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历年6级阅读真题及翻译

历年英语六级阅读真题及翻译（2009.06-1999.01）

2009年 6月英语六级阅读真题

Passage One：

For hundreds of millions of years, turtles (海龟 ) have struggled out of the sea to lay their

eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or

GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings

(幼龟)down to the water’ s edge lest they become disoriented by headlights and crawl towards a motel parking lot instead. A formidable wall of bureaucracy has been erected to

protect their prime nesting on the Atlantic coastlines. With all that attention paid to them,

you ’ d think these creatures would at least have the gratitude not to go extinct. But Nature

is indifferent to human notions of fairness, and a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service

showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of North Atlantic turtles, notably loggerheads, which can grow to as much as 400 pounds. The South Florida nesting

population, the largest, has declined by 50% in the last decade, according to Elizabeth Griffin,

a marine biologist with the environmental group Oceana. The figures prompted Oceana to

petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads

from“ threatened” to“ endangered”—meaning they are in danger of disappearing without

additional help. Which raises the obvious question: what else do these turtles want from us,

anyway? It turns out, according to Griffin, that while we have done a good job of protecting

the turtles for the weeks they spend on land(as egg-laying females,as eggs and as hatchlings), we have neglected the years spend in the ocean.“The threat is from commercial fishing, ” says Griffin. Trawlers (which drag large nets through the water and along the ocean

floor) and longline fishers (which can deploy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for

miles) take a heavy toll on turtles. Of course, like every other environmental issue today, this

is playing out against the background of global warming and human interference with natural

ecosystems.The narrow strips of beach on which the turtles lay their eggs are being squeezed on one side by development and on the other by the threat of rising sea levels as

the oceans warm. Ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well, or a creature that

outlived the dinosaurs(恐龙 )will meet its end at the hands of humans,leaving our descendants to wonder how creature so ugly could have won so much affection.

在数亿年前的时间里，海龟一直在挣扎着离开大海道海滩上产卵，时间远远遭遇自然纪录片的赞扬，

或全球定位通讯卫星和海洋生物学家的追踪，又或者志愿者们用手把幼龟放在海边以避免它们受到光线的

影响迷失方向，爬向汽车旅馆的停车场。由官方建造的大型围墙用于保护海龟在大西洋沿岸的主要筑巢地。

收到了各种各样的关注后，你可能会认为这些生物至少会心怀感激，不至于走向灭亡。但是自然却无视人

类的公平观念，由渔业和野生动物服务组织提供的用一份报告显示，北大西洋的数种海龟的种群数量出现

了令人担忧的下降，特别是体重可达400磅的红海龟。来自环保组织的Ocean的海洋生物学家伊丽莎白

格里芬称，数量最多的佛罗里达州南部穴居种群在过去十年里减少了50% 。该数据促使Oceana组织向政府情愿，要求将北大西洋红海龟的保护级别从“受威胁”提升至“濒危”-----这意味着如果没有外界的

帮助，它们将会面临灭绝的危险。

这就提出了一个明显的问题：这些海龟究竟还要我们做什么？

和幼龟），但是我们忽略了它们在海里的漫长时光。“主要是来自商业捕捞的威胁”格里芬说。

拖网渔船（在水中和海床拖行大型的渔网）和延绳钓鱼船（在钓线上装备数以千记的鱼钩，可以延伸

至数英里）给海龟造成了惨重的伤亡。当然，就像所有当下的环保问题一样，这也是在全球变暖和人类干

预自然生态系统的背景下发生的。海龟产卵的狭窄沙滩一方面收到开发的压榨，另一方面收到海洋变暖导

致的海平面上升的威胁。最终我们还要解决这些问题，否则一种比恐龙活得更久的生物将会在人类手中灭

绝，让我们的后代困惑于怎么这种丑陋的生物会赢得如此多的关爱。

Passage Two ：

There are few more sobering online activities than entering data into college-tuition calculators and gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum. But economists say families

about to go into debt to fund four years of partying,as well as studying,can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank stocks,

should yield huge dividends.A2008 study by two Harvard economists notes that the “ labor-market premium to skill”— or the amount college graduates earned that’ s greater than what high-school graduate earned— decreased for much of the 20th century, but has

come back with a vengeance( 报复性地 ) since the 1980s.In2005, The typical full-time year-round U.S. worker with a four-year college degree earned $50,900, 62% more than the

$31,500 earned by a worker with only a high-school diploma. There’s no question that going

to college is a smart economic choice. But a look at the strange variations in tuition reveals

that the choice about which college to attend doesn’t come down merely to dollars and cents.

Does going to Columbia University (tuition, room and board $49,260 in 2007-08) yield a

40% greater return than attending the University of Colorado at Boulder as an out-of-state

student ($35,542)? Probably not. Does being an out-of-state student at the University of

Colorado at Boulder yield twice the amount of income as being an in-state student ($17,380)

there? Not likely. No, in this consumerist age, most buyers aren’ t evaluating college as an investment, but rather as a consumer product— like a car or clothes or a house. And with

such purchases, price is only one of many crucial factors to consider. As with automobiles,

consumers in today’s college marketplace have vast choices, and people search for the one

that gives them the most comfort and satisfaction in line with their budgets. This accounts for

the willingness of people to pay more for different types of experiences (such as attending a

private liberal-arts college or going to an out-of-state public school that has a great marine-biology program). And just as two auto purchasers might spend an equal amount of

money on very different cars, college students (or, more accurately, their parents) often

show a willingness to pay essentially the same price for vastly different products. So which is

it? Is college an investment product like a stock or a consumer product like a car? In keeping

with the automotive world’ s hottest consumer trend, maybe it’s best to characterize it as

a hybrid ( 混合动力汽车 );an expensive consumer product that,over time,will pay rich dividends.

在大学学费计算器里输入数据，然后对着网络吐出来的六位数倒抽一口气，很少有其他在线活动比这

种活动更让人清醒了。但是经济学家们认为，打算举债资助四年聚会和学习的家庭可以这样安慰自己：大

学是不同于很多银行股票的投资，它应该产生巨额的红利。两位哈佛经济学家在2008 年进行的一项研究发现“劳动力市场对及恩那个的溢价现象”----换种说法就是大学毕业生的收入高于高中毕业生----在 20世纪大部分的时间都有所下降，但是自从20 世纪 80 年代出现了报复性的增长。在2005 年，典型的拥有四年大学学位的全职美国工人平均收入为50900 美元，比高中文凭的工人的平均收入31500美元多了

62% 。毫无疑问，上大学从经济上来说是明智的选择。但是学费奇怪的变化说明，选择上哪种大学并不只

是金钱的问题。上哥伦比亚大学（学费，食宿费在2007年--2008年达到了49260美元）比起非当地

学生报读科罗拉多大学博德尔分销（费用为35542美元）的回报率高40% 吗？不太可能。一名报读科罗拉多大学博德尔分校的非当地学生的收入会是当地学生（费用为17380美元的两倍吗？不太可能。不，

在消费主义的时代，大部分的买家不会把大学看做一种投资，而是一种消费品---- 就像汽车、衣服或住房

一样。购买这些商品，价格仅是需要考虑的很多关键因素中的一个。正如汽车一样，在今天的大学市场，

消费者有很多选择，人们在寻找复合预算条件的最舒适和满意的学校。这解释了为什么人们愿意为不同的

体验付出更高的费用（例如报读私立学校的文学院或者报读一家有很好的海洋生物学课程的外州公立大

学）。正如两名购车人会为完全不同的汽车付同样的价钱一样，大学生（或者更准确地说，他们的父母）

经常愿意为完全不同的产品支付差不多的价钱。那这是哪一种？究竟大学是像股票一样的投资产品还是像

汽车一样的消费品？为了追上汽车最炙手可热的消费者趋势，或许最好是把大学看做混合动力汽车；一种

消费品，但随着时间的流逝，会带来丰厚的回报。

2008年 12月英语六级阅读真题

Passage One：

Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and

economic growth,and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use.This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress

without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.To start with,it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout

history, and will continue to do so .medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and

sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today.

