structure of the building hasn't suffered, the surface is badly damaged.
4、She received an increase in pay and it has made a difference in her attitude towards work.
5、She appeared very nervous one evening. I asked her what was wrong, and she blurted (out)
that she had fallen in love with Phil.
6、I looked at Tom's pictures and found some of them so amusing and funny that I couldn't help chuckling ,
7、Your goals have to be measurable so you'll know when you are making progress.
8、Salespeople often try to learn about the needs of the prospective buyer to make themselves more persuasive.
9、We have only five months to make preparations for the trip to the South Pole.
10、Prof. Lee's eyes sparkled with enthusiasm as she talked about how her new teaching method worked in her College English class.
11、In my senior year I took a crack at writing a novel , but without much success.
12、To reduce weight , I am now learning to play golf with my business partner, who plays like a professional.
【课后练习翻译】
1. 尽管在此次紧急迫降中，飞机跑道不够长，但经验老到的飞行员还是让飞机滑行了很短一段时间后就停了下来。(veteran, taxi, inadequate)
Despite the inadequate length of the airstrip in this emergency landing, the veteran pilot managed to stop the plane after taxiing for only a short while.
2. 在记者反复追问下，该影星终于说漏了嘴，承认自己做过两次整容手术(plastic surgery)。(blurt, grill)
Grilled by the reporters, the movie star eventually blurted (out) that she had undergone two plastic surgeries.
3. 我们有技术，我们的合伙人有资金。一起干，我们就掌握了未来。(partner, in sb.’s hands) We have the technology and our partner has the capital. Working together, we’ll have the future in our hands.
4. 要是我事先知道你会带这么多朋友回家，我会好好准备的。你看，我现有的食品和饮料连小吃一顿都不大够。(preparation, barely, beforehand)
If I had known beforehand that you would bring so many friends home, I would have made better preparations. You see, I have barely enough food and drinks for a snack.
5. 当人们得知地震灾区将要建造结构更牢固的新校舍时，纷纷慷慨解囊。(structure, generously)
People gave generously upon learning that new school rooms with stronger structures were to be built in the earthquake-stricken area.
Unit 4
【背诵段落】
3 Although Browder and Mandl define their nationality differently, both see their identity as a matter of personal choice, not an accident of birth. And not incidentally, both are Davos Men, members of the international business elite who trek each year to the Swiss Alpine town for the annual meeting of the world Economic Forum, founded in 1971. This week, Browder and Mandl will join more than 2,200executives, politicians, academics, journalists, writers and a handful of Hollywood stars for five days of networking, parties and endless earnest discussions about everything from post-election Iraq and HIV in Africa to the global supply of oil and the implications of nanotechnology. Yet this year, perhaps more than ever, a hot topic Davos is Davos itself. Whatever their considerable differences, most flows of capital, labor and technology across national borders, is both welcome and unstoppable. They see the world increasingly as one vast, interconnected marketplace in which corporations search for the most advantageous locations to buy, produce and sell their goods and services.
虽然布劳德和曼德尔对各自的国籍界定不同，但他们都将国籍视为个人选择问题，而不是由出生地决定的。而且，他们两个人都是达沃斯人，这可不是巧合。达沃斯人指的是那些每年长途跋涉去瑞士阿尔卑斯山区的小城参加年度世界经济论坛--该论坛成立于1971年--的国际商业精英们。本周，布劳德和曼德尔将同2200余名企业高管﹑政客﹑学者﹑记者﹑作家和少数几位好莱坞明星一起，参加为时五天的交际活动﹑宴会和没完没了的认真的讨论。讨论话题林林总总，从大选后的伊拉克和非洲的艾滋病病毒到全球的石油供应和纳米技术的意义。然而今年，或许比以往更甚的是，达沃斯论坛的一个热门话题就是达沃斯本身。尽管与会男女各不相同，但他们大多数有一个共同的信念：全球化，即资本﹑劳动力和技术不受阻碍的跨国界流动，是值得欢迎和不可阻挡。在他们看来，世界越来越像一个巨大的互相联系的市场。在这个市场里，企业寻求采购﹑生产及销售产品和服务的最佳地点。
Vocabulary
1. The general ordered his troops to move quickly towards an advantageous position.
2. People would think the seven-year-old couldn’t even reach the pedals, let alone drive the car. Nevertheless, he made it!
