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海上石油英语

A-60 fire door A-60级防火门（A-60 ji fang huo men）

a-hundred-year return period 百年一遇

abrasive (喷砂用的)磨料

abrasive paper 砂纸

AC generator 交流发电机

AC motor 交流电动机

accelerated corrosion testing 加速腐蚀试验acceptance criteria 合格准则

access hole (for welding) =cope hole 焊接工艺孔accommodation and power platform (APP) 生活动力平台according to =in accordance with =in line with =as per =in the light of 按照acetylene gas 乙炔

acid electrode 酸性焊条

acid proof cement 防酸水泥

additive 添加剂

adhere to 遵守(动词)

adherence to 遵守(名词)

adjacent columns 相临立柱

adverse combination of loads 荷载的不利组合adverse condition 不利条件

aeronautical radio system 航空无线电系统

AFC (approved for construction) 建造批准aforementioned 上述的

aft winch 船艉绞车

agitator 搅拌器

air blower 鼓风机

air compressor 空压机

air drive pump 气动泵

air hoister 气动绞车

air manifold 气包

air tight test 气密性试验

air-hose 风带

aircraft obstruction beacon 航空障碍灯

alarm buzzer 报警蜂鸣器

alarm horn 报警喇叭

aliphatic polyurethane 脂肪族聚氨酯漆

allowable (working) stress 许用应力

Aluminum alloy anode 铝合极

Aluminum ingot 铝锭

aluminum paint 银粉漆

aluminum sheet 铝皮

ambient air temperature 环境气温

ambient temperature 环境温度

anchor block 地锚块

anchor bolt 地脚螺栓

anchor ground 锚地

anchor pile 锚桩

anchor profile/pattern 涂装表面的粗糙度

anchor rack 锚架

anchoring buoy 锚泊浮筒

angle of incidence 入射角

angle of reflection 折射角

angle probe method 超声波斜射探伤

angle steel 角钢

angle valve 角阀

anode core 阳极芯子

anode end face geometry 阳极端面几何形状

anode life 阳极寿命

anode potential 阳极电位

anode stand-off post 支架式阳极的立柱anodic resistance 阳极电阻

anti-electrostatic floor 防静电地板

anticorrosive paint 防锈漆

antipollution measures 防污染措施

API specified requirement API规定的要求apparent batter 视斜度

applicable API specification API适用规approach-departure sector 直升飞机起落扇形区appurtenance =attachment

=accessory =auxiliary 附件

arc air gouging 碳弧气刨

arc cutting 电弧切割

arc strike 弧击

argon arc welding 氩弧焊

argon arc welding machine 氩弧焊机articulated tower mooring system 绞接塔系泊系统

artificial island 人工岛

as per 按照

as-built 完工

as-built dossier 完工资料

as-built drawing 完工图

as-rolled 轧制状态

assemble 组装(动词)

assembly 组装(名词)

associated gas 伴生气

at the option of A 按A的意愿

atmospheric diving system =unpressurized diving system 常压潜水系统atmospheric vent 防空管

attachments 附件

auto fire alarm system 火灾自动报警系统

automatic spraying system 自动喷淋系统

(to be) buttered (焊接的)长肉

back chipping 清根

back gouging 反面气刨

backing weld 打底焊道

backpressure regulator (self contained) 背压式调节阀(自力式) backwash return pump 反冲洗回流泵backwash purge tank 反冲洗罐