It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In

terms of energy use and the nutrients（营养成分） captured in the product it was relatively inefficient. Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition

from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food

became cheaper, safe and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat

（栖息地） loss and to diminishing biodiversity. What’ s more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons

of grain a year by 2050.yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water

available for agriculture in many regions. All this means that agriculture in the 21stcentury

will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th.thiswill require radical thinking. For

example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more

sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be“ zero impact ” . The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability,

which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage. Instead we

need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons（正反两方面） of all the various way land is used.There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield:energy use,environmental costs,water purity,carbon footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes

from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and

lighting.But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity.What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about

sustainable food production.

可持续发展适用于诸如能源，净水，经济增长等几乎所有的方面，因此，要对可持续发展的基本假设

或其概念的实施方法提出质疑也变得日益困难。这在农业方面尤其显著，可持续发展经常被认为是农业进步

的唯一标准，而这并没有从历史和文化的角度进行适当的评估。首先，重要的是认识到农业的本质随着历史

的发展已经发生了显著的变化，并且这种变化仍将持续。中世纪北欧的农业为以农业为主导的社会提供了衣

食和住所，而当时的人口密度远低于现在。那是的农业对生物多样性的影响有限，产生的任何污染通常都是

地方性的。当时的农业在能源利用以及农产品的营养成分方面是相对低效的。对比一下工业革命开始以后出

现的农场化。来自国外的竞争促使农民专业化并且提高产量。在这个时期，食品价格下降，安全性和可靠性

都有所提高。但是，这些变化也是导致了栖息地的流失和生物多样性的减少。此外，发展中

国家队畜产品的需求增长如此迅速，以至于在 2050 年之前每年需要额外收货 3 亿吨谷物才能满足该需求。但是城市和工业的发展导致在很多地区农业可利用的水资源越来越少。所有这些都意味着21世纪的农业将非常不同于 20 世纪的农业。这需要激进的思考方式。例如，我们需要摒弃传统生产比新型生产注定更

有利于可持续发展的方法，而这些方法的核心在于需要在保持生产的同时避免产生更多的破坏。我们同样

需要抛弃农业可以“零污染”的观念。关键在于放弃相对简单和静态的衡量可持续发展性的方法，而这些

方法的核心在于需要在保持生产的同时避免产生更多的破坏。取而代之的是更加动态的解释，可以兼顾到

种种土地使用方式的正反两面。除了粮食产量以外，还有很多不同的方式可以衡量农业的效益；能源利用，环境成本，水源纯净程度，碳排放和生物多样性。例如，显然把番茄从西班牙运到英国的碳排放量要少于

在英国用额外的供暖和照明设备种植番茄。但是我们不知道降低碳排放量是否总是对生物多样性是有益的。

关键是要意识到农业可持续的发展并不仅仅是关于可持续的食物生产。

Passage Two：

The percentage of immigrants (including those unlawfully present) in the United states

has been creeping upward for years. At 12.6 percent, it is now higher than at any point since

the mid1920s. We are not about to go back to the days when Congress openly worried about

inferior races polluting America’s bloodstream. But once again we are wondering whether we

have too many of the wrong sort newcomers. Their loudest critics argue that the new wave

of immigrants cannot, and indeed do not want to, fit in as previous generations did. We now

know that these racist views were wrong. In time, Italians, Romanians and members of other

so-called inferior races became exemplary Americans and contributed greatly, in ways too

numerous to detail, to the building of this magnificent nation. There is no reason why these

new immigrants should not have the same success. Although children of Mexican immigrants

do better,in terms of educational and professional attainment,than their parents UCLA sociologist Edward Telles has found that the gains don’ t continue.Indeed,the fouth generation is marginally worse off than the third James Jackson, of the University of Michigan,

has found a similar trend among black Caribbean immigrants,Tells fears that Mexican-Americans may be fated to follow in the footsteps of American blacks-that large

parts of the community may become mired（陷入） in a seemingly permanent state of poverty

and Underachievement.Like African-Americans,Mexican-Americans are increasingly relegated to (降入 )segregated, substandard schools, and their dropout rate is the highest for

any ethnic group in the country. We have learned much about the foolish idea of excluding

people on the presumption of the ethnic/racial inferiority. But what we have not yet learned

is how to make the process of Americanization work for all. I am not talking about requiring

people to learn English or to adopt American ways; those things happen pretty much on their

own, but as arguments about immigration hear up the campaign trail, we also ought to ask

some broader question about assimilation, about how to ensure that people , once outsiders ,

don ’ t forever remain marginalized within these shores. That is a much larger question than

what should happen with undocumented workers, or how best to secure the border, and it is

one that affects not only newcomers but groups that have been here for generations. It will

have more impact on our future than where we decide to set the admissions bar for the latest

ware of would-be Americans. And it would be nice if we finally got the answer right.

美国移民的比例（包括非法移民）连续数年呈增长趋势. 现已达到12.6%，比20世纪20年代中期以来的任何时候都要高。我们不是要回到国会公开表示担忧等民族污染美国血统的时代。但是我们再一次想

知道美国是否有太多不适合的新移民。其中声势最大的批评认为新的移民浪潮并不能像前面数代人一样真正

融入，实际上他们也并不想这么做。现在我们知道这些种族主义的观点都是错的。曾经，意大利人、罗马尼

亚人以及其他所谓的“低等民族”成为美国人的楷模，并且通过不胜枚举的方式为这个美妙国度的建设做出

了伟大的贡献。说这些新移民不能取得同样的成功毫无根据。尽管墨西哥移民的孩子在教育和职

业成就领域比起他们的父母表现更佳，加州大学洛杉矶分校的社会学家爱德华- 特列斯发现这种成就感并

没有持续性。事实上，第四代要比第三代稍差一点。密歇根大学的詹姆斯- 杰克逊在加勒比黑人移民中也

发现了相似的趋势。特列斯担心墨西哥裔美国人可能注定会步美国黑人的后尘--- 社区中的大部分人将陷入

贫穷和毫无建树的状态。像非裔美国人一样，墨西哥裔美国人日益降入实行种族隔离政策、低标准的学校，他们的退学率在整个国家的所有民族中是最高的。我们已经认识到在民族、种族低劣的前提下去排斥他们是

