英语范文1
郑州大学现代远程教育毕业论文
题目：Tess? Image as a New Woman and
Analysis of the Causes of Her Tragedy 入学年月_ 06秋___________ _ 姓名__ _陈鑫__________ 学号_ 0600229010_________ 专业_____ 英语_________ 学习中心___ 郑州大学___________ 指导教师___ 刘永杰___________
完成时间2008年10月5日
Tess’ Image as a New Woman and Analysis of the Causes of Her Tragedy
by
Chen Xin
October 5th，2008
摘要
《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯·哈代的代表作，也是最能体现他“性格与环境小说”创作精神的重要作品之一。“性格与环境小说”也被称为“威塞克斯小说”，包括《德伯家的苔丝》、《远离尘嚣》、《还乡》及《无名的裘德》等优秀作品，标志着他现实主义创作的最高成就。在维多利亚时代，哈代小说中强烈的悲观情调、反社会的道德倾向受到了众多攻击者的批评。《德伯家的苔丝》也曾受到社会的谴责和拒绝。《德伯家的苔丝》自1891年问世一百多年来以震撼人心的悲剧力量，在社会上产生了巨大的反响。作品中描写了具有反传统精神而曾让人们赞叹的女性形象苔丝，苔丝的本质特征首先在于她的纯洁，正如小说副标题“一个纯洁的女人”所下的定义，她的纯洁在于她的自然属性，她周身洋溢着大自然的清新气息，有着大自然女儿的优秀品质。她是“自然之女”，有着诗一般优美、清新的气韵，也有着诗一般的激情，在与传统道德和父权思想的斗争中，在对宗教信条的挑战中，苔丝成长为一个勇敢的新女性。但是她被大自然所创造，却被社会习俗所毁灭，最后以悲剧收场。在之前的一些的评论里，人们倾向于把她的悲剧归结于诸如环境因素之类的外部原因，而事实上，在她的人生中，时代背景、社会和家庭环境以及她自身的性格因素交互作用才最终导致了悲剧的产生。
本文从客观角度出发，对《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的新女性形象和特质作了一次详尽分析。并通过对社会经济政治背景和宗教思想环境的分析，进一步探索苔丝悲剧形成的深层原因，揭露当时不公正的社会对于人性的压迫和损害。
关键词：托马斯·哈代，新女性，苔丝，悲剧
ABSTRACT
…Tess of the D?urbervilles? is Thomas Hardy?s most famous novel. Under Hardy?s pen, the heroine Tess is created as an attractive and warm-hearted pure woman, who has the quality of endurance and self-sacrifice. Tess has long been regarded as the most exceptional woman character in English literary history. However, the life of this pure woman is tragic. She is firstly seduced, then abandoned and finally driven to murder for which she is hanged. The main paper of this essay consists of three parts: introduction, Tess as a symbol of new woman and the causes of her tragedy. The article begins with a general comment on the novel and its heroine in the introduction. The second one explores the reason why Tess, a fallen woman, is considered a pure woman and how she grows into a new woman. After reading the story, one may get the sense that Tess possesses all good qualities of a lady in that she has a strong responsibility towards her family and is ready to sacrifice her own happiness for the ones she loves. Tess is honest and loyal to Angel in her love. She confesses her history to Angel at the risk of being abandoned. In her brave struggle under tough situations and her fearless challenge to conventional norms and religious dogmas, especially after her killing of Alec, Tess becomes a spirited new woman. Tess' tragedy happened in "prosperous" Victorian Age, under the veil of prosperity, the powerful impact of liberal capitalism puts the rural economy on the verge of bankruptcy. Though the tragic story of the heroine in the novel seems to hinge upon her love and marriage, yet what Hardy attacks goes much beyond the system of marriage in the hypocritical bourgeois society to include all the legal, moral, educational and religious phenomena of capitalist relations. Tess tries to seek her sincere love instead; she becomes the sacrifice of double standard in morality, the victim of economic oppression and social injustice. Hardy shows his deep sympathy for her, Hardy's defiance against the status of Victorian England is both fierce and unrelenting and that is why the novel met with terrific accusation from the bourgeois authorities. He revealed the original causes of tess? tragedy.
