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2018年重庆一中高2018级高三下期三月月考英语

秘密★启用前

2018年重庆一中高2018级高三下期三月月考

英语试题卷2018. 3

英语试题卷共8页。满分150分。考试时间120分钟。

注意事项：

1.答题前，务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡规定的位置上。

2.答选择题时，必须使用2B铅笔将答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

3.答非选择题时，必须使用0.5毫米黑色签字笔，将答案书写在答题卡规定的位置上。

4.所有题目必须在答题卡上作答，在试题卷上答题无效。

第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)

第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)

听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。

1. Who is the man?

A. A student.

B. A librarian.

C. A policeman.

2. What does the woman want to do?

A. Cancel the meeting.

B. Change the time of the meeting.

C. Skip the meeting.

3. What do we know about the man?

A. He has never been across the ocean.

B. He does not understand what the woman means.

C. He likes mathematics a lot.

4. What kind of job would the woman prefer?

A. Any job with a high salary.

B. An average job with a nice salary.

C. An exciting job with an average salary.

5. What are the speakers talking about?

A. The weather.

B. What happened last night.

C. Sleeping problems.

第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）

听下面5 段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题 5 秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出 5 秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第 6 段材料，回答第6 至第7 两个小题。

6. What is special about the meal?

A. The amount of food.

B. The price of food.

C. The kind of food.

7. What does the man suggest the woman do?

A. Try a dessert.

B. Try his favorite meat.

C. Eat as much as possible.

听第 7 段材料，回答第 8 至第 10 三个小题。

8. What did the man ask the woman to do?

A. Take a break.

B. Take more pictures.

C. Show him the photos.

9. Why did the man complain?

A. The beach was dirty.

B. There were no pictures of him.

C. The weather was bad.

10. What can we learn from the conversation?

A. The woman is very selfish.

B. The man will copy his pictures into his P

C. The speakers are on vacation.

听第 8 段材料，回答第 11 至第 13 三个小题。

11. Why does the man wish to break up with his girlfriend?

A. She is not as pretty as she once was.

B. They don’t get along well.

C. He will move soon.

12. What does the woman think of the matter?

A. The man should not take the job.

B. The man might be reasonable.

C. The man should maintain this relationship.

13. How does the man think his girlfriend will feel at his decision?

A. Sad.

B. Calm.

C. Happy.

听第 9 段材料，回答第 14 至第 17 四个小题。

14. What is the woman looking for?

A. Some saucepans.

B. Some frying pans.

C. Some plates.

15. When did she first see them?

A. This morning.

B. Yesterday.

C. Some days ago.

16. What did the man ask the woman to do?

A. Have a look at the window display.

B. Check all the kitchenware in stock.

C. Describe the item she wanted.

17. How might the woman feel in the end?

A. Disappointed.

B. Excited.

C. Surprised.

听第 10 段材料，回答第 18 至第 20 三个小题。

18. What happened to the elderly gentleman?

A. He got stuck in the doors of the train.

B. He missed the train.

C. He was seriously injured on the train.

19. What do we know about the gentleman’s wife?

A. She was in great panic.

B. She cried for help.

C. She remained calm.

20. Who offered to help solve the problem?

A. The speaker and two other men.

B. The conductor.

C. Nobody.

第二部分阅读理解(共两节, 满分40分)

第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

Attractions in Hong Kong

Hong Kong Island

The site of the original British settlement and the main focus of most tourists. Most of Hong Kong's highest skyscrapers and the financial center can be found here. Overall, Hong Kong Island is more modern and wealthy and dramatically less dirty than the other areas of Hong Kong. The Peak is the tallest point on the island, with the best views and highest real estate values in the world.

Kowloon

The peninsula to the north of Hong Kong Island, with great views of the island. It offers a chaotic mix of malls, street markets, and residential houses. It has a great view of Hong Kong Island. With over 2.1 million people living in an area of less than 47 square kilometres, Kowloon is one of the most densely populated places in the world. Kowloon includes TsimShaTsui, the location of many budget hotels and MongKok, a shopping district.