多么愚蠢。但是我们仍然不知道如何使美国化的过程适合所有的人。我并不是说要求所有的人都学习英语或

者采取美国的方式；这些事情自然而然就会发生。但是随着关于移民的争论使总统大选白热化，我们

也应该提出关于融合，关于如何确保曾经的外来人口无需永远在国内边缘化等更广泛的问题。这是比无证

工人的遭遇或者如何包围边境安全更重要的问题。这个问题不仅影响了新移民，而且也影响到了已经在这

里时代生活的群体。与现在我们队即将涌入的准美国人设定“准入点”相比，它将对我们的未来产生更大

的影响。当然如果最终可以找到正确答案就太好了。

2008年 6月英语六级阅读真题

Passage One ：

Imagine waking up and finding the value of your assets has been halved. No, you’ re not an investor in one of those hedge funds that failed completely. With the dollar slumping to a

26-year low against the pound, already-expensive London has become quite unaffordable. A

coffee at Starbucks, just as unavoidable in England as it is in the United States, runs about

$8. The once all-powerful dollar isn’t doing a Titanic against just the pound. It is sitting at

a record low against the euro and at a 30-year low against the Canadian dollar. Even the

Argentine peso and Brazilian real are thriving against the dollar. The weak dollar is a source

of humiliation, for a nation’ s self-esteem rests in part on the strength of its currency. It’s also a potential economic problem,since a declining dollar makes imported food more expensive and exerts upward pressure on interest rates.And yet there are substantial sectors of the vast U.S.economy-from giant companies like Coca-Cola to mom-and-pop restaurant operators in Miami-for which the weak dollar is most excellent news.Many Europeans may view the U.S.as an arrogant superpower that has become hostile to foreigners. But nothing makes people think more warmly of the U.S. than a weak dollar.

Through April, the total number of visitors from abroad was up 6.8 percent from last year.

Should the trend continue, the number of tourists this year will finally top the 2000 peak?

Many Europeans now apparently view the U.S. the way many Americans view Mexico-as a

cheap place to vacation, shop and party, all while ignoring the fact that the poorer locals can’t afford to join the merrymaking. The money tourists spend helps decrease our chronic trade

deficit. So do exports, which thanks in part to the weak dollar, soared 11 percent between

May 2006 and May 2007. For first five months of 2007, the trade deficit actually fell 7 percent

from 2006. If you own shares in large American corporations,you ’ re a winner in the weak-dollar gamble. Last week Coca-Cola’s stick bubbled to a five-year high after it reported

a fantastic quarter. Foreign sales accounted for 65 percent of Coke’ s beverage business. Other American companies profiting from this trend include McDonald’ s and IBM. American tourists, however, shouldn’ t expect any relief soon. The dollar lost strength the way many

marriages break up- slowly, and then all at once. And currencies don’ t turn on a dime. So

if you want to avoid the pain inflicted by the increasingly pathetic dollar, cancel that summer

vacation to England and look to New England. There, the dollar is still treated with a little

respect.

想象你一觉醒来，发现自己的资产减半。不，你并不是其中一支彻底失败的基金的投资者。随着美元

兑英镑跌至 26 年来的最低值，物价本就偏高的伦敦变得更让人难以承受。一杯星巴克的咖啡在英国不得

不买到 8 美元，同在美国如出一辙。无所不能的美元在兑换英镑时，不再是庞然大物。美元兑欧元的汇率

创下新低，并在与加元的汇兑中处于30 年来的最低值。就连阿根廷闭锁和巴西雷亚尔都比美元有活力。

疲软的美元带来了屈辱，因为一个国家的尊严部分来源于本国货币的强度。这也是一个潜在的经济问题，

因为编制的美元使得进口食品价格上扬，并施加加息的压力。 A 但对于庞大美国经济体中大量的产业部门

----- 从可口可乐这样的大公司到迈阿密的夫妻餐厅经营者----美元疲软的消息对他们来说可是再好不过

了。一些欧洲人视美国为一个傲慢的超级大国，并且认为美国对外国人怀有敌意。但当人们想起美国时，

没有什么比疲软的美元更带劲的了。整个 4 月的游客总数比去年同期增加了 6.8% ，如果这种趋势延续下去，今天游客的人数将最终比2000年的峰值还多。一些欧洲人现在看待美国的方式恰似美国人看待墨西

哥一样 ----- 一个廉价的度假、购物和举行派对的场所，他们都忽略了那些更贫穷的本土居民不能承担这种

寻欢作乐的费用。游客的消费帮助减缓了我们长期以来的贸易赤字。出口也是如此，部分由于疲软的美国，2006 年 5 月 ----2007年 5月的出口额飙升了 11%。与 2006年相比， 2007 年前 5 个月的贸易赤字居然下降了 7% 。如果你持有美国大公司的股票，那么你会是疲软美元投机中的赢家。上周可口可乐发布了

令人振奋的一季数据后，其股价攀升至五年来的新高。海外销售占据可口可乐65% 的饮料业务。其他美国企业，包括麦当劳和IBM在这种趋势下也赢得了利润。然而，美国游客不应该期望任何迅速的改善。

美元疲软的过程就如同婚姻破裂的过程---- 都是缓慢的，然后才是快速的。货币不会立即升值。因此如果你想避免不断惨淡的美元带来的痛苦，那就取消去英格兰的暑期度假计划，该去新英格兰州吧。

Passage Two：

In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fights. We are pushing our kids to

get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes so they can get into the

college of our first choice. I’ ve twice been to the wars, and as I survey the battlefield,

something different is happening.We see our kids ’college background as e prize demonstrating how well we’ raised them. But we can’ acknowledge that our obsession(痴迷 ) is more about ve t us than them. So we’ contrived various justifications that turn out to

be half-truths, prejudices or myths. It actually ve doesn’ t matter much whether Aaron and

Nicole go to Stanford. We have a full-blown prestige panic; we worry that there won’t be enough prizes to go around. Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than

ever. Underlying the hysteria(歇斯底里) is the belief that scarce elite degrees must be highly

valuable. Their graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better education and

develop better contacts. All that is plausible—— and mostly wrong. We haven’ t found any convincingevidence that selectivity or prestige matters.Selective schools don’ t systematically employ better instructional approaches than less selective schools. On two

measures—— professors ’ feedback and the number of essay exams—— selective schools do slightly worse.By some studies,selective schools do enhance their graduates’ lifetime earnings. The gain is reckoned at 2-4% for every 100-poinnt increase in a school’ s average SAT scores. But even this advantage is probably a statistical fluke(偶然 ). A well-known study examined students who got into highly selective schools and then went elsewhere They earned just as much as graduates from higher-status schools. Kids count more than their

colleges. Getting into Yale may signify intelligence, talent and Ambition. But it’ s not the only indicator and, paradoxically, its significance is declining. The reason: so many similar people

go elsewhere. Getting into college is not life only competition. Old-boy networks are breaking

down. Princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph.D. program. High

scores on the GRE helped explain who got in; degrees of prestigious universities didn’ t. So, parents, lighten up. the stakes have been vastly exaggerated. p to a point, we can rationalize

our pushiness. America is a competitive society; our kids need to adjust to that. but too

much pushiness can be destructive. the very ambition we impose on our children may get

some into Harvard but may also set them up for disappointment. one study found that, other

things being equal,graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction.They may have been so conditioned to being on top that anything less disappoints.