3. In a sense, we are witnessing the vanishing of national boarders in many areas of economic activity in the world today.
4. The tower built at the turn of the century became a landmark of the city.
5. In a book entitled A short History of Nearly Everything, Bill Bryson tries to ignite a passion for knowledge in young readers.
6. It seems neuroscience is threatening to displace physics as the queen of the sciences.
7. It is only natural for the people to challenge the Establishment, especially when the economic outlook is gloomy.
8. If anything, this movies appeals to the patriotic feelings of the people and helps to strengthen national unity.
9. Julius Caesar in this play is a man full of contradictions, at times strong and confidence, but at other times old and frail.
10. The newly launched website aspires to create a virtual community of common interest via exchange of views on the future of the Internet.
11. What Ann advocates just shows how divorced from reality she has become.
12. After investigating the behavior of pendulums, Galileo was able to use them as time measurement devices in many of his experiments.
【课后练习翻译】
1.因为约翰不看好欧洲经济，所以把资产转移到了欧洲以外的其他地方。(asset, elsewhere, outlook)
Due to his pessimistic outlook on the European economy, John has moved his assets from Europe to elsewhere.
2. 我喜欢雇佣年轻人。他们愿意学习，而且忠于职守。(be committed to, earnest)
I like hiring young people. They are earnest learners and committed to work.
3. 玛丽和她那些以自己孩子为中心的女友们不同，更在意个人成长。(center, unlike) Unlike her girl friends who center their lives on their children, Mary cares more about her personal growth.
4. 有一大批同事们和你意见不合，这是怎么回事。(at odds with, considerable)
Why is it that a considerable number of colleagues are at odds with you?
5. 中国政府出台了一系列政策以加强同发展中国家的合作。(a variety of, strengthen)
The Chinese government has introduced a variety of policies to strengthen cooperation with developing countries.
Unit 5
【背诵段落】
3 I think the chief thing that struck me about Burton was his kindliness. There was something very pleasing in his mild blue eyes. His voice was gentle; you could not imagine that he could possibly raise it in anger; his smile was benign. Here was a man who attracted you because you felt in him a real love for his fellows. At the same time he liked his game of cards and his cocktail, he could tell with point a good and spicy story, and in his youth he had been something of an athlete. He was a rich man and he had made every penny himself. I suppose one thing that made you like him was that he was so small and frail; he aroused your instincts of protection. You felt that he could not bear to hurt a fly.
我想，伯顿当时给我印象最深的主要还是他这个人和善。他那双温和的蓝眼睛有种令人愉快的神情。他说话的声音轻柔；你无法想象他会提高嗓门大发雷霆；他的笑容和蔼可亲。这个人吸引你，是因为你从他身上感到他对别人的真正的爱。同时他也喜欢玩牌，喝鸡尾酒，他还能很得要领地讲个动听的来劲儿的故事，他年轻时多少还是个运动员呢。他是个阔佬，但他的每一个便士都是自己挣来的。我想，人们喜欢他还有一个原因，那就是他非常瘦小、脆弱，容易引起人们的恻隐之心。你觉得他甚至连只苍蝇都不忍伤害。
[Vocabulary]
1)In a way I prefer shopping online because it is more convenient and saves time.
2)The success of mechanics in discovering reliable and useful laws of nature suggested to Galileo that all nature is designed in accordance with mechanical laws.
3)A (n) vacancy exists for a sales manager at our Paris office. If you’re interested in it, please send us an application letter and your resume at once.
4)If you are over 18 and in good condition, it’s completely safe to do the job.
5)Plastics can be made hard as stone, strong as steel, transparent as glass, and light as wood.
6)Coat the shoes with polish, then rub hard with a soft cloth to give shine.
7)It was probably just a spicy joke to them, but it wasn’t funny to me at all.
8)Michael’s praise for my wife opened my eyes and taught me to show gratitude for her day-to-day heroism, which I had hitherto taken for granted.
9)The waitress did bring us clean plates eventually, but with (a) bad grace.