This essay analyzes …Tess of the D?urbervilles? from two aspects: the new women
image of Tess and the causes of her tragedy.
Key Words: Thomas Hardy，New Women，Tess，Tragedy
CONTENTS
Chapter One Introduction (1)
Chapter Two Tess as a Symbol of New Woman (3)
2.1 A portrait of Tess (3)
2.2 Tess, the Daughter of Nature (5)
2.3 Tess, As a Symbol of Rebel (7)
Chapter Three The Causes of Tess? T ragedy (9)
3.1 The Destructive Impact of Industrialization (9)
3.2 The Hypocrisy of Patriarch (11)
Chapter Four Conclusion (16)
Bibliography (17)
Acknowledgements (18)
Chapter One Introduction
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), a remarkable nineteenth-century novelist as well as a twentieth-century poet, is one of the representatives of English critical realism at the turn of the nineteenth century. Tess of the D'L'rbervilles (Tess, hereinafter), his masterpiece, has always been bearing a strong appeal for the reader for a century and has been drawing increasing attention from literary critics. Nevertheless, as one of Hardy's last and most important novels, it has aroused much controversy and stirred passionate advocacy and opposition. Hardy's unorthodox depiction of the protagonist and his frankness with the theme of sexual attraction shocks the people of his time.
Tess is considered a fallen woman according to the Victorian morality for her being seduced by her young master Alec and giving birth to an illegitimate son. In the Victorian era the only thing a fallen woman deserved was to commit suicide and got redeemed from her sins. In Tess, the author deliberately delineates the heroine as a new woman in order to challenge traditional prejudice.
At the very beginning of the novel, the protagonist is characterized as a "pure woman'' with natural beauty. With the development of the story, he continuously endows her with all lofty qualities of a good lady. Tess is an obedient daughter who has a strong sense of responsibility toward her family and is willing to sacrifice her own happiness for the good of her beloved ones. Her attitude toward Sorrow, her illegitimate son, and her later murder of Alec both prove that Tess is a brave fighter against false religion and morality. Tess is honest and loyal to Angel in her love. She confesses her history to Angel at the risk of being abandoned. In her brave struggle under tough situations and her fearless challenge to conventional norms and religious dogmas, especially after her killing of Alec, Tess becomes a spirited new woman. Thus we may say that the true value of Tess lies more in the spiritual power rather than physical one.
This unorthodox delineation of a fallen woman was not shared by the readers and most critics in his days. Outraged defenders of public virtue decried Tess as a sinner. But Hardy sees her as a woman more sinned against than sinning as she is powerless
over what has been done to her. He endows her a image as new woman.
The time of the story is set at the late Victorian Age when industrialization began to encroach upon the countryside rapidly. With the further development of capitalism, many social changes took place in the rural area of southern England; the peasants lost their land and became workers of the factories. Tess? father's inabi lity and too many young children cause the family to be always in an economic strait. It depends, to a large degree, on Tess to support its members. So in her short life, Tess is impelled by the economic pressure from her family to seek job here and there; and it is her family that makes Tess return to Alex in the last. And therefore the bankruptcy of agriculture and the destruction of the peasants are the very root of the tragedy around and in her family.
The last years of the nineteenth century were the Victorian period. As Leon Wald-off indicated, the male demanded for purity in were the woman and the use of double standard in sexual matters essential features of the Victorian society. That society, it was necessary to remember, was informed by Christianity and characterized by patriarchy.
From the beginning to the end of the novel, Tess' tragic fate is closely related to two men: Alec the rake and Angel the saint; neither of whom could be better than the other. Neither man seeks Tess out as a loving, equal partner. Tess is virtually a victim of injustices. Tess is bound to confront a tragic fate in the unfair capitalist society. In this sense, Tess is torn by society and her tragedy is made inevitable by society, too.
The author of this paper makes an attempt to analyze on Hardy's creation of the new woman image of Tess and to interpret Tess' tragedy as the result of industrialization and patriarchal society. The conclusion of the thesis summarizes the main argument of the paper.