在大学入学的战役中，我们这些家长都是真正的战士。我们督促自己的孩子取得更好的成绩，参加权

门学科评鉴考试（SAT ）预备课程和填写简历，以便他们能进入第一志愿的大学。我已参加过两次这场战

役，我在这战场上存活了下来，不同的情况总是在发生。我们把自己孩子的大学牌子是视为我们培养他们

好坏程度的奖赏。但我们不能理解的是我们的痴迷是为了自己还是孩子。所以我们发明了很多自认为有理

的辩护，这些辩护成了半真半假的陈词、偏见和荒诞的说法。事实上，阿伦和尼克尔是否进入斯坦福大学

并不是真的那么重要。我们有着充足的威望恐慌症；我们担心未来没有足够的荣誉去炫耀。满怀担忧的父

母督促他们的孩子申请比以往多得多的学校。这歇斯底里的关键是他们相信少数精英学位肯定有着更高的

价值。他们毕业后肯定能获得更多的成功，因为他们受到更优质的教育，发展了更优良的交际圈。这些说法都似是而非 -----而大多数是错误的。我们还没有找到任何可信证据表明选择或威望的重要性。重点学校不会比非重点学校系统地使用更好地教育方法。在以下两方面----教授的反馈和写作考试的数量----重点学校做得稍差。一些研究表明，重点学校的确增加了其毕业生的终生收入。一所学校的平均SAT 分数增加 100 分，这一财产就会增加2%--4%.但这种优势也可能只是统计学上的偶然。一项著名的研究考察了进入重点学校的学生和他们毕业后的去向。孩子自身的作用远远高于学校的作用。G 进入耶鲁大学标志着聪明过人、才华横溢和雄心勃勃。但这并非是唯一的标志，而且讽刺的是，这种标志性正在逐渐淡化。原

因是大量有同样才气的人到别的地方去了。进入大学并非人生唯一的竞赛。在另一项竞赛中---- 职场和研究所 ---- 结果可能会改变。校友关系开始瓦解。普林斯顿经济学家艾伦昆格研究了一项顶尖博士项目的录

取工作。美国研究生入学考试（GRE ）的高分有助于解释谁能入选；而学校的名气则不能。因此，家长们，清醒一下。事实已被嫉妒夸大。在某一方面，我们可以解释这种狂热。美国是个竞争性的社会；我们的孩

子需要为其而调整。但太多的一意孤行是毁灭性的。我们在孩子身上寄托的野心可能引领着部分孩子进入

哈佛大学，但也可能使他们失望。一项研究发现，从重点学校毕业不易获得工作上的满足感。他们对自己

的要求过高。一旦达不到这种高要求，就会感到失望。

2007 年 12 月英语六级阅读真题

Passage One ：

Like most people, I’ve long understood that I will be judged by my occupation, that my

profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am. Recently, however, I was

disappointed to see that it also decides how I’ m treated as a person. Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables. As someone

paid to serve food to people. I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they’d never say or do to their most casual acquaintances. One night a man talking on his cell phone

waved me away, then beckoned (示意 ) me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he

was ready to order and asking where I’d been. I had waited tables during summers in college

and was treated like a peon(勤杂工 ) by plenty of people. But at 19 years old. I believed I

deserved inferior treatment from professional adults.Besides,people responded to me differently after I told them I was in college. Customers would joke that one day I’d be sitting

at their table, waiting to be served. Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper.

From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed this

was the way the professional world worked-cordially.I soon found out differently,I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls

would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie.

The mistake was immediately evident. Perhaps it was because money was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me. My job title made people treat

me with courtesy. So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry. It’ s no secret that there ’ s a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily

forgotten when you pocket the tips. The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to

others ’ needs. Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn’t get the difference between server and servant. I’ m now applying to graduate school, which means someday I’ll return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want. I think I’ll take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve them.

像大部分人一样，我早就明白人们会通过我从事的工作来判断我，人们通过我从事的工作来判断我有

多么聪明，多么有智慧。. 但是，最近我很失望，因为我看到工作也能决定我作为一个人是如何被对待的。

去年，我辞职不再作小镇的记者，转而找了一份招待员的工作。就因为有人付钱请人吃饭，那些人做

了一些我觉得他们从来没有对一般的熟人说过或做过的事情。有天晚上一个拿着手机打电话的男子挥手示

意我离开，然后不到一分钟又用手指示意我回来，埋怨说他已经准备好点菜，问我去哪了。

暑假里我在大学里作招待员，被很多人当作勤杂工一样对待。但是19 岁的我相信，我应该接受一些

来自有职业的成人的很差的对待。而且，在我告诉人们我在上大学时，人们] 对我反应不同。客人们笑话

我说，有朝一日我也可以坐在桌子边上，等待别人提供服务。毕业之后，我在社区报纸那里找到了一份工

作。从第一天起，我从任何一位叫我的人口中听到的都是尊敬的口吻。我想这就是职业起作用的方式一诚

恳地。

很快我有了不同的发现。我坐的位置距离一位和我的名字非常相似的广告销售代表仅有几英尺远。我

们的电话经常混淆，Kristen的电话会被转接给Christie.“错误很快就清楚了。也许是因为钱的缘故，

对 Kristen讲话时，人们总是使用一种从来没有对我使用过的口吻。

我的工作头衔让人们非常谦恭地对待我。所以，重新回到饭店行业让人感到震惊。站在桌边等顾客点菜

时有很多需要容忍的事情，这已经不是什么秘密了。但是，幸运的是，当拿到小费时，就会忘记很多的

不满。服务业，顾名思义，它之所以存在就是要满足别人的需要. 而且，看起来我的很多顾客没有弄清楚

server (侍者)和servant (仆人)的区别。

现在我正在申请读研究生，这就意味着将来有一天我会重新找到一份工作，一份人们为了得到他们想

得到的东西而对我非常友好的工作. 我想我会先带他们去吃饭，借机看一下他们是怎么对待那些唯一的工

作就是为他们提供服务的人。

Passage Two：

What ’ s hot for 2007 among the very rich? A S7.3 million diamond ring. A trip to Tanzania

to hunt wild animals. Oh. and income inequality. Sure, some leftish billionaires like George

Soros have been railing against income inequality for years. But increasingly, centrist and

right-wing billionaires are starting to worry about income inequality and the fate of the middle class. In December. Mortimer Zuckerman wrote a column in U.S News & World Report,

which he owns.“ Our nation’ s core bargain with the middle class is disintegrating,”lamented ( 哀叹 ) the 117th-richest man in America.“Most of our economic gains have gone

to people at the very top of the income ladder. Average income for a household of people of

working age, by contrast, has fallen five years in a row.” He noted that“ Tens of millions of Americans live in fear that a major health problem can reduce them to bankruptcy.” Wilbur Ross Jr. has echoed Zuckerman’s anger over the bitter struggles faced by middle-class

Americans.“ It ’s an outrage that any American’s life expectancy should be shortened simply because the company they worked for went bankrupt and ended health-care coverage,” said the former chairman of the International Steel Group. What’ s happening? The very rich are

just as trendy as you and I, and can be so when it comes to politics and policy. Given the

recent change of control in Congress, popularity of measures like increasing the minimum

wage, and efforts by California’ governor to offer universal health care, these guys don’t need their own personal weathermen to know which way the wind blows. It’ s possible that plutocrats(有钱有势的人 ) are expressing solidarity with the struggling middle class as part of

an effort to insulate themselves from confiscatory (没收性的 ) tax policies. But the prospect

that income inequality will lead to higher taxes on the wealthy doesn’ t keep plutocrats up at night.They can live with that.No,what they fear was that the political challenges of sustaining support for global economic integration will be more difficult in the United States

because of what has happened to the distribution of income and economic insecurity. In

other words, if middle-class Americans continue to struggle financially as the ultrawealthy

grow ever wealthier, it will be increasingly difficult to maintain political support for the free

flow of goods,services,and capital across borders.And when the United States places obstacles in the way of foreign investors and foreign goods, it’s likely to encourage reciprocal action abroad. For people who buy and sell companies, or who allocate capital to markets all

around the world, that’ s the real nightmare.