New Territories

Named by British officials when leased from the Chinese government in 1898, the New Territories contain a curious mix of small farms, villages, industrial installations, mountainous country parks and towns that have the size of populations in some cities.

Lantau Island

A large island west of Hong Kong Island. You will not find many peaceful villages, but once you get over the stray dogs and the ramshackle buildings you will find beautiful mountains and beaches. The airport, Disneyland, and the Ngong Ping cable car are located here.

Outlying Islands

Well-known weekend destinations for the locals, the Outlying Islands are most of the islands surrounding Hong Kong Island. Highlights include Lamma, well known for its seafood and Cheung Chau, a small island that used to be a pirates' den (贼窝), but now attracts seafood aficionados, windsurfers and sunbathing day trippers.

21. Where should you go if you want to have seafood?

A. Kowloon.

B. New Territories.

C. Lantau Island.

D. Outlying Islands.

22. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. New Territories has towns with a large population.

B. Kowloon has many expensive hotels and a shopping district.

C. Lantau Island has most of the islands surrounding Hong Kong Island.

D. Hong Kong Island has the highest skyscraper of Hong Kong.

23. Where can this article probably be found?

A. A story book.

B. A news report.

C. A travel guide.

D. A science magazine.

When my son was first diagnosed with Autism（自闭症）, it was a very hard time for us. However, in some ways it was a relief, because we finally had a name for what was going on in our lives, but it also meant years more of uncertainty, and we didn’t know what the future held.

When I shared the news with my coworkers, I was so surprised and happy to receive so much immediate love and support from them. They were focused on what we needed, as opposed to how it

would affect my ability to make it to work.

One co-worker, Jackie, in particular, was amazing to my family and me. She called me into her office a few da ys later, and gave me a “ worry stone ” . It gives you something to focus on when you’re worried , rubbing your thumb around on this stone. It was a lovely gesture.

She then extended a permanent offer to drive us to any appointments or tests we needed. Considering the fact that we lived 90 minutes from where most treatments took place, this was a tremendous offer. She made it very clear to me that this offer included last minute trips or emergencies. Anytime we needed to go anywhere, she was willing to be our transportation. She said that we needed to be able to focus on our son instead of having to divide our attention between the road and him.

We never did need to take her up on her wonderful offer, but knowing it was there and that she was so willing to help made it feel like we were much less alone .

24. What does “ a relief ” refer to in the first paragraph ?

A. M y son’s recovery from the disease.

B. The help from my co-workers.

C. K nowing what my boy’s problem is.

D. The sign of a better future.

25. Why did the co-worker offer to drive for us ?

A. She is a more experienced driver.

B. We live far away from the hospital.

C. She lives very close to our house.

D. She wishes to reduce our worries.

26. What does the writer think of the offer by Jackie ?

A. It’s a great comfort .

B. It’s a last-minute offer .

C. It’s not necessary .

D. It’s a difficult decision for her .

27. What might be the best title for the text ?

A. Years of Uncertainty

B. The Most Generous Woman

C. In Time of Need

D. A Story of Sacrifice

I’d like to share a little story with you about something that happened when I was four. I remember it clearly. Our loving family dog was nearing the end of his life. My father picked him up and put him in a little bed we had made for him. Our dog, my companion, whom we had cared for, bit my father when he attempted to help him. How could he? Why? I couldn’t understand it. I didn’t like him anymore.

I hadn’t thought about that story for a long time but somethin g that happened last week brought it back to me. I went to speak with a friend. When I knocked on the door, I met in an instant an angry look and a few harsh(尖刻的)words. When the door was slammed(砰地关上)in my face, I stood there shocked, and in a rush, I was reminded of my dog bit my father 20 years ago or so. What brought that story back was that same feeling of betrayal.

Both stories taught me something the next day. You see, when I got up in the morning and was told my dog had died, it became clear to me that he must have been in great pain. For him to have bitten a family member, he could not have been himself. Much the same for the other story when I learned that my friend’s wife had just left him.

We are all beings of our environments, our opinions and feelings. And all of those things can cause you to say and do things that can’t be understood by those who are not in the same situation with you.