Chapter Two Tess as a Symbol of New Woman
2.1 A portrait of Tess
Unlike other novels that concern the experiences of more than one character, Tess concentrates exclusively on its protagonist---her growth, development and destruction. Hardy makes her the absolute center of the novel by tracing her life from the age of sixteen till her death in her early twenties. Angel is of great importance, but he is important only in causing part of her tragedy. Angel falls in love with her, but later abandons her for her dishonored past. Finally he recognizes her true value and returns to her. Angel's attitude toward her is one of the most important causal factors in the forming of her character and her final ruin. Alec is another important character in the novel, but he is depicted only to cause the first fatal step in the protagonist?s tragic life. He later reappears as a convert there just to complete her downfall.
Except for the comments on some events made by the narrator, the whole story of her tragedy is presented from the heroine's point of view. The author focuses entirely on her reaction to all the events around her and describes the outside world from her eyes. Thus, one witnesses from the starting point to the eventual of her downfall, Alec seducing her and the aftereffects on the rest of her life. As the novel progresses, the reader learns more about her true nature and how she is destroyed at the end by the impositions of conventional values on her, Alec's misinterpreting of her feelings, Angel's religious dogmatism and the views of other people surrounding her.
The portrait of Tess is a great challenge to both the rigid morality and the religious dogma in the Victorian era. She is depicted by Thomas Hardy as a new woman who is full of spirit of rebellion against old orders. The subtitle “A Pure Woman” gives us the biggest clue to the author's attitude toward the heroine and what this novel is about. Many reviewers in his day doubt the attributing purity to a fornicator, unmarried mother and murderess. But the author continuously emphasizes this aspect of her character. Throughout the novel, one is deeply touched by her natural beauty, pure nature, artistic temperament and poetic image.
Nevertheless, Tess' character is a combination of her mother's fatalistic peasant
beliefs and her father's ancient aristocratic heritage. From her noble ancestors, she inherits her proud and rebellious nature. The irrational and violent side of her can be seen from her lashing out against Alec and the eventual slaying of him. Meanwhile, she also owns her mother's peasant passivity and ability to survive. But unlike her parents who just live for their own happiness, she is overburdened with duties to her family from a very young age. Sense of duty and self-sacrificing composes most part of her pure nature; while on the other band makes her easily to be victimized by others.
She is affectionate and bright though poorly educated for she has a strong desire to better herself, not socially but as an individual. That is what attracts her to Angel Clare. She tries to live an orderly happy life, but she has so many fears due to her superstitious background. This contradiction results in her reverting to beliefs and omens. Her good points ironically lead her indirectly to her downfall, as they become more of a curse than a blessing. Her sense of duty leads her to claim kin with the wealthy but false D?Urbervilles and her beauty attracts Alec, who eventually seduces her. Her beauty then attracts Angel, who misinterprets her as a noble virgin and later drives her into adversity when her past is disclosed.
In addition, she owns pleasant enough physical qualities to attract the attention of any man with the least fire in him. She is a fine handsome girl who is deceptively mature and grows into a young woman. Emphasis is placed especially on her large and innocent eyes and her sensual lips. And the author creates her amidst her surroundings and addresses her “a mere vessel of emotion.” One can sense in her an instinctive and emotional quality, which contrasts sharply with the conventional world.
Besides Tess?physical qualities the author endows her with as many noble qualities as a pure woman can have and strengths her to survive under great hardship and depression. Tess illustrates Hardy's rejection of a traditional heroine of Victorian fiction. The subtitle of the novel, "A Pure Woman", reveals his particular attitude toward her.