07年巨富们对什么事情最关心? 价值 7300 万美元的钻戒，去坦桑尼亚旅行、打猎。哦，还有收入不

平等。

的确，一些像 George Soros一样的左派富翁多年来一直抨击收入不公平问题。但是，中间派议员们

和右派富翁也越来越担心收入不公平问题和中产阶级的命运。

12月份， Mortimer Ztrke在自已拥有的《美国新闻世界报道》上发表专栏文章。“我们国家的中

产阶级的核心价值观正在走向破裂，”这位美国排名第117位的富翁哀叹道。“我们的大部分经济收人

都进入了位于收人台阶最顶层的富翁的腰包中。形成鲜明对比的是，对于一家人都是工薪阶层的人来说，五

年来收入呈连续趋势。”他说“成百上千万美国人生活在恐惧中，他们害怕严重的健康问题会让他们破

产。”

Zuckemum对于中产阶级所面临的苦苦挣扎表示极大愤慨，Wlbur Rass Jr.随即作出响应。“如果

任何美国人的寿命期望值缩短仅仅是因为他所工作的公司破严而没法享受健康救助，这简宜就是暴行，”

国际钢铁组织前任主席说。

到底发生了什么 ? 巨富者和你我一样领导潮流，对于政治和政策来说，也是如此。知道最近国会控制

权发生的变化、增加最低工资等举措的受欢迎度和加利福尼亚州州长为普及医疗保障体系所作的努力，这

些人就不需要他们白己的天气预报员来了解风往哪个方向吹。

有钱有势的人与苦苦挣扎的中产阶级表示团结以使他们远离没收性的税收政策。这一点是有可能的。

但是收入不公平会导致对富者更多的税率的可能性并没有让有钱有势的人半夜里睡不着觉。他们能够承受

得了。

不，他们担心的是，因为收入发配和经济安全的现状，使全球经济融合继续得到支持的政治挑战在美

国会变得更困难。

换句话说，如果美国的中产阶级继续在财政问题上挣扎，而巨富者越来越富有的话，物品、服务和资

本约跨越国境自由流通将越来越难获得政洽上的支持。当美国对外国投资者和外国商品设置障碍时，有可

能国外也会采取相对应的措施。这样，对于些买卖公司或者向全球市场分配资本的入来说，这无疑是一个

真正的梦魔。

2007年 6月英语六级阅读真题

Passage One：

You hear the refrain all the time: the U.S. economy looks good statistically, but it doesn’t feel good.Why doesn ’ t ever-greater wealth promote ever-greater happiness?It is a question that dates at least to the appearance in 1958 of The Affluent (富裕的 ) Society by John Kenneth Galbraith, who died recently at 97. The Affluent Society is a modern classic

because it helped define a new moment in the human condition. For most of history,“ hunger, sickness,and cold” threatened nearly everyone,Galbraith wrote. “ Poverty was found everywhere in that world. Obviously it is not of ours.” After World War II, the dread of

another Great Depression gave way to an economic boom. In the 1930s unemployment had

averaged 18.2 percent; in the 1950s it was 4.5 percent. To Galbraith, materialism had gone

mad and would breed discontent. Through advertising, companies conditioned consumers to

buy things they didn’t really want or need. Because so much spending was artificial, it would

be unfulfilling. Meanwhile, government spending that would make everyone better off was

being cut down because people instinctively— and wrongly—labeled government only as“ a necessary evil.”It ’s often said that only the rich are getting ahead; everyone else is standing

still or falling behind. Well, there are many undeserving rich— overpaid chief executives, for instance. But over any meaningful period, most people’s incomes are increasing. From 1995

to 2004, inflation-adjusted average family income rose 14.3 percent, to $43,200. people feel

“ squeezed ” because their rising incomes often don’ t satisfy their rising wants— for bigger homes,more health care,more education,faster Internet connections.The other great frustration is that it has not eliminated insecurity. People regard job stability as part of their

standard of living. As corporate layoffs increased, that part has eroded. More workers fear

they ’ ve become“ the disposable American,” as Louis Uchitelle puts it in his book by the

same name. Because so much previous suffering and social conflict stemmed from poverty,

the arrival of widespread affluence suggested utopian (乌托邦式的 ) possibilities. Up to a point, affluence succeeds. There is much les physical misery than before. People are better off.

Unfortunately, affluence also creates new complaints and contradictions. Advanced societies

need economic growth to satisfy the multiplying wants of their citizens. But the quest for

growth lets loose new anxieties and economic conflicts that disturb the social order. Affluence liberates the individual,promising that everyone can choose a unique way to self-fulfillment. But the promise is so extravagant that it predestines many disappointments

and sometimes inspires choices that have anti-socialconsequences,including family breakdown and obesity( 肥胖症 ).Statistical indicators of happiness have not risen with incomes. Should we be surprised? Not really. We’ ve simply reaffirmed an old truth: the

pursuit of affluence does not always end with happiness.

你一直重复听到：美国的经济从数据上看很不错，但实际上并不觉得很好为什么不断增加的财富却没

有促进不断提高的幸福程度呢？这个问题最早要追溯到1958年《富足社会》一书的出现，其作者John Kenneth Galbraith最近去世了，享年97 岁《富足社会》是一本现代名著，因为书中定义了人类境况的

一个新时期。在历史上的大多数时期，“饥寒交迫和疾病”几乎威胁了每一个人。Galbraith写道：“贫穷出现在那个世界的任何角落。但这显然与我们无关”“二战”后，对于新的一次大衰退的恐惧让位于一

次经济繁荣。在二十世纪三十年代，失业率高达18.2%，而在二十世纪五十年代，失业率为 4.5% 。对于Galbraith 而言，物质主义已经疯狂，并且会滋生不满。公司通过广告让消费者购买他们不需要或者不

想要的东西。如此多的花费是虚假的，所以肯定会有不满同时，能让每个人生活得更好的政府开销却减少了，因为人们本能地、错误地为政府贴上了“必要的恶魔”的标签。人们常说只有富人在前行，其他人都