If you meet someone either behaving out of character or acting in a way that doesn’t seem to fit the situation, put out your hand and be patient when you think it is least possible for him to do so. You may turn around a story that has a sad ending simply by your actions.

28. What is the influence of the incident mentioned in Paragraph 1 ?

A. It hurt his father’s feeling deeply.

B. It has puzzled the author ever since.

C. It left a deep impression on the author.

D. It made the author dislike dogs.

29. What made the author think of the story of about 20 years ago?

A. His friend’s attitude.

B. The photo of the dog.

C. His father’s wound.

D. His friend’s suffering.

30. Why did the author's friend say harsh words to the author ?

A. He was ill-tempered.

B. He was suffering the pain of losing his wife.

C. He was bothered by an unexpected visit.

D. T hey once quarreled and he couldn’t forgive the author.

31. What’s the author’s advice to us?

A. Help those in need.

B. Look before you leap.

C. Respect for others is a kind of virtue.

D. Learn to put yourself in others’ shoes.

Nature has its own way of balancing itself out, but when we humans get involved, we tend to throw things out of control. Forests and oceans are natural carbon sinks that absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, but since we’ve been pumping too much into the air, those sinks can’t keep up. Scientists at the Max Planck Institute in Germany, led by biologist Tobias Erb, have figured out a way to supercharge plants to make them better at absorbing CO2, which could be a key defense against climate change.

Erb and his team figured out a way to make plants more efficient at absorbing carbon, so that they consumed more carbon in a shorter amount of time. “If you think about plants, they are efficient CO2-fixing filters, but they are not fast,” Erb said.“I t hink there is a chance to improve existing biology with synthetic(人造的) biology.”

Erb’s team identified 17 enzymes(酶) from nine different organisms, re-engineering three of them, that had an enlarged carbon consumption. When those enzymes worked together as a team, they worked better at not only plants’ natural enzymes, but also themselves individually.Existing enzymes in plants consume about 5 to 10 molecules(摩尔) of CO2 per second. The team of enzymes that Erb used consumed 80 molecules per second.

So far, these enzymes have only been tested in test tubes in the lab, but the next step is real world testing where the enzymes would be introduced into plants to see if the same result occurs. If those tests show that plants really can be supercharged, we could have a new tool in the fight against climate change where not only do we protect the amazing carbon-absorbing forests we have, but we also add these super plants or an artificial leaf technology using the enzymes into other mixed fields.

32.Why can’t fores ts and oceans balance nature?

A. Because oceans and forests are getting smaller.

B. Because a large number of forests are cut down.

C. Because we human beings give off too much CO2.

D. Because there are too many creatures in the world.

33. Which is the key defense against climate change according to Erb and his team?

A. To increase the plants’ ability and efficiency to absorb CO2.

B. To make oceans and forests to absorb more CO2 quickly.

C. To reduce the human’s activities giving off too much CO2.

D. To increase the number of plants in the world.

34. What can we get from the last paragraph?

A. The enzymes have proved useful in real world.

B. The technology has worked against climate change.

C. The enzymes have not been used in the lab.

D. The technology may have a bright future.

35. This passage is intended to __________.

A. call on people to pay more attention to the balance of nature

B. introduce a possible way to better plants’ ability of absorbing CO2

C. analyze the cause and result of climate change related to plants

D. explore the possibility of using plants to fight against climate change

第二节（共5小题; 每小题2分，满分10分）（原创）

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

Technological innovation（创新）may not give you a warm feeling. 36 . Messaging apps are examples of technology that are helping bring people together. It’s ready to continue improving our lives as innovation allows technology to really understand how we live.

Some of the most popular and widely adopted innovations make things we’re already doing easier. A well-designed piece of technology can transform something that consumes time into a worry-free swipe of your finger, giving you more time to spend with friends and family.

Proving that you really are you

Developers keep finding new and brilliant ways to prove our identities online. With fingerprints and voice recognition, technology keeps getting better at proving we are who we say we are.