backwash tank 反冲洗水罐

Ball hardness 布氏硬度

ball valve 球阀

bar (截面较小的)圆钢方钢六角钢等

bar chart 统计用的柱状图

barge bumper 靠船件

barge strength and stability 驳船强度及稳性

barrel (管件的)加厚段

base metal 母材, 基本金属

basic design 基本设计

basic electrode =lime type covered electrode 碱性焊条

battery room 蓄电池间

blowout preventer system (BOP system) 防喷器系统

beam depth 梁高

beam path distance 超声波发射程距

bearing strength of the ground 地基承载力

bearing stress 支撑应力

before welding is initiated 始焊前bending moment 弯矩

bending stress 弯曲应力

bevel 坡口

bevel angle 坡口面角

beveling/chamfering 开坡口

bid drawing 招标图纸

bilge /fire pump 舱底污水—消防两用泵

bilge alarm system 污水报警系统

bid/tender for …投标

blast cleaning 喷砂除锈

blind flange 盲法兰

blind spectacle flange 快速盲法兰blow count 打桩的锤击数

blowdown vessel 排放罐

blowhole; gas pore 气孔

blowout preventer stack 防喷器组buoyant turret mooring 浮筒转塔式系泊boat landing 登船平台

bolt, nut and washer 螺栓, 螺母及垫片bolted connection 螺栓连接

boom 吊机扒杆

boom angle 吊臂倾斜角

bore hole 镗孔

boss with plug 带有丝堵的管座

bottom echo 底面回声

bottom sitting drilling platform 坐底式钻井船boundary condition 边界条件

bow 船艏

box beam 箱形梁

box type joint 箱形节点

brace 拉筋

bracelet anode 手鐲式阳极

branch member 支杆

breathing apparatus, respirator 防毒面具bridge 栈桥

bridge (overhead) crane 天车吊brittleness 脆性

brush coating 用毛刷涂漆

buckle fastener 绑带

bulb angle 球扁钢

build-up girder 组合梁

bulk head 隔板, 舱壁

burn through 烧穿

burner 气焊工

burr and flashing 飞边毛刺

business and management 经营管理butt-welded seam 对接焊缝

butterfly valve 蝶阀

cable layer 敷缆船

cable rack tray 电缆托架

caisson 沉箱

caisson washing pump 洗舱泵caisson-type platform 沉箱式平台can 管件的)段

cantilever beam 悬臂梁

cantilever jack-up rig 悬臂自升式钻井船cantilever well module 悬臂式井口模块cap beam 帽梁

capped steel 半镇静钢

capsizing lever 倾覆力臂

capsizing moment =overturn moment 倾覆力矩carbon arc air gouging 碳弧气刨

carbon dioxide cylinder 二氧化碳气瓶carbon equivalent 碳当量

carbon dioxide (CO2) arc welding

二氧化碳气体保护电弧焊

cargo master system 货油舱总监控系统cargo tank cleaning machine 洗舱机

carrier (搬运) 小车

carry out =perform =conduct =execute 进行

catenary anchor leg mooring (CALM) 悬链锚腿系泊cathodic protection 阴极保护

cellar deck 底甲板

cellar shutdown panel (CSDP) 井口系统关断盘cement grout 水泥浆

cementing vessel 固井船

center line 中心线

center of buoyancy 浮心

center of floatation 漂心

center of gravity 重心

center punch 冲子

central control room (CCR) 中央控制室

central processing platform 中心处理平台centrifugal pump 离心泵

centrifuger 离心机

ceramic fibres 防火棉

ceramic tiles 瓷砖

certifying authority 第三方检验机构

chain block 倒链

chair with arm-rests 带扶手的半软椅chamfering 开坡口

channel steel 槽钢

charpy-V notch energy 夏比V形缺口韧性值

charpy-V notch impact test 夏比V形缺口冲击实验

chart datum 海图基准面

check randomly 抽检

check valve 止回阀

checkered plate 花纹板

chemical composition 化学成分

chemical injection package 化学注入撬chemical injection system 化学药剂注入系统chemical seal 化学密封

chipping hammer 敲渣锤

chisel 风铲

chord member 弦杆

Christmas tree 采油树

circumference 周长

circumferential weld 环焊缝classification survey 入级检验

clean water injection pump 清水注入泵clean water surge tank 清水缓冲罐clearance 间隙

client 业主, 顾客

close drain tank 闭式排放罐

closed /open circuit 闭/开路

closed drain pump 闭式排放泵

closed drain tank 闭式排放罐

clustered well heads 丛式井口

CO2 cylinder unit CO2气瓶组

CO2 extinguisher CO2灭火器

coal tar epoxy paint 含焦油环氧涂料

coaming 档水扁钢

coating 涂装

coating interval 涂漆间隔

coefficient 系数

cold formed pipe 冷卷管

cold shut 冷隔

cold work 冷加工

collapse ring 加强环板

column 立柱

combustible gas detector 可燃气体探测器(ke ran qi ti tan ce qi)

come-along 手搬葫芦(shou ban hu lu)

commercial blast cleaning 普通级喷砂除锈(pu tong ji pen sha chu xiu) commissioning 调试(tiao shi)

compile and maintain a document 编制和保存文件(bian zhi he bao cun wen jian) complete penetration groove weld 全熔透坡口焊(quan rong tou po kou han) completion riser 完井立管(wan jing li guan)

complex joint 复杂节点(fu za jie dian)

compliance with 符合(名词)(fu he(ming ci))

comply with 符合(动词) (fu he (dong ci))