2.2 Tess, the Daughter of Nature
Moreover, Tess is created as the representative of the natural world; her beauty is in harmony with all of nature's non-human characteristics; her fate and feelings are closely linked with everything on earth. The author uses a series of symbols from nature to suggest the experiences and feelings of her. The novel starts with a sunny day of May, Tess and her fellow club-walkers are dancing on the green grass, the sky blue and the atmosphere colorless. All club-walkers are dressed in white gowns, with a peeled willow wand in their right hands and a bunch of flowers in the left. The peaceful environment symbolizes fresh and inexperienced Tess, whose heart is filled with dreams and hopes for happiness. But her home is a world of difference for what presents before our eyes is “an unspeakable dreariness”, “…the yellow melancholy of this one-candled spectacle, what a step!” This striking contrast indicates the misery life of Tess and the beginning of her tragedy. This portent of disaster is intensified by the scene of the Stokes' mansion presented before Tess when she first goes there. When evil befalls Tess, the author makes everything hidden in darkness: “Darkness and silence ruled everything around.Above them rose the primeval yews and oaks of The Chase，in which were poised gentle roosting birds in their last nap; and about them stole the hoppin g rabbits and hares.”
It seems that all the things around are shocked by the violence. The "Darkness" and "silence" of everything suggest the entire helplessness of Tess and the primeval "yews" and "oaks" stand as mute spectators to the crime. While "the sleeping birds, the rabbits and hares" implies Tess as a passive victim. In many places of the novel, the unity of person and nature causes the finest effect.
She is the daughter of nature; her beauty comes from nature and her moral values are those of the natural world. But her character is tempered by the education she receives and the values of Christianity and convention she absorbs. Therefore, most of her misery has been caused by her conventional aspect. Certainly it is her upbringing that makes her feel guilty at the birth of her child, and allows her to accept so completely Angel's cruel verdict on her. Her tragedy results from, to some extent, the traditional morality she is forced to accept, but her suffering is intensified by her
willingness to be victimized.
Significantly, the identification of Tess and the natural world is very strong throughout the book as they are often described similarly; Tess is called the daughter of nature, and the seasons and the weather reflect her emotional and physical state. Tess' story is divided into seven "phases" rather than seven sections. The use of "phases" seems to symbolize that Tess, like a plant, an animal, or the moon, goes through natural cycles of growth. Tess's life begins and ends in spring, falls in love in summer and marries, ominously, in the dead of winter. It is part of a cycle that includes all of nature.
Thus, Hardy treats life as a natural order of things. The structure of this novel reflects this image of circle at several levels. Circularity of life is one of the major themes of this novel. The author uses seasons to denote the passage of time implies a circular image rather than a linear one. Tess herself also sees life in the same way, as she is meditating on the different dates that mark different stages in her life. "She philosophically noted as they came past in the revolution of the year; the disastrous might of her undoing at Trantridge with its dark background of The Chase; also her own birthday; and every other day individualized by incidents in which she had taken some share.…there was yet another date, of greater importance to her than those; that of her own death,"In addition, the plot of the novel contains many smaller circles in it. The main circle of the story is from the discovery of Tess's ancestor's tombs to her own death. The life and death of Sorrow is a small circle within the large one. Alec's converting to Christianity and betraying is another. Angel and Tess's Iove journey-from their falling in love with each other to their departure and at length to their reconciling-represent more circles. The diction of the novel seems to reinforce this theme by representing Tess and her companions dancing in a circle on the green; and at the end Tess stops to rest on the Stonehenge and is arrested there. These instances highlight the non-benevolent aspect of nature, as the conclusion of the circle is "certain death" for all living beings. The circles of life that rule Tess externally reflect her powerless over what has been done to her and meanwhile contribute to the manifestation of her pure and innocent nature.
2.3 Tess, As a Symbol of Rebel
Furthermore, the unorthodox female image of Tess is fully manifested in her consistent struggle with fate, the Victorian law, morality and religion. A fallen woman will usually consider herself evil and will be punished and thus will desire death immediately as the only method to get rid of her sin and find salvation of her soul. But Tess as both a fallen and an abandoned woman does not follow the same step, she does not seek death after she is dishonored by Alec or abandoned by Angel as what is usually expected by the Victorians, instead she is endowed with her own sense of strength to protest herself against dilemmas and fate.