38 .The more trust we have , the easier it will be to fully embrace the empowering aspects of fintech（金融科技）and having control of our financial data.

Helping make good ideas a reality

Crowdfunding（众筹）technology keeps breaking down barriers that may have previously kept good ideas from being realized. Here’s how it works: You pitch（抛）your project to people through an online platform. 39 . By connecting dreamers and inventors to a new type of capital, technology is giving more creative ideas their opportunity to become a reality.

Adding even more quality to quality time

As technology continues improving, it becomes easier to build and maintain a connection with someone who isn’t in the same location as you. 40 . And think about how great it will be when you can interact with your friends and relatives in virtual reality. It will be the next best thing to being together in person.

A.Sparing some time to make researches

B.Freeing up more time for friends and family

C.However, when at its best, it opens our eyes to many things

D.Actually, it can do wonders to deepen our interpersonal connections

E.That technology can make it easier to trust the connections we make online

F. If they are interested in your project, they donate money to fund your project

G. Think about how much easier it is to connect via video conferencing than before

第三部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）

第一节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）

阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

Yesterday, our teacher asked us when a man could be referred to as an old man. David stood up and sa id people with wrinkles could be called old people, However, Mary didn’t 41 , for some people may gain wrinkles at an earlier age owing to their 42 life. Then Lily expressed her idea that those reaching their 60s or more could be called old people. However, Emily expressed her 43 and said some old people may still be energetic and trying to pursue their dreams, which makes them appear 44 .The class was over and we still didn’t re ach any 45 , so the teacher asked us to think about it after class.

The 46 has reminded me of the saying of J. Barrymore that a man isn’t old as long as he is 47 something.

My grandma is such a woman who pursues her dream 48 when she’s 70 now. She has 49 her dream of being a painter since she was a little child. 50 , because her family was poor, she had to 51 her dream and stepped into the 52 to raise money so as to support her family. Though she has 53 abandoned her dream, she could hardly find any 54 to realize it because of the tough work. 55 , chance came when she retired from her work. She began taking her painting lessons 56 she had all-white hair and lots of wrinkles. At first, I was 57 her idea of attending school at so old an age, but after seeing her paint happily and enjoyably, I 58 feeling it a good choice. She seems 59 and looks fine.

So if we have our dreams and se ek for them, we aren’t old. It’s when we don’t know what we want and let 60 be the center point of our lives that we can finally be regarded as the old.

41. A. respond B. agree C. identify D. understand

42. A. negative B. boring C. tough D. complex

43. A. certainty B. wish C. doubt D. concern

44. A. attractive B. young C. intelligent D. ambitious

45. A. conclusion B. contract C. decision D. destination

46. A. embarrassment B. barrier C. question D. confusion

47. A. preserving B. seeking C. treasuring D. possessing

48. A. even B. nearly C. only D. hardly

49. A. realized B. changed C. promoted D. kept

50. A. Therefore B. Instead C. Moreover D. However

51. A. give up B. search for C. put aside D. stick to

52. A. society B. reality C. world D. office

53. A. seldom B. occasionally C. already D. never

54. A. time B. excuse C. help D. money

55. A. Suddenly B. Eventually C. Soon D. Gradually

56. A. because B. once C. though D. unless

57. A. with B. for C. at D. against

58. A. risked B. rejected C. continued D. began

59. A. energetic B. gentle C. optimistic D. wealthy

60. A. achievements B. regrets C. dreams D. difficulties

第二节短文填空（共10小题; 每小题1.5分，满分15分）（原创）

阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

The Spring Festival, known as the Chinese Lunar New Year, falls 61 February 16th this year and 62 (mark) the start of the Year of Dog in the Chinese Lunar Calendar. Meanwhile, the Spring Festival travel season, known as Chunyun in Chinese, officially begins. It is 63 time for family reunions, so millions of Chinese people will return to their hometowns or travel around the country in 64 has become the largest human migration in the world.