composite rockwool ceiling 复合岩棉天花板(fu he yan mian hua ban) composite rockwool panel 复合岩棉板(fu he yan mian ban)

concentric reducer 同心大小头(tong xin da xiao tou ) conceptual design 概念设计(gai nian she ji)

concrete platform 混凝土平台(hun ning tu ping tai) condensate drum 冷凝液罐(leng ning ye guan)

condensing water 冷凝水(leng ning shui)

conductor 隔水套管(ge shui tao guan)

conductor guide 套管导向(tao guan dao xiang)

cone 大小口, 锥体(da xiao kou ,zhui ti)

conform to =stick to =adhere to 符合, 遵守(fu he ,zun shou)

connection 节点, 连接(jie dian,lian jie)

consumption rate 阳极消耗率(yang ji xiao hao lv)

continuous beam 连续梁(lian xu liang)

continuous double fillet weld 双面连续贴角焊(shuang mian lian xu tie jiao han) continuous welding 连续焊(lian xu han)

contract 合同(he tong han)

contraction stress 收缩应力(shou suo ying li)

contractor 承包商(cheng bao shang)

control valve (accessories handwheel) 带手轮的控制阀(dai shou lun de kong zhi fa) control valve assembly 控制阀总成(kong zhi fa zong chegn) coordinates 坐标系(zuo biao xi)

coordination 协调(xie tiao)

cope hole (焊接)工艺孔((han jie)gong yi kong)

corrective and preventive action 纠正和预防措施(jiu zheng he yu fang cuo shi) correlation curve 相关曲线(xiang guan qu xian)

corrosion allowance 腐蚀余量(fu shi yu liang)

corrosion coupon 腐蚀片(fu shi pian)

corrosion protection 防腐(fang fu)

corrugated plate interceptor 斜板分离器(xie ban fen li qi)

couplant UT用的耦合剂(UT yong de ou he ji)

coupling 连轴器, 管箍(lian zhou qi,guan za)

crack 裂纹(lie wen)

crane barge, crane vessel 起重船(qi zhong chuan)

crane support 吊机支撑(diao ji zhi cheng)

crater 焊口(han kou )

crawler crane 履带吊车(lv dai diao che)

criteria (验收)标准((yan shou)biao zhun)

cross angle 交叉角(jiao cha jiao)

cross section 横截面(heng jie mian)

crow bar 撬杠(qiao gang)

cruciform bollard 单十字带缆柱(dan shi zi dai lan zhu)

crude cooler 原油冷却器(yuan you leng que qi)

crude filter 原油过滤器(yuan you guo lv qi)

crude heat exchanger 原油换热器(yuan you huan re qi)

crude loading/export pump 原油外输泵(yuan you wai shu beng )

crude loading pump 原油装载泵(yuan you zhuang zai beng)

crude oil drain tank 原油排放舱(yuan you pai fang cang)

crude preheat exchanger 原油预热器(yuan you yu re qi)

crude suction strainer 原油吸入滤器(yuan you xi ru lv qi)

crude transfer pump 原油输送泵(yuan you shu song beng)

cup support 垫墩(dian dun)

各专业的英文翻译

中国教育在线考研频道提供考研全方面信息指导及咨询服务，为您成功考研提供一切帮助。哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence

常用石油(英文)缩写

石油化工英语常用缩写(第一版)(https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2312078137.html,石油软件下载) 序号缩写英文中文 1 AC Air Conditioning 空气调节装置 2 AGO Atmospheric gas oil 常压瓦斯油 3 AML Approved Manufacturers' List 批准的厂商名单 4 APE Area Project Engineer 区域项目工程师 5 AR Atmospheric residue 常压渣油 6 ARDS Atmospheric residue desulfurization 常压渣油加氢脱硫 7 ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers 美国机械工程师协会 8 BD Business Director 商务主任 9 BD Business Development 市场部 10 BEDP Basic Design Engineering Package 基础设计包 11 BFW Boiler feed water 锅炉给水 12 BL Battery limits 界区 13 BEDD Basic Engineering Design Data 基础工程设计数据 14 BM Bill of Material 材料表 15 BOD Basis of Design 设计基础 16 BOD Biological Oxygen Demand 化学需氧量 17 BP Boiling point 沸点 18 BS Bright stock 光亮油 19 BSI British Standards Institute 英国标准协会 20 BTEX Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene 苯,甲苯,乙苯,二甲苯 21 BTU British thermal unit 英热单位 22 BTX Benzene, toluene, xylene 苯,甲苯,二甲苯 23 C Construction 施工 24 CAD Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计 25 CADD Computer Aided Design and Drafting 计算机辅助设计和绘图 26 CCR Conradson carbon residue 康氏残炭 27 CCR Continuous Catalyst Regeneration 催化剂连续再生 28 CDU Crude distillation unit 原油蒸馏装置 29 CGO Coker gas oil 焦化瓦斯油 30 CI Cetane index 十六烷指数 31 CL Center line 中心线 32 CM Construction Manager 施工经理 33 CN Conference Note 会议纪要 34 COD Chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量 35 CPDP Chinese Preliminary Design Package 中国初步设计包 36 CPM Critical Path Method 关键路径法 37 CR Catalytic Reforming 催化重整 38 CS Carbon Steel 碳钢 39 CW Cooling Water 冷却水 40 FEED Front End Engineering Design 前期工程设计 41 GB GUO BIAO 国标 42 GCD Guaranteed Completion Date 保证完成日期