Tess is not a dreamer full of vanity of pride; instead, she is firmly rooted in reality and concerns of the present. Her independence and self-respect can be witnessed from her rejection to her mother's suggestion of finding some young man who is interested in her to accompany her to deliver the beehives. She does not take seriously her mother's hope for her to marry a wealthy person. Out of sense of guilty for killing their horse and obedience to her parents, she is goaded to claim kin with the D'Urbervilles. After her seduction, Tess does not want to be a fancy woman of Alec and leaves him secretly to her village Marlott. Alec tracks her down and asks her to go back, but she refuses and tells him it is against her will to have sex with him. When Alec answers: "That's what every woman says." Tess bursts into anger, "She cried, turning impetuously upon him, her eyes flashing as the latent spirit (of which he was to see more some day)awoke in her." The author does not explain what this "latent spirit" is. But one can guess right that it is the rebel spirit buries deep in her heart and may erupt completely someday. It's the first time we learn the rebellion aspect of the protagonist and this spirit is shown once again as when she shouts to Alec: "My God!
I could knock you out of the gig! Did it never strike your mind that what every woman says some women may feel?" This type of dialogue is unconventional in the Victorian time when women were considered inferior to men. It is against the Victorian norms for any woman, much less than a peasant woman, to talk in that way to a rich and powerful man. But Tess is not a typical Victorian woman so that even though Alec has taken away her virginity, she will not rely on him or marry him. This
is one of the basic traits of Tess as a new woman image, although it has causes her many sufferings.
Her sense of rebellion is fully demonstrated by her murder of Alec at the end of the story. Angel returns from Brazil and wants to be reconciled with her, but only finds her living with Alec. Both husband and wife are overcome with feelings of grief and frustration. In confusion and anger, Tess fights bitterly with Alec and stabs him to death. Her murder of Alec is a great challenge to the Victorian law, which does not protect Tess from the bad people or does not right the wrong that has been done to her. At the end of the story, Tess is punished for the murder of Alec, the narrator ironically says: “`Justice' was done, and the President of the Immortals (in Eschylean phrase) had ended his sport with Tess." Obviously, the author means the opposite. It is a tragedy of law because it can only punish the physical violence, such as the murder, while does nothing to the perpetrator who commits emotional violence.
Hardy goes to great length to establish the foil to natural order: the convention. Convention is seen as an artificial imposition of society on nature. It is convention that brands Tess as a fallen woman and subsequent a mother. It is convention that drives Angel away from her after her revelation of her past. Nevertheless, her values are those of the natural world, which conflict sharply with the conventional values. Thus Tess is depicted by the author as a brave fighter against conventional mores.
Tess is considered the best female image created by Thomas Hardy. At first, Tess appears to be a typical Victorian "innocent seduced',-a girl whose life is ruined by a villain. But Hardy takes his heroine beyond this popular Victorian stereotype by endowing Tess with pure nature, natural beauty and strength to survive. Instead of committing suicide, Tess tries to go on living and loving, staying true to her intentions and feelings. Her goals are to be happy and to make those she loves happy. If we compare her to Alec or Angel, we'll find her fresher, less inhabited, more humanist, and wiser. We are given an unwavering picture of a new woman who is trying to do good for others and struggling desperately in a cold world.
Chapter Three The Causes of Tess’ T ragedy
3.1 The Destructive Impact of Industrialization
There have appeared in recent years the thoughtful studies of Tess by English critics Douglas Brown and Arnold Kettle, which see Tess as victim of a social disintegration that has been caused by the coming of a social disintegration that has been caused by the coming of industrialization to the countryside.
The tragedies Hardy writes are unfolded in Wessex, the background against which the tragedy happens. Wessex is more fully and ambitiously conceptualized in Tess of the d?Urbervilles than in any other novel, whose ranges are specifically laid out of the actions of the book.
