英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的

第一部分选择题

41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in

English for illustration.

42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of

a second language.

英语语言学试题（2）

五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)

36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.

(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.

(2)He saw young men and women present.

(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.

37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.

re-

un-

anti-

super-

-wise

-itis

-ize

-age

英语语言学试题（3）

Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)

41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.

英语语言学试题（5）

五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)

41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?

42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.

The girl ate the orange.

43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.

King: Where is Polonius?

Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.

If your messenger find him not there,

seek him i’ the other place yourself.

But indeed, if you find him not within

this month, you shall nose him as you

go up the stairs into the lobby.

Act IV, Scene iii

英语语言学试题（6）

41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with

examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.

42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.

英语语言学试题（7）

五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）

1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:

A: Where’ve you been?

B: Out.

2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:

specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness

(每个语素0. 5分)

英语语言学试题（8）

语言学试题

)

41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.

42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production

英语语言学试题（9）

语言学试题及参考答案

41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.

42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.

语言学试题参考答案

一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20

分）

1、C

2、C

3、D

4、D

5、D

6、B

7、B

8、C

9、A 10、D

二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）

11、knowledge

12、bilabial

13、morphology

14、sentence

15、complete

16、representatives

17、coinage

18、delete

19、critical

20、interlanguage

三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

21、F

Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.

22、F

Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.

23、F

The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".

24、F

Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a

phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.

25、F

Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.

26、T

27、T

28、F

They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.

29、F

The true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines

speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"

30、T

四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）

31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.

32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.

33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching

textbooks.

34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.

35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences

36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.

37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.

38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.

39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".

40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.

五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）

41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.

1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)

2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.

3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or

insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,

e.g.spinle--spindle.

4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".

评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

42、The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a combination of factors. The rate and ultimate success in SLA are affected not only by learners' experience with optimal input and instruction, but also by individual learner factors. The learner factors that

have captured the attention of SLA researchers include age, motivation, acculturation, and personality:

1) Age The optimum age for SLA does not always accord with the maxim of "the younger the better." But it has been demonstrated that adolescents are quicker and more effective L2 learners than young children. The early teenagers are good L2 learners because their flexibility of the language acquisition faculty has not been completely lost and their cognitive skills have developed considerably to facilitate the processing of linguistic features of a new language.

2) Motivation Adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a communicative need. If the learners have a strong instrumental need to learn a second language or have a strong interest in the way of life of native speakers of the language they are learning, they are most likely to succeed.

3) Acculturation The more a learner aspires to acculturate to the community of the target language, the further he or she will progress along the developmental continuum.

4) Personality The generally outgoing adult learners

learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than the generally reserved ones.

英语语言学试题（2）

参考答案

一、单项选择题(每小题2分，共20分)

1.B

2.D

3.D

4.D

5.B

6.A

7.B

8.C

9.A 10.B

二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)

11.words question

12.social groups

13.sentence meaning

14.polyglot

15.voiceless voiced voiced

三、判断说明题(每小题2分，共20分)

16.T

17.F(Sense and referenc e…)

18.F(scientific study of language)

19.F(finite verb…)

20.F(diachronic)

21.F(no value judgement)

22.T

23.T

24.F(morpheme)

25.F(one of the parts)

四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)

26.The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.

27.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.

28.The base form of a word; the existing form to which

a derivational affix can be added.

29.The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent, such as NP and VP.

30.The words of a language are labels of the objects they stand for; a linguistic form is linked through concepts to what it refers to.

31.Do not say what you believe to be false or without adequate evident; Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity, be brief and orderly.

32.A process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.

33.A variety of languages used by a social class.

34.Thought when it is close to language.

35.A comparative procedure to establish linguistic differences between languages for teaching purposes.

五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)

36.(1)the hunters are shooting; the hunters are shot;

(2)young men and young women; young men and (not young) women

(3)the president appoints others; the president is appointed.

37.re-:again,e.g.retype,reorganize

un-: not, reverse, e.g. unhappy, unlock

anti-: against, anti- drug, anti-imperialism

super- greater than usual, e.g. superpower, superman

-wise: in the manner of, e.g. clockwise, moneywise

-itis: infection. e.g. bronchitis, arthritis

-ize: make into, e.g. realize, modernize

-age: process. e.g. mileage, linkage

英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题参考答案

一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)

1.A

2.A

3.B

4.C

5.D

6.A

7.B

8.C

9.D 10.A

二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分)

11.social https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2f4099606.html,plementary

13.root https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2f4099606.html,plex

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2f4099606.html,plementary 16.utterance

17.metathesis 18.bilingualism

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2f4099606.html,teralization 20.transfer

三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)

21.F

The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention.

22.T

23.F

Some compounds contain more than two words.

24.T

25.F

It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and " evening star." They refer to the same star but differ in sense.

26.T

27.F

The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.

28.T

29.T

30.F

Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in later stages acquire the " more difficult" sounds.

四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分)

31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.

32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, i.e.the speech sounds.

33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.

34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories,such as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English.

35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ,if we say, "The dog is barking," we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word "dog" refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word "dog".

36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For

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《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction P13 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？ 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages; (5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; (6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use. 3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? 答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g rammar in several basic ways. Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why? 答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing? 答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.

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有答案的 第一部分选择题 41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration. 42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language. 英语语言学试题（2） 五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分) 36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences. (1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible. (2)He saw young men and women present. (3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.

37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples. re- un- anti- super- -wise -itis -ize -age 英语语言学试题（3） Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%) 41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related. 英语语言学试题（5） 五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)