停留在原地或者落在后面。例如，是有很多人不应富有的人。工资过高的首席执行官。但是在经历了很多

重要时期之后，大多数人的收入在上升。从 1995 年到 2004 年，针对通货膨胀进行调整的普通家庭收入上升了

14.3% ，达到了 43 ， 200 美元。人们觉得“被压榨”，是因为他们增加的收入不能满足他们上升

的欲望 ---- 更大的房子，更多医疗保健，更多教育，更快的网络连接。另外一大沮丧是不安全感并没有被

消除。人们把工作的稳定性看成生活标准的一部分。随着公司裁员的增加了，这部分被腐蚀了。更过的员

工害怕自己会成为“被处理的美国人”，这一说法来自于LouisUchtelle的同名著作。因为前面提到的痛

苦和社会冲突都来源于贫穷，大范围富裕的来临暗示了乌托邦式的可能。从某种意义来说，富裕成功了。

比起以前，身体上的痛苦大大减少。人们比以前更富于了。不幸的是，富足同样创造了新的抱怨和矛盾。

现金的社会需要经济增长，以满足市民日益多样化的需要。但是对增长的追求却产生了新的焦虑和经济冲

突，扰乱了社会秩序。富裕解放了个人，承诺每个人可以选择独特方式来达成自己的愿望。但是承诺是如

此的奢侈，以至于注定会有失望，有时还会引起带来反社会的选择，包括家庭破裂和肥胖症。数据表明，

幸福并没有随着收入的增长而增长。我们是不是应该感到惊讶？不必。我们仅是重新印证了一句老话：对

富裕的追求并不会总是以幸福为结局。

Passage Two：

The use of deferential (敬重的) language is symbolic of the Confucian ideal of the woman,

which dominates conservative gender norms in Japan. This ideal presents a woman who

withdraws quietly to the background, subordinating her life and needs to those of her family

and its male head. She is a dutiful daughter, wife, and mother, master of the domestic arts.

The typical refined Japanese woman excels in modesty and delicacy; she“ treads softly (谨言慎行 )in the world,” elevating feminine beauty and grace to an art form. Nowadays, it is

commonly observed that young women are not conforming to the feminine linguistic (语言的 ) ideal. They are using fewer of the very deferential“ women’ forms, and even using the

few strong forms that are s” know as“men’ s.” This, of course, attracts considerable

attention and has led to an outcry in the Japanese media against the defeminization of women’s language. Indeed, we didn’t hear about“ men’s language” until people began

to respond to girls’ appropriation of forms normally reserved for boys and men. There is

considerable sentiment about the“ corruption” of women’ s language—which of course is

viewed as part of the loss of feminine ideals and morality— and this sentiment is crystallized

by nationwide opinion polls that are regularly carried out by the media. Yoshiko Matsumoto

has argued that young women probably never used as many of the highly deferential forms

as older women. This highly polite style is no doubt something that young women have been

expected to“ grow into”— after all, it is assign not simply of femininity, but of maturity and

refinement, and its use could be taken to indicate a change in the nature of one’ s social relations as well. One might well imagine little girls using exceedingly polite forms when

playing house or imitating older women — in a fashion analogous to little girls’ use of a high-pitched voice to do“ teacher talk” or “ mother talk” in role play. The fact that young Japanese women are using less deferential language is a sure sign of change— of social change and of linguistic change. But it is most certainlynot a sign of the“ masculization” of girls. In some instances, it may be a sign that girls are making the same claim to authority

as boys and men,but that is very different from saying that they are trying to be “ masculine. ” Katsue Reynolds has argued that girls nowadays are using more assertive

language strategies in order to be able to compete with boys in schools and out. Social change also brings not simply different positions for women and girls, but different relations

to life stages, and adolescent girls are participating in new subcultural forms. Thus what may,

to an older speaker,seem like“ masculine”speech may seem to an adolescent like “ liberated ” or “hip ” speech.

使用敬语是儒家女性完美标准的象征，在日本保守的性别规范中占有重要地位。这个完美标准展示了

这样一位女性: 她会悄无声息地退到幕后，把她的生活和需要放在次要位置，而把她的家人白手入的生活

和需要放在首位。她是一个恭敬顺从的女儿、妻子、母亲，还是主持家务事的大师。典型的有教养的日本

女性以谦虚谨慎见长 ; 她“在世界上谨言慎行”，把女性的美丽和优雅上升成为一种艺术形式。

如今，人们经常会看到年轻的女性不再遵守女性语言规范。她们越来越少地使用极满敬意的“女性”

语言，甚至在使用少有的带有强烈“男子气”的语言。当然，这引起了人们很大的关注，导致日本媒体强

烈反对女性语言的非女性化现象。事实上，直到人们开始对女孩子使用通常被男孩子和男人使用的语言这

个现象作出反应，我们才听说有关“男性语言”的说法。人们对于女性语言的”腐化”有很大的意见一当

然这被视为丢失女性规范和道德观念的部分表现一这种意见通过媒体定期进行的全国民意调查被表现得一

清二楚。

Yoshiko Matsumoto说年轻的女性也许从未像年长的女性那样使用很多极为充满敬意的语问，人们

期待年轻女性学会使用这种格外礼貌的语体一毕竟，它不仅仅是女性气质的体现，还是成熟和优雅的表现.使用这种语体表明一个人社会关系本质上的变化。你也许想象得到小女孩们在玩过家家或模仿年长女性时

丶使用过分礼貌语言的情景一她们的样子类似于小女孩在扮演角色时提高声调模仿坊”老师”或”妈妈”

讲话时的样子。

年轻的日本女性越来越少地使用敬语这一现象确确实实表明一种变化: 社会变化和语言变化。但是在

很大程度上这的确不能表明女孩“男性化”。的现象。在一些情况下，这可能表明女孩同男孩男人一样要

求获得权力，但这与说她们试图要“男性化”非常不同。Katsue Re olds说现在的女孩为了能在校内外

一男孩竞正在使用更为坚定自信的语言策略。社会变化同样不仅仅为女孩和妇女带来不同的地位，也为生

活的不同阶段带来不同的关系，而且处于青春期的女孩们正在参与到新的亚文化形式中来。这样，一篇演

讲对于一个年长的演讲者而言似乎显得有些”男性化”，而对于一个青少年而言，则似乎显得“不受传统

思想束缚”或“很时髦”。

2006 年12月英语六级阅读真题英语六级阅读真题

Passage One：

In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body’ s system for reacting to things that

can harm us— the so-called fight-or-flight response.“ An animal that can’t detect danger can ’ t stay alive,” says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate

mechanism for processing information about potential threats.At its core is a cluster of neurons ( 神经元 ) deep in the brain known as the amygdale (扁桃核 ). LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant

events in our lives. The amygdale receives input from many parts of the brain, including

regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdale appraises

a situation — I think this charging dog wants to bite me— and triggers a response by radiating

nerve signals throughout the body.These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three. This fear mechanism is

critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than

humans know they’ re afraid. That is, as LeDoux says,“ if you put that system into a brain

that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear.” Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate

future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection

systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry. That’ s not necessarily

a bad thing, says Hallowell.“ When used properly, worry is an incredible device,” he says. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action— like having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back.Hallowell insists, though, that there’s a right way to worry.“ Never do it alone, get the facts and then make a plan.” He says. Most of us have survived a recession, so we’re familiar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive

a slump. Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism,

so it ’s been difficult to get fact about how we should respond. That’s why Hallowell believes

it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro

( 抗炭疽菌的药物 ) and buying gas masks.