Around 2.98 billion trips are expected to be made during the Spring Festival. Several years ago, some people had no 65 (choose) but to turn to ticket scalpers (黄牛党）for help. However, at present, unlike previous years, people find 66 much easier to get tickets. High-speed trains make trips home 67 (considerable) faster. China Railway Corp. has launched a series of 68 (service) for passengers which involve self-service counters, free smartphone apps and ubiquitous (随处可见的）travel notices, thus 69 (save) much time for the passengers. As for travel by road, the electronic toll collection system helps enhance the efficiency of travel with the system 70 (update).

第四部分写作（共两节，满分35分）（原创）

第一节短文改错（共10小题; 每小题1分，满分10分）

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。作文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏子符号（∧）并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

When I was still young in my high school, my mother dragged me to play basketball to lose weight. However, it was turned out to be a bitter failure because I devoted my time on study. One day, a friend of mine contacted me and suggested that we started to swim. Without any hesitation, I agreed because we all thought that it was coolest thing in the world. I couldn’t forget the day on that I was thrown into the cold water. Fortunately, I survived. Honest speaking, I had a hard time recovered from the shock. Then my friend teaches me to hold my breath underwater. Finally, I succeeded. Now realizing that taking exercises is beneficial to my health, I develop a strong taste for swimming, which becomes part of my life.

第二节书面表达（满分25分）（原创）

假定你是李华，你们学校下周将举办一场以“关爱动物”为主题的宣传活动，学生自己设计海报并展览。你的朋友Lisa对此很感兴趣，请你用英语给她写一封电子邮件，内容包括:

1. 时间与地点

2. 活动内容

注意：

1.词数100左右；

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

命题人：田新吉

审题人：张云建李婷

2018年重庆一中高2018级高三下期三月月考

英语答案2018. 3

第一部分：听力（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）

1—5 ABBCA 6—10 BACBC 11—15 CBAAC 16—20 CBACA

第二部分：英语知识运用

阅读：21-23 DAC 24-27 CDAC28-31CABD 32-35 CADB

七选五：36-40 DBEFG

完形填空：41-45 BCCBA 46-50 CBADD 51-55 CADAB 56-60 CDDAB

第三部分：61. on 62. marks 63. a 64. what 65.choice

66.it 67. considerably 68. services 69. saving 70. updated

71.Was去掉72. on-to 73.started-start 74. all-both 75.coolest前面加the

76.that-which 77. Honest-Honestly 78. recovered- recovering 79. teaches-taught

80.exercises- exercise

作文：

Dear Lisa,

Having known that you take a great fancy to our activity called “Animals Protection,”I am writing to you with the aim of introducing it to u.

It is palpably clear that animals are our friends, sharing the same blue planet with us. The activity aimed at protecting animals is scheduled to be held in April in our school. At that time, it must be a time for you to enjoy yourself to the fullest. Meanwhile, a wide range of splendid activities will be held, thus catching your eyes. We’d like our students to design their own posters and exhibit them, thus arousing students’ awareness of animals protection.

I would appreciate it if you could come to the scene in person. You are highly welcome to our school. A prompt reply is much favored.

Yours, Li Hua

重庆英语17高考真题

绝密★启用前 2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语本试卷共150分，共14页。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。注意事项： 1.答题前，考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚，将条形码准确粘贴在条形码区域内。 2.选择题必须使用2B铅笔填涂；非选择题必须使用0.5毫米黑字迹的签字笔书写，字体工整，笔迹清楚。 3.请按照题号顺序在各题目的答题区域内作答，学&科网超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题卷上答题无效。 4.作图可先用铅笔画出，确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。 5.保持卡面清洁，不要折叠、不要弄破、弄皱，不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上，录音结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。第一节（共5小题，每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳答案，听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话尽读一遍。例：How much is the shirt? 答案是C。 1What will the woman do this afternoon? A Do some exercise B Go shopping C Wash her clothes 2Why does the woman call the man? A To cancel a flight B To make an apology C To put off a meeting 3 How much more does David need for the car? A $ 5,000 B$20,000 C $25,000 4 What is Jane doing? A Planning a tour BCalling her father CAsking for leave 5 How does the man feel?