石油工程专业英语单词总结

3-D seismic survey (D: dimension:) 三维地震勘探 5-spot pattern n.五点井网Abandon v.（油井）报废，废弃Abandon well n.废井Acid wash n.酸洗 Acidization n.酸化（作用）Acidization n.酸化（作用） Acidize v.酸化Additive n.添加剂 Agent n.试剂，媒介Alkane n.烷烃，链烷烃 Analytic solution n.解析解Anisotropic a.各向异性的，非均质的Annular a.环形的Annular mist flow n.环雾流 Annulus n.环形空间，环空Anticline n.背斜 API standards n.美国石油协会标准Aromatic n.芳香族，芳香族环烃；a. 芳香的 Artifical lift n.人工举升Artificial lift n.人工举升 Artificial water drive n.人工注水驱Asphaltene n.沥青烯 Asphaltic a.含沥青的，沥青质的；n.沥青质Associated a.伴生的 Attribute n.属性，特征，标志Baffle n.隔板；v.阻碍，挫折Barefoot completion n.裸眼完井Barite n.重晶石 Barrel n.桶Barrier n.隔层 Bbl (blue barrel) Bean n.油嘴，节流器 Belt cover n.皮带盖Bentonite n.膨润土，斑脱岩 Bit n.钻头Black-oil simulator n.黑油模拟器Blender truck n.混砂车Blow out v.井喷 Blowout n.井喷Blowout preventer (BOP) n.防喷器Borehole n.井眼Bottom hole n.井下 Collapse v.坍塌，倒塌Collar n.钻铤 Compaction n.压实作用Compaction n.压实（作用），挤压Completion n.完井，完成，结束Compress v.压缩 Compressor n.压缩机Concentration n.浓度；集中Condensate n.凝析油Condensate n.凝析油 Conductor casing n.导管Conductor casing n.导管 Conductor hole n.导管孔Conductor pipe n.导管 Cone n.圆锥，（锥形）牙轮Configuration n.构造 Connate a.原生的，共生的Connate water n.原生水，共生水Contaminant n.杂质，污染物Continuous lift n.连续气举 Core n.岩心Core n.岩心 Core holder n.岩心夹持器Core slug n.岩心塞 Coring bit n.取芯钻头Corrode v.腐蚀 Corrode v.腐蚀，侵蚀；锈蚀Corrosion n.腐蚀 Corrosion n.腐蚀Corrosive a.腐蚀的；n.腐蚀剂Corrosive a.腐蚀的；n.腐蚀剂Counterbalance n.平衡（块）；v.使平衡，抵消 Counterweight n.平衡块Crack v.裂开 Crank n.曲柄，摇把Crown block n.钻台 Crumble v.坍塌，破碎Crust n.地壳 Curve n.曲线Cutting/chips n.钻屑

公司名称英语翻译大全

公司名称英语翻译大全 1. Line(s) （轮船、航空、航运等）公司 Atlantic Container Line 大西洋集装箱海运公司 Hawaiian air Lines 夏威夷航空公司 2. Agency 公司、代理行 The Austin advertising Agency 奥斯汀广告公司 China Ocean Shipping Agency 中国外轮代理公司 3. Store(s) 百货公司 Great Universal Store 大世界百货公司（英） Tesco Stores (Holdings) 坦斯科百货公司（英） 4. Associates（联合）公司 British Nuclear Associates 英国核子联合公司 Subsea equipment Associates Ltd. 海底设备联合有限公司（英、法、美合办） 5. System（广播、航空等）公司 Mutual Broadcasting System 相互广播公司（美） Malaysian Airline System 马来西亚航空公司