从纯粹的生物学意义上讲，恐惧始自身体系统对于可能伤害到我们的事物作出的反应，即所谓的斗争

或逃跑”反应。“ ; 不能探查危险的动物不可能存活，” Joseph LeEbux 说。同动物一样，人类进化出一套复杂

精细的结构用以处理有关潜在威胁的信息。该结构的核心是位于大脑深处的被称为“扁桃核”的一

簇神经元。

LeDoux研究动物和人类对威胁作出反应的方式以便了解我们在生活中对于有重要意义的事件是如何

形成记忆的。扁桃核接收来自大脑许多部位的信息，其中包括负责回忆的区域。在使用这条信息的过程中，扁桃核对形势作出评估一我想这只正冲过来的狗要咬我一并通过向全身发出神经信号来激发反应。这些信

号会产生我们熟悉的表示困境迹象: 颤抖、出汗、步伐加快，这里只列举三种。

这套能作出恐惧反应的结构对于所有动物的生存都是至关重要的，但是没有人能够肯定地说除了人类

之外动物是否知道它们感到害怕。也正如Le 所说的，”如果你把那套系统放进有意识的大脑里，那么你

就会感到害怕了。”Edward M. Hallowell说，人类具备能够回忆过去的不幸并预测未来的能力。把这些

更高级的思维过程与我们基本的探查危险系统结合起来，你会产生几乎全人类共有的现象:担忧。

这未必就是件坏事，Hallowell说，”若使用得当，担忧会是个不可思议的工具。”毕竟，如果些许

的担忧能够使你采取建设性行动一例如让医生检查一下你背部的那个奇怪的斑点一那么这种担忧是有益

健康的。

然而，Hallowell坚持说，有一种担忧的正确方法。”永远不要只是担忧，收集事实然后制订计划。

他说。我们大多数人经历过经济萧条时期并幸存下来，所以我们很熟悉为了渡过难关所需要的紧缩策略。

遗憾的是，我们几乎没有人具有经验来处理来自恐怖主义的威胁，所以要获得相关事实来说明我们应

该如何作出反应是很困难的 . 这就解释了为什么 Hallowell 认为以下现象是正常的 : 去年秋天人们处在极度的担忧之中，从医生那里急求抗炭疽菌的药物且购买防毒面具。

passage two：

As a visiting professor at the Harvard Business School in 1989, he ended his work there

disgusted with his students’ overwhelming lost for money.“They ’ taught that profit is all

that matters,” he says.“ Many schools don ’ even re t offer ethics (伦理学 ) courses at all.”Etzioni expressed his frustration about the interests of his graduate students.“ By and large,

I clearly had not found a way to help classes full of MBAs see that there is more to life than

money, power, fame and self-interest.” He wrote at the time. Today he still takes the blame

for not educating these“ business-leaders-to-be.” “ I really like I failed them,” he says.“ If I was a better teacher maybe I could have reached them.” Etzioni was a respected ethics

expert when he arrived at Harvard. He hoped his work at the university would give him

insight into how questionsof morality could be applied to places where self-interest flourished. What he found wasn’t encouraging. Those would be executives had, says Etzioni,

little interest in concepts of ethics and morality in the boardroom— and their professor was

met with blank stares when he urged his students to see business in new and different ways.

Etzioni sees the experience at Harvard as an eye-opening one and says there’ s much about business schools that he’ d like to change.“A lot of the faculty teaching business are bad

news themselves,” Etzioni says. From offering classes that teach students how to legally

manipulate contracts, to reinforcing the notion of profit over community interests, Etzioni

has seen a lot that’ s left him shaking his head. And because of what he’ s seen taught in business schools, he’s not surprised by the latest rash of corporate scandals.“ In many ways things have got a lot worse at business schools,I suspect,” says Etzioni.Etzioni is still teaching the sociology of right and wrong and still calling for ethical business leadership.

“ People with poor motives will always exist.” He says.“Sometimes environments constrain

those people and sometimes environments give those people opportunity.” Etzioni says the booming economy of the last decade enabled those individuals with poor motives to get rich

before getting in trouble. His hope now: that the cries for reform will provide more fertile soil

for his long-standing messages about business ethics.

对于最近有关诡计多端的企业骗子的报道Amitai Etzioni一点不感到惊奇。作为1989 年哈佛商学院的客座教授， Amitai Etzioni在那里结束了他的工作，对于在学生中普遍存在的对金钱的奢欲他感到

刹很反感。他们接受这样的教育，认为利润至高无上，”他说，“许多学校甚至根本不开设伦理学课程。”

Etzioni在谈到他的研究生们的兴趣时表现得很失望。“总的来说，我分明没有找到方法来帮助全班

MBA认识到生命中有些东西比金钱、权力、名誉和个人利益更重要，”当时他写道。如今，他仍然为没

有教育好这些”未来的企业领袖们”而自责。“我确实感到是我耽误了他们，”他说，“如果我是个更好

的老师，也许我就能打动他们了。”

Etzioni来到哈佛商学院时是位受人尊敬的伦理学专家。他希望在这所大学的工作可以使他深刻地了

解到道德上的问题是如何被应用到这个私利盛行的地方的。他的发现并不令人鼓舞。Etzioni 说，那些未

来的的领导们对董会中的伦理和道德概念几乎不感兴趣一当他催促学生以新的不同的方式看待商业行为

时教授看到的却是空洞的眼神。

Etaoni认为在哈佛商学院的经历令他开了眼界，并说商学院里有很多他想改变的地方。“有很多教商务课程的教职员本身就存在问题，”他说。从开设课程教学生如何合法地操纵合同，到强化“利润高于公

众利益”的概念， Etziom 已见到很使他摇头兴叹的例子。由于他看到了在商业学校里所教授的一切，所以他

并不亠最近出现的一连串公司丑闻而感到惊讶。“我怀疑，商学院里的情况在很多方面会糟得多，”

Etzioni说。

Etzioni仍在教授关于是与非的社会学，仍在呼吁合乎道德的商业领导。“动机不良的人总是说，“有时环境会约束这些人，有时会给他们提供机会。” Etzioni 说过去十年迅速发展的经济使这人在遇到麻烦之前就富

起来。他现在的希望是 : 改革的呼声将会为他长期坚持的商业道德的思想提供更加肥沃的土壤。

2003年6月英语六级阅读真题

Passage One：

In the villages of the English countryside there are still people who remember the good old

days when no one bothered to lock their doors. There simply wasn’t any crime to worry about.Amazingly,these happy times appear still to be with us in the world’ s biggest community.A new study by Dan Farmer, a gifted programmer,using an automated investigative program of his own called SATAN, shows that the owners of well over half of all

World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors. SATAN can try

out a variety of well-known hacking(黑客的 )tricks on an Internet site without actually breaking in. Farmer has made the program publicly available, amid much criticism. A person

with evil intent could use it to hunt down sites that are easy to burgle (闯入??行窃 ). But Farmer is very concerned about the need to alert the public to poor security and, so far,

events have proved him right. SATAN has done more to alert people to the risks than cause

new disorder. So is the Net becoming more secure? Far from it. In the early days, when you

visited a Web site your browser simply looked at the content. Now the Web is full of tiny

programs that automatically download when you look at a Web page, and run on your own

machine. These programs could, if their authors wished, do all kinds of nasty things to your

computer. At the same time, the Net is increasingly populated with spiders, worms, agents

and other types of automated beasts designed to penetrate the sites and seek out and classify information. All these make wonderful tools for antisocial people who want to invade

weak sites and cause damage. But let’ s look on the bright side. Given the lack of locks, the

Internet is surely the world’ s biggest (almost) crime-free society. Maybe that is because

hackers are fundamentally honest. Or that there currently isn’t much to steal. Or because vandalism( 恶意破坏 ) isn ’ t much fun unless you have a peculiar dislike for someone. Whatever the reason, let’ s enjoy it while we can. But expect it all to change, and security to

become the number one issue, when the most influential inhabitants of the Net are selling

services they want to be paid for.