In the 19th century England, enormous numbers of country people left for the cities, agricultural laborers were the worst paid, and the worst paid agricultural laborers were in Dorset. The year 1830 saw a march on London of impoverished laborers from all over the south of England from Kent to Dorset. Children younger than six were working in the fields. The poverty of the agricultural laborers, the inflated price of basic foods and the misery that had always accompanied widespread unemployment were close facts to Hardy during his childhood. Mechanization of the sort Hardy symbolized in the threshing machine in Tess brought a new sort of farming, streamlined, on a large scale, and technical. But for the laborers there were few benefits. More intensive farming did not create more jobs and the work often became less varied and required only at certain seasons of the year. The widespread poverty provided much of Ha rdy?s concern with the plight of t he laborers. Unemployment, being turned out of tied cottages, seasonal labor, new mechanized techniques in farms, new accounting techniques in business, gradations and differences between the employers and the employed, the impact of the towns and educated men on the rural scene: these are the realistic situations readers meet in the Wessex novels described by Hardy which reflect very truly the problems for Dorset laborers right through and beyond the middle years of the century.
In the thirty years between 1870 and 1900, 300,000 agricultural workers left the
countryside for cities. Labor on farms became increasingly precarious and laborers moved from one seasonal employment to another. It is a phenomenon readers meet in Tess when the dairymaids move on to winter world drawing reeds and grubbing turnips for Farmer Groby at Flintcomb–Ash.
The great social historian Trevelyan wrote, “The greatest single event of the Seventies (1870s), fraught with immeasurable consequences for the future, was the collapse of ag riculture”(Trevelyan, 1982:34). Hardy realized that the collapse of agriculture was inevitable, in the due process of history and economics. There was a rigid social caste system, according to stratum or class, and not entirely on possessions. Human beings were kept coldly in compartments. To some extent class distinction was founded on education and manner of speech and dress in days when schooling and nice clothes were out of the question for laborers? children. Poverty and despair surrounded every village and too many laborers drowned their sorrows in drinking. As regards the Durberfield family, the old horse Prince was the only source of life making and its death plunged the whole family into an economic blind alley. So it was the poverty of the Durbeyfield family that brought Tess across the path of Alec in the first place, and it was Alec?s ability to provide for the family that brought Tess to “sell” herself to him at the close of the book. There was always great difficulty of earning enough to ensure physical survival for the Durbeyfields. In her adversity Tess sent her mother 20 pounds to repair the family house. After John?s death, the family was evicted out of their leased house because life hold could not be renewed. They were forced to settle down beside their ancestors? vault.
Hardy wrote Tess during what turned out to be nearly the last years of a massive but complex shift in the nations economic forces, whose effects accorded it the name …the Great Depression?.Agriculture was especially hard hit. Corn-growing counties suffered and the workers in them were at low economic state in 1888-90.No county was of a less urban culture or economy than Dorset, with its milch-cows and orchards and grain fields, its near total lack of industry. Hardy recognized that an entire way of life crucial to his deepest emotional reactions had been steadily eroded since his birth in 1840.In the Preface to Tess, Hardy states that …the novel embodies the views of life
prevalent at the end of the nineteenth century?, and not those of an earlier and simple generation?(Hardy,1840:11).Tess portrays simultaneously the energy of traditional ways and the strength of the forces which are destroying them. The disintegration of agriculture----a process that had its roots deep in the past---had reached its final and tragic stage. The death of the horse, Prince, is a striking symbol of the struggles of the peasantry. It suggests that the means of production on which peasants have been depending is completely defeated. The peasantry disintegrated and the yeoman class of peasants became proletarians. They had to look for a new way out in the capitalist society. Losing the dependence and facing the threat of poverty, Tess had to go out to look for a way out. She became an employee of th e d?Urbervilles, representative of bourgeois upstart. So the ruin of Tess by Alec is symbolic of the ruin of the peasantry by the capitalists who have taken over farming. After her seduction Tess sinks lower and lower on the social scale. She hopes to break out of her wage-slavery by marrying Angel but is cruelly frustrated. She goes to Flintcomb-Ash and there becomes a thoroughgoing member of the working class. The scene of threshing is particularly important, a symbol of the dehumanized relationships of the new capitalist farms. In another sense, Tess records the disintegration and destruction of the English peasantry and its sphere is the more generalized movement of human destiny during a particular period.
And therefore the bankruptcy of agriculture and the destruction of the peasants are the very root of the tragedy around Tess and in her family.
The deepest contradiction, for Salleh, in capitalism is not the ownership of the means of production that is identified by Marxism, but the psychosexual domination of men over women and therefore over nature. That is the treatment of both women and nature as resources and limitless commons to be exploited and as sources of externalities to be poisoned and discarded.