6. Office 公司，多与 head, home, branch等词连用 3M China Limited Guangzhou Branch Office 3M 中国有限公司广州分公司China Books Import and Export Corporation (Head Office) 中国图书进出口总公司 7. Service(s)（服务）公司 Africa-New Zealand Service 非洲—新西兰服务公司 Tropic Air Services 特罗皮克航空公司 8. Exchange American Manufacturers Foreign Credit Insurance Exchange 美国制造商出口信用保险公司 9. Center Binks (Shanghai) Engineering Exhibition Center, Ltd. 宾克斯（上海）涂装工程设备展示有限公司 “联合公司”的翻译方法 1. Consolidated Coal Company 联合煤炭公司（美） 2. United Aircraft Corporation 联合飞机公司（美） 3. Allied Food Industries Co. 联合食品工业公司（新加坡） 4. Integrated Oil Company 联合石油公司 5. Federated Department Stores 联合百货公司 6. Union Carbide Corporation 联合碳化合物公司（美） 7. Associated British Picture Corporation 英国联合影业公司 8. China Agricultural Machinery Import and Export Joint Company 中国农业机械进出口联合公司 “保险公司”的翻译方法 1. Export Credit Insurance Corporation 出口信贷保险公司（加） 2. Export Finance and Insurance Corporation 出口金融和保险公司（澳） 3. Federal Insurance Corporation 联邦保险公司（美）

选矿专业英语

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abbreviate v.缩写，简写abno rmally ad.异常地 abrupt v. 突然的 absolute porosity绝对孔隙度access n接近，进入accumulate v.聚集accumulation n.聚集acquisition n.获取，采集acromagnetic a.航空磁测的acyclic a.无环的 admixture n.混合,混合物aeolian a.风成的,风积的aerobic a.喜氧的 affinity n. 亲合力,亲合性 aformentioned a.上述的，上面提到的agency n.因素，营力，作用agglomeration n. 结块，凝聚aggregated gas R集型气 agitated a.搅动过摇过的 agitation n. 搅拌,搅动 aircraft n. 飞机,航空器 algae藻类 aliphatic a. 脂肪类的 alkane 链烷 alka ne n.烷烃，链烷 alke ne n.烯烃 alkylaromatic a. 烷基芳烃的 alkylate v. 烷基化

allochthonous a.外来的，异地的 alluvial fan 冲积扇 alteration n. 蚀变作用 ambie nt a.周围的 ambiguity n.含糊，模棱两可ambiguous a.意思含糊的，模棱两可的ami no acids 氨基酸 ammonite n. 菊石 amorphous a.非晶质的，无一定方向的amphibolite n.角闪石 amplitude n. 幅度,振幅 analogous a类似的，模拟的 angular a.棱角状的，带角的anhydrite n.硬石膏 anomoly n. 异常,变异 anoxic a. 缺氧的 an teisoalka ne n.反异构烷烃 an thracite n.无烟煤 anticline n. 背斜 antiform n. 背斜构造 aperture n 孔，孔眼 apparent molecular weight表观分子量aquatic a.水的,水生的 arago nite n霰石

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1. 用chief或-in-chief Chief Accountant总会计师 Chief Architect总建筑师 Chief Designer总设计师 Chief Editor；Editor-in-Chief总编辑 Chief Engineer；Engineer-in-Chief总工程师 Chief of General Affairs总务主任 Chief of the General Staff总参谋长 Commander-in-Chief总司令 2. 用general或-generel General Accountant总会计师 General Agent总代理商 General Consul总领事 General Designer总设计师 General Dispatch Officer总调度员 General Manager总经理 General Secretary；Secretary-General总书记；总干事 General Store Supervisor总务管理员 Auditor-General总稽查

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President/VicePresident,thePeople’sRepublicofChina 全国人大委员长/副委员长Chairman/ViceChairman,NationalPeople’sCongress 秘书长SecretarP-General 主任委员Chairman 委员Member （地方人大）主任Chairman,LocalPeople’sCongress 人大代表DeputPtothePeople’sCongress 政府机构GOVERNMENTORGANIZATION 国务院总理Premier,StateCouncil 国务委员StateCouncilor 秘书长SecretarP-General （国务院各委员会）主任MinisterinChargeofCommissionfor （国务院各部）部长Minister 部长助理AssistantMinister 司长Director 局长Director 省长Governor 常务副省长EPecutiveViceGovernor 自治区人民政府主席Chairman,AutonomousRegionalPeople’sGovernment 地区专员Commissioner,prefecture 香港特别行政区行政长官ChiefEPecutive,HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion 市长/副市长MaPor/ViceMaPor