10)Some scientists believe that human beings are born with a(n) instinct for using their arms and legs to stay afloat, which, however, disappears within a few months after birth.
11)In order to pay the bills, Linda pawned her grandfather’s gold watch in secret.
12)Fish instinctively fight their way upstream against the current, and many water birds and animals have the ability to travel long distances.
【课后练习翻译】
1)我的直觉是亨利会设法参加这次探险，因为他有一点冒险家的气质。(something of, instinct)
I have an instinct that Henry will seek to join the expedition, because he is something of an adventurer.
2)即使置身于一个嘈杂的环境中，他也能坚持做手头的工作。(capable, stick to)
He is capable of sticking to the task at hand, even if he is exposed to noises.
3)这个商标是依据迄今有效的(in force)法律注册的。(hitherto, in accordance with)
The trademark was registered in accordance with the laws hitherto in force.
4)奇怪的是，许多人自愿帮助组织会议，但是只有少数几人到场。(oddly enough, turn up) Oddly enough, many people volunteered to help organize the meeting, but only a few turned up.
5)老师那充满关爱的话语，以及坦诚的评价改变了迈克对于社会和他自己的看法。(affectionate, candid)
The teacher’s affectionate words, along with his candid comments, changed the way Mike perceived the society and himself.
新编大学英语4课文翻译(包括课后文章翻译)和答案
Reading comprehension 1略 2 BDCAC AADBB Vocabulary 1. 1) A. entertaining B. entertainment C. entertained D. entertainer 2) A. recognizable B. recognized C. recognition 3) A. tempting B. temptation C. tempt 4) A. reasoned B. reasoning C. reasonable D. reason 5) A. analyzed B. analytical C. analyst D. analysis 6) A. valuable B. valuation C. valued/values D. values 7) A. humorist B. humor C. humorous D. humorless 8) A. understandable B. understanding C. understand D. misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement 7) made fun of him 8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9) to be the focus/center of attention 10) we buy our tickets in advance 4. 1）certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed 7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice 13) directly 14) followed 15) trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量 Reading comprehension 1略 2 FFTFTFTFTTFTFT Vocabulary 1. Creating Compound Words
全新版大学英语综合教程2课后复习资料
Unit1 Ways of Learning Vocabulary I 1. 1)insert 2)on occasion 3)investigate 4)In retrospect 5)initial 6)phenomena 7)attached 8)make up for 9)is awaiting 10)not; in the least 11)promote 12)emerged 2. 1) a striking contrast between the standards of living in the north of the country and the south. 2)is said to be superior to synthetic fiber. 3)as a financial center has evolved slowly. 4)is not relevant to whether he is a good lawyer. 5)by a little-known sixteen-century Italian poet have found their way into some English magazines. 3. 1)be picked up; can’t accomplish; am exaggerating 2)somewhat; the performance; have neglected; they apply to 3)assist; On the other hand; are valid; a superior II 1. 1)continual 2)continuous 3)continual 4)continuous 2. 1)principal 2)principal 3)principle 4)principles 5)principal III 1.themselves 2.himself/herself 3.herself/by herself/on her own 4.itself 5.ourselves 6.yourself/by yourself/on your own Comprehensive Exercises I.cloze 1. (1)contrast (2)exaggerating (3)priority (4)on the other hand (5)promoting
大学英语教学与中国传统文化的渗透
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最新Unit 6 Risks新编大学英语第二版第四册课文翻译资料
Unit 6 Risks Risks and You At some time or other, all of us have played the part of a hypochondriac, imagining that we have some terrible disease on the strength of very minor symptoms. Some people just have to hear about a new disease and they begin checking themselves to see if they may be suffering from it. But fear of disease is not our only fear, and neither is risk of disease the only risk we run. Modern life is full of all manner of threats-to our lives, our peace of mind, our families, and our future. And from these threats come questions that we must pose to ourselves: Is the food I buy safe? Are toys for my children likely to hurt them? Should my family avoid smoked meats? Am I likely to be robbed on vacations? Our uncertainties multiply indefinitely. Anxiety about the risks of life is a bit like hypochondria; in both, the fear or anxiety feeds on partial information. But one sharp difference exists between the two. The hypochondriac can usually turn to a physician to get a definitive clarification of the situation-either you have the suspected disease or you don't. It is much more difficult when anxiety about other forms of risk is concerned, because with many risks, the situation is not as simple. Risks are almost always a matter of probability rather than certainty. You may