3.2 The Hypocrisy of Patriarchy
Thomas Hardy has a developing conception of tragedy in the process of his novel creation. The development illustrates itself clearly in his four representative tragic
novels: The Return of the Native, The Mayor of Casterbridge, Tess of the d?Ubervilles and Jude the Obscure, especially in the four principal characters Eustacia, Henchard, Tess and Jude of the novels. He describes Eustacia as a“tragedy of fate”, Henchard as a “tragedy of character”, Tess and Jude as “tragedies of society.”
When he wrote Tess of the d?Urber villes, he became fully aware that the human tragedy resulted far more from society than characters themselves.
Tess is a typical female tragedy, as Jude in Jude the Obscure and Henchard are typically male tragedies, considering the convention and the bourgeois morality of her time, which set double moral standards for man and woman. Tess desires to maintain her integrity, yet she is torn between social injustices. Being cornered, she has to rebel against society. Unfortunately her rebellion is requited with a fatal punishment from society. It is obviously a social tragedy. For the first time, Hardy associates tragedy with society, launching a direct criticism of the morality, religion and law of the Victorian society. This is a great development of his understanding of tragedy. Tess is more than the history of a woman?s life and death; it is also an indictment of …Justice,?human and divine, as the Oresteia is its vindication.
The last years of the nineteenth century were the Victorian period. Victorian morality imposed rigid norm on women, which demanded women to be pure. The loss of virginity was a fatal blow to Tess as she was turned against and crushed by the social convention, and consequently, suffered endlessly till she lost hope in retrieving her virginity and was forced to reach her self-fulfillment in her own way. Thus Tess?s tragedy took place in such a particular historical and social background.
In the world, Tess, made to transgress codified morality, would inevitably face a pilgrimage leading to tragedy. Men and women are unable to regard each other as anything but a being apart, she is made to conform to a higher moral standard for woman than for man. In the man-dominated society, woman has to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman are not equally treated in terms of morality. “Then shall the man be guiltless, but the woman shall bear her iniquity.” This notorious moral injustice takes its root in its society. As Leon Wald-off indicates, the use of double standard in sexual matters is the essential feature of the
Victorian society. This is why Tess, being violated by Alec, unfairly suffers from being morally and socially spurned and punished while Alec remains free from any social reprimands. It is obvious that Hardy is protesting against the moral injustice that society makes for woman.
Tess?s tragic fate is closely related to two men: Alec the rake and Angel the saint. Guerard speaks of Tess? destruction as occurring first because of Alec?s relentlessly seeking his own pleasure but then also because of Angel?s prudery.
According to the Victorian customs, a man could live a dissipating life as he had once done while a woman could not. The double standard for man and woman make it impossible for Angel to forgive Tess. In fact, his unfair standard for Tess is quiet representative, because “the male demand for purity in woman and the use of the double standard in sexual matters are essential features of the social life of the nineteenth century.”Angel is still dominated by the conventional custom and the bourgeois view of morality. Bound up by the bondage, Angel exposes his class prejudice. He taunts Tess that person from different societies has different manners. He blames Tess for her humble status and her family that he thinks are the causes of her committing the disgraceful sin. Just as Hardy commented, With all his attempted independence of judgment this advanced and well–meaning young man, a sample product of the last five-and-twenty years, was yet the slave to custom and conventionality when surprised back into his early teachings (Hardy, 1979:221). He is the fundamental cause of Tess?s tragedy.
Alec, with his first seduction of Tess and later relentless pursuit of her, is the direct cause of Tess? tragedy.
Alec is not a whole man, but only part of man who is the personification of a certain kind of male sexuality. He is fascinated by Tess because there is “something”about her that he can not understand: Tess seeks love while he does not know the difference between love and lust. Thus he cannot cope with a truly good and morally whole person like Tess, who has more in her that her sexual attractions. The other, higher dimension is a threat to Alec, and he destroys her because he can do nothing else. He is so taken with Tess? sexuality that he determines to possess her regardless of
her inward feelings. The inward Tess remains shut off from him just as the inward Tess was unknown to Angel.