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商店 Department Store 百货商店Confectioner's Shop, Candy Shop 糖果店Grocery 食品杂货店 Supermarket 超级市场 Shopping Center 购物中心 Book Store 书店 Grain Store 粮店 Food Store 食品店 Food and Drink Shop 饮食店 Eating House 小吃店 Snack Bar 快餐店 Cold Drink Shop 冷饮店 Sauced Meat Shop卤味店 Cured Meat Shop 腊味店 Roast Meat Shop 烤肉店 Beancurd Shop 豆腐店 Aquatic Products Shop 水产店 Meat Shop, Butcher's Shop 肉店Vegetables Shop 蔬菜店

Green Grocery 蔬菜水果店 Fowl Shop 家禽店 Coal Shop 煤店 Clothing Store 服装店 Ready-made Clothes Shop 成衣店 Drug Store, Pharmacy 药店 Watch and Clock Shop 钟表店 Children's (Women's) Shop 儿童（妇女）商店Stationer's Shop 文具店 Daily-use Sundry Goods shop 日用杂货店Cooking Utensils Store 炊具店 Furniture Shop 家具店 Eyeglasses Store 眼镜店 Gift Store 礼品店 Friendship Store 友谊商店 Electric Appliance Shop 电器商店 Flower Shop 花店 Antiques Shop 古玩店 Jewelry Shop 珠宝店 Second-hand Goods Store 旧货店 Paint Shop 油漆店 Hardware Store 五金店

专业英语翻译

3 Earthquakes Earthquakes is trembling or shaking movement of the Earth’s surface.Most earthquakes are minor https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2312078137.html,rger earthquakes usually begin with slight tremors but rapidly take the form of one or more violent shocks,and end in vibrations of gradually diminishing force called aftershocks.The subterranean point of origin of an earthquake is called its focus;the point on the surface directly above the focus is the epicenter .The magnitude and intensity of an earthquake is determined by the use of scales,e.g.,the Richter scale and Mercalli scale. Most earthquakes are causally related to compressional stress or tensional stress built up at the margins of the huge moving lithospheric plates that make up the Earth’s surface.The immediate cause of most shallow earthquakes is the sudden release of stress along a fault,or fracture in the Earth’s crust resulting in moving of the opposing blocks of rock past one another.These movements cause vibrations to pass through and around the Earth in wave form,just as ripples are generated when a pebble is dropped into water.V olcanic eruption,rockfalls,landslides,and explosions can also cause a quake,but most of these are of only local extent. 6 Evidence from radiometric dating indicates that the Earth is about 4,570 million years old.Geologists have divided Earth’s history into a series of time intervals.These time intervals are not equal in length like the hours in a day.Instead the time intervals are variable in length.Different spans of time on the time scale are usually delimited by major geological or paleontological events,such as varying rock type or fossils within the strata and mass extinctions.For example,the boundary between the Cretaceous period and the Paleogene period is defined by the first appearance of animals with hard parts. The geologic time scale was formulated during 地震地震颤动或发抖运动的地球表面。大部分地震是轻微地震。大地震通常开始轻微的颤动而迅速采取一个或更猛烈冲击的形式，并最终在逐渐减少振动的力称为余震。地震起源的地下点称为重心；表面上以上的重点是中心点。地震的震级和强度的尺度，确定使用例如，李希特尺度和麦加利震级。大部分地震是因果关系的压应力或拉应力建立在巨大岩石圈板块的运动，使地球表面的空间。最浅的地震的直接原因是沿断层应力的突然释放，或断裂在地壳导致岩石过去彼此对立块体运动。这些运动引起的振动通过环绕地球以波的形式，就像涟漪时产生一个石子投进水中。火山喷发，崩塌，滑坡，和爆炸也可以引起地震，但这些只是局部性的范围。证据来自辐射测年表明，地球的年龄大约是4570000000岁。地质学家划分地球历史划分成一系列的时间。这些时间间隔的长度像一天中的时间是不相等的。相反，时间间隔的长度是可变的。时间在时间尺度不同跨度通常是由主要的地质或古生物事件分隔的，如不同的地层和大规模物种灭绝的岩石或化石类型。例如，白垩纪和古近纪是用坚硬的部分动物的第一次出现定义之间的边界。