ask, "Should I wear a seat belt?" If you' re going to have a head-on collision, of course. But what if you get hit from the side and end up trapped inside the vehicle, unable to escape because of a damaged seat belt mechanism? So does this mean that you should spend the extra money for an air bag? Again, in head-on collisions, it may well save your life. But what if the bag accidentally inflates while you are driving down the highway, thus causing an accident that would never have occurred otherwise? All of this is another way of saying that nothing we do is completely safe. There are risks, often potentially serious ones, associated with every hobby we have, every job we take, every food we eat-in other words, with every action. But the fact that there are risks associated with everything we are going to do does not, or should not, reduce us to trembling neurotics. Some actions are riskier than others. The point is to inform ourselves about the relevant risks and then act accordingly. For example, larger cars are generally safer than small ones in collisions. But how much safer? The answer is that you are roughly twice as likely to die in a serious crash in a
大学英语4课文原文
Para1 An artist who seeks fame is like a dogchasing his own tail who, when he captures it, does not know what else to do but to continue chasing it.The cruelty of success is that it often leads those who seek such success to participate in their own destruction. 艺术家追求成名，如同狗自逐其尾，一旦追到手，除了继续追逐不知还能做些什么。成功之残酷正在于它常常让那些追逐成功者自寻毁灭。 "Don't quit your day job!" is advice frequently given by understandably pessimistic family members and friends to a budding artist who is trying hard to succeed. The conquest of fame is difficult at best, and many end up emotionally if not financially bankrupt. Still, impure motives such as the desire for worshipping fans and praise from peers may spur the artist on. The lure of drowning in fame's imperial glory is not easily resisted. 对一名正努力追求成功并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家，其亲朋常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能丢！”他们的担心不无道理。追求出人头地，最乐观地说也困难重重，许多人到最后即使不是穷困潦倒，也是几近精神崩溃。 Fame's spotlight can be hotter than a tropical jungle－a fraud is quickly exposed, and the pressure of so much attention is too much for most to endure.It takes you out of yourself: You must be what the public thinks you are, not what you really are or could be. The performer, like the politician, must often please his or her audiences by saying things he or she does not mean or fully believe. Curiously enough, it is those who fail that reap the greatest reward: freedom! They enjoy the freedom to express themselves in unique and original ways without fear of losing the support of fans. Failed artists may find comfort in knowing that many great artists never found fame until well after they had passed away or in knowing that they did not sell out. They may justify their failure by convincing themselves their genius is too sophisticated for contemporary audiences. Unit2 He was an immensely talented man, determined to a degree unusual even in the ranks of Hollywood stars. His huge fame gave him the freedom—and, more importantly, the money—to be his own master. He already had the urge to explore and extend a talent he discovered in himself as he went along. "It can't be me. Is that possible? How extraordinary," is how he greeted the first sight of himself as the Tramp on the screen. But that shock rousedhis imagination.Chaplin didn't have his jokes written into a script in advance; he was the kind of comic who used his physical senses to invent his art as he went along. Lifeless objects especially helped Chaplin make "contact" with himself as an artist. He turned them into other kinds of objects. Thus, a broken alarm clock in the movie The Pawnbroker became a "sick" patient undergoing surgery; boots were boiled in his film The Gold Rush and their soles eaten with salt and pepper like prime cuts of fish (the nails being removed like fish bones). This physical transformation, plus the skill with which he executed it again and again, is surely the secret of Chaplin's great comedy. He also had a deep need to be loved—and a corresponding fear of being betrayed. The two were hard to combine and sometimes—as in his early marriages—the collision between them resulted in disaster. Yet even this painfully-bought self-knowledge found its way into his comic creations. The Tramp never loses his faith in the flower girl who'll be waiting to walk into the sunset with him; while the other side of Chaplin makes Monsieur Verdoux, the French wife killer, into a symbol of hatred for women.