2018年高考英语全国1卷含答案解析和简单解析

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2018年重庆市高考英语试卷第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共4小题；每小题6分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 1. Summer Activities Students should read the list with their parents/carers, and select two activities they would like to do． Forms will be available in school and online for them to indicate their choices and return to school． Before choices are finalised, parents/carers will be asked to sign to confirm their child's choices．（1）Which activity will you choose if you want to go camping？________ A.WBP． B.OUT． C. F.POT．． D.CR （2）What will the students do on Tuesday with Mrs． Wilson？________ A.See a parade and fireworks． B.Travel to London． C.Visit the WWI battlefields．． D.Tour Central Paris．（3）How long does Potty about Potter last？________ A.Four days． B.Two days． C.One week． D.Five days． 2. Many of us love July because it's the month when nature's berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbia's fields are little power houses of nutritional protection. Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein（蛋白质）, iron and zinc（not that fruits have much protein）. Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants（抗氧化物质）. The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries（樱桃）, they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C. When combined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat "ice cream". For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer. If you have a juicer you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a "soft-serve" creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below. （1）What does the author seem to like about cherries? A.They are high in vitamin A. B.They contain protein. C.They are rich in antioxidants. D.They have a pleasant taste. （2）Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas? A.To keep their colour. B.To make them smell better. C.To improve their nutrition. D.To speed up their ripening. （3）What is "a juicer" in the last paragraph? A.A drink. B.A dessert. C.A machine. D.A container. （4）From which is the text probably taken? A.A health magazine. B.A biology textbook.

重庆市2017高考英语阅读理解选编12

重庆市2017高考英语阅读理解选编（12）阅读下列短文, 从给的四个选项 (A、B、C和D) 中, 选出最佳选项。 (2013·苏锡常镇四市二调，C) Global Positioning Systems are now a part of everyday driving in many countries. These satellitebased systems provide turnbyturn directions to help people get to where they want to go. But they can also cause a lot of problems, sending you to the wrong place or leave you completely lost. Many times, the driver is to blame. Sometimes a GPS error is responsible. Most often, says Barry Brown, it is a combination of the two. Barry Brown is with the Mobile Life Centre in Stockholm, Sweden. The center studies humancomputer interaction, or HCI, especially communications involving wireless devices. We spoke to Mr Brown by Skype. He told us about an incident involving a friend who had flown to an airport in the eastern United States. There he borrowed a GPSequipped car to use during his stay. Barry Brown：“And they just plugged in an address and then set off to their destination.” And, then it wasn't until they w ere driving for thirty minutes that they realized they had put in a destination back on the West Coast where they lived. They actually put their home address in. So again, the_GPS_is_kind_of_“garbage_in_garbage_out”． Mr Brown says this is a common human error. But, he says, what makes the problem worse has to do with some of the shortcomings, or failures, of GPS equipment. Barry Brown：“One problem with many GPS units is they have a very small screen and they just tell you the next turn. Because they just give you the next turn, sometimes that means that it is not really giving you the overview that you would need to know that it's going to the wrong place.” Barry Brown formerly served as a professor with the University of California, San Diego. While there, he worked on a project with Eric Laurier from the University of Edinburgh. The two men studied the effects of GPS devices on driving by placing cameras in people's cars. They wrote a paper based on their research. It is called “The Normal, Natural Troubles of Driving with GPS.” Barry Brown: “One of the things that struck us, perhaps the most important thing was that you have to know what you're doing when you use a GPS. There are these new skills that people have developed. There are these new competencies that you need to have to be able to use a GPS because they sometimes go wrong.” Barry Brown says this goes against a common belief that GPS systems are for passive drivers who lack navigational (导航) skills. “The Normal, Natural Troubles of Driving with GPS” lists several areas where GPS systems can cause confusion for drivers. These include maps that are outdated, incorrect or difficult to understand. They also include timing issues related to when GPS commands are given. Barry Brown says to make GPS systems better we need a better understanding of how drivers, passengers and GPS systems work together. 文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。GPS全球定位系统可以帮助人们找到想去的地方，但GPS也会

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