From a feminist perspective, what is significant is Hardy?s continual development of parallels that indicate how, as Mickelson puts it, Angel and Alec “are one and the same man. Their concept of woman reflects society?s view of her and the myths constructed about women”(Stave, 1995:109). That society, it is necessary to remember, is informed by Christianity and characterized by patriarchy.
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一、 Can Money Buy Happiness? （金钱能买来幸福） Money plays all important role ii1 our everyday life. It has been a favorite topic for discussion a mong ail kinds of people, young and old, men and women. With the establishment of the market economy and the development of society, more and more people are paying their attention to th e function of money. Some say that money is the source of happiness while others hold a negativ e attitude and regard money as the root of all evils. In my opinion, money can both benefit people and do harm to them. First, we can't deny that money is useful We need money to buy our daily necessities such as food, houses and clothing, et c. Generally speaking, more money can make us live more comfortably. Secondly, if we have more money, we can take part in more social activities. We can travel widely and have more experienc e. We can receive higher education, increase our knowledge and develop our skills. In addition, W e will have more ways to help others. All those can help us live an interesting and meaningful life. However, money can also do harm to us, especially when we have large amounts of it. If a pers on p[aces money prior to anything else, he will tend to lose the p[easure of his life. Since everythi ng means nothing to him except caring for more money, he will lose friends, or even the care and warmth from his family. If this happens, money on[y brings to him loneliness. So, I think we can't regard money simply as a good thing or a bad one. If we use it properly, it w ill benefit us a lot; otherwise, it will do harm to us or it can even ruin us 二、The pure friendship between men and women does exist (男女之间存在纯友谊 ) When it comes to purity of human beings, we may think of friendship and love between men an d women. Love can be pure because thousands of facts have proved that men can keep pure love without wicked intentions with women. However, friendship is different, and how we do not let i t change into other relations is a difficult matter. Yet in my heart, I still believe that there is pure fr iendship between men and women. Purity mainly lies in mind and spirit, not just shows physically and physiologically, so attitude can decide anything. When both of the two heterosexual friends can be aware of this point and want
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中考英语作文题型分析与例文评析：命题作文 命题作文即给出一个统一的题目，限定考生写作的具体范围，要求考生就同一主题展开叙述或评论。写好命题作文的关键是紧扣主题、立意明确、观点清晰。 命题作文 ［例1］To be a lovely Shanghainese(20XX年上海市英语中考题) 审题：该题的重点在于阐述作为一个可爱的上海人，我们关键应怎样做？在20XX年的考生作文中，有一部分同学发生了严重的偏题，把描述重点放在形容上海是怎样的一个大都市，因此失分很多。由此看来，审题的准确是非常重要的。 学生作文：Shanghai is developing quickly everyday. Quite a few foreigners come to visit Shanghai. As the hosts of Shanghai, we must be lovely Shanghaineses to tell the visitors that Shanghai is an international city. To be a lovely Shanghainese, first, we should do our best to make the city more beautiful to show our enthusiasm. Next, we should be kind and friendly to everyone. We must do so to make our guests fell our zeal. Finally, we should study and work hard to rise our ability. Shanghai is developing and we should make progress to follow the epoch. 教师评析：该篇作文行文流畅，结构清晰，以“first，Next，Finally”的结构描述，层次感很强。不定式的恰当运用体现了考生较好的语法功底。 教师拟评分：9分 ［例2］Four years' school life 审题：该题要求考生对四年的初中生活进行回顾和总结，适合以夹叙夹议的方式来写作。（此外，从情感教育的角度来看，阅卷老师总希望读到考生回忆自己美好、快乐的初中生活，而不是讨厌自己的母校、老师、同学等消极情绪的体现。） 学生作文：I've been in my middle school for four years. Four years' school life plays an important role in my life. I enjoy making friends, getting knowledge and having interesting time in my school. I have also made friendship with lots of classmates, and I have also been taught different lessons by lots of different patient teachers. I have grown up a lot in the past four years. I will never forget my four years' school life.