在英国乡间的小村子里还有人记得那些不用想着锁门的美好的老日子。那时根本不用担心犯罪。

令人惊奇的是，这些幸福的时光似乎还在世界最大的社团里与我们同在。一个天才的程序员，丹·法穆用他自称为“撒旦” 的自动调查程序所做的一项最新研究表明，万维网一半多的主人建立了不上锁的家。

“撒旦”不用真正闯入就可以试验因特网上黑客的许多臭名昭著的伎俩。法穆把他的程序公开化，使

每个人都能得到，这种做法招致了许多批评。居心不良的人可以用它猎取容易闯入行窃的网站。

但是，法穆关心的是，有必要提醒公众注意网络并非安全，到目前为止，事实证明他是对的。与

其说“撒旦”制造了新的混乱，倒不如说它警告人们要注意安全。

所以，网络是否越来越安全？远非如此。在早期，当你浏览网站的时候，你的浏览器只注意内容。现在，网络充斥着一些小的程序，当你浏览网页的时候，这些程序会自动下载，然后在你个人的电脑上运

行。如果编程者有意，这些程序就会对你的电脑进行各种各样的破坏。

同时，网络中出现了越来越多的蜘蛛、虫子、间谍和其他的一些自动化的动物，它们被预先指定

闯入网站，对信息进行查找和分类。所有这些都为那些想进攻弱小的网站并对其造成伤害的反社会的人提

供了绝妙的工具。

但是，让我们来看一看光明的一面。如果没有锁，因特网当然是世界上最大的（极端的）没有犯

罪的社会。也许，那是因为黑客们从根本上是诚实的。或者，当今没有什么东西好偷。或者，除非你对某

一个人有特殊的仇恨，恶意破坏并不是什么好玩的事。

不管是什么原因，让我们在还能享受的时候尽情享受吧。然而，当网络上最有影响力的居民们想

出售他们的服务并想要收费时，希望一切会有所改变，那时安全将变成头等重要的事情。

passage Two：

I came away from my years of teaching on the college and university level with a conviction that enactment (扮演角色 ), performance, dramatization are the most successful

forms of teaching. Students must be incorporated, made, so far as possible, an integral part

of the learning process. The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play

would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly,but that is nonetheless the case.Of Ezekiel Cheever,the most famous schoolmaster of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, his onetime student Cotton Mather wrote that he so planned his

lessons that his pupils“ came to work as though they came to play,” and Alfred North Whitehead,almost three hundred years later,noted that a teacher should make his/her students“ glad they were there.” Since, we are told, 80 to 90 percent of all instruction in

the typical university is by the lecture method, we should give close attention to this form of

education.There is,I think,much truth in Patricia Nelson Limerick’ s observation that “ lecturing is an unnatural act, an act for which God did not design humans. It is perfectly all

right, now and then, for a human to be possessed by the urge to speak, and to speak while

others remain silent. But to do this regularly, one hour and 15 minutes at a time?? for one person to drag on while others sit in silence??? I do not believe that this is what the Creator?? designed humans to do.” The strange, almost incomprehensible fact is that

many professors, just as they feel obliged to write dully, believe that they should lecture

dully. To show enthusiasm is to risk appearing unscientific, unobjective; it is to appeal to the

students’ emotions rather than their intellect. Thus the ideal lecture is one filled with facts

and read in an unchanged monotone. The cult (推崇 ) of lecturing dully, like the cult of writing

dully, goes back, of course, some years. Edward Shils, professor of sociology, recalls the

professors he encountered at the University of Pennsylvania in his youth. They seemed“ a

priesthood, rather uneven in their merits but uniform in their bearing; they never referred to

anything personal.Some read from old lecture notes and then haltingly explained the thumb-worn last lines. Others lectured from cards that had served for years, to judge by the

worn edges ?? The teachers began on time,ended on time, and left the room without

saying a word more to their students, very seldom being detained by questioners?? The

classes were not large, yet there was no discussion. No questions were raised in class, and

there were no office hours.”

当我离开多年教学的学院和大学时，我坚信扮演角色、表演、改编剧本等都是最成功的教学方式。学

生们必须尽可能地被编入或组织到整个教学过程中，成为其中有机的一部分。在大多数的学者看来，认

为学习必须包括玩耍并对其进行鼓励的理念近乎愚蠢，但这是事实。曾经是Ezekiel Cheever,这个马塞诸州海湾殖民地最著名的校长的学生，Cotton Mather写到，他备的课程能让学生们感觉“上学就像玩

一样”，过了大约三百年，Alfred North Whitehead注意到一个教师必须使他/ 她的学生“高兴上学”。

由于我们知道在典型的大学里有百分之八十至九十的教学是通过讲座的方式进行的，因此，我们

必须给予这样的教育形式以足够的重视。我认为 Patricia Nelson Limerick的观察是很有道理的，即“讲演是一种不合情理的行为，上帝并没有要人去做这一种活动。一个人时不时地有一种想说话的冲动，并且

在他说的时候，别的人保持沉默，这是很正常的。但是，经常这样，每次75 分钟??一个人讲，而别的人都沉默地坐在那里？??我不相信这就是造物主??要我们人类所做的。”

一个很奇怪、几乎让人不能理解的事实是：大多数教授，正如他们认为必须枯燥地写作一样，他

们认为必须枯燥地讲课。如果表现过于热情，将会有不科学、欠客观之嫌；热情只是吸引学生的情感，而

不是他们智力。所以，理想的讲课应充满事实，并且用不变的语调念出来。

当然，对枯燥讲课的崇拜，像崇拜枯燥写作一样，可以追溯到社会教授Edward Shils年轻时在宾西法尼亚大学读书的时候，当时的教授就是这样上课的。他看起来像“一个牧师，尽管才能各有千秋，

但穿着非常统一；他从来不谈私事。有些教授照本宣科，然后结结巴巴地讲解被翻烂了的最后的几行。另

一些则用卡片上课，从磨损的边角就可以判断这些卡片已经用了多年??老师们按时上课，准时下课，离

开教室时不会对学生多说一个字，也很少被学生的问题留住。班级通常不大，然而，没有课堂讨论。上课

时从来不提问，课后也没有答疑的时间。”

passage three:

The principal difficulty faced by the schools has been the tremendous increase in the number of pupils.This has been caused by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached. In

view of the technological improvements in the last few years, business will require in the

future proportionately fewer workers than ever before. The result will be still further raising

of he legal age for going into employment, and still further difficulty in finding employment

when hat age has been attained. If we cannot put our children to work, we must put them in

school. We may also be quite confident that the present trend toward a shorter day and a

shorter week will be maintained. We have developed and shall continue to have a new leisure

class.Already the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide that has swept over them since depression began. They will be little better off when it is over. Their

support must come from the taxpayer. It is surely too much to hope that these increases in

the cost of public education can be borne by the local communities. They cannot care for the

present restricted and inadequate system. The local communities have failed in their efforts

to cope with unemployment. They cannot expect to cope with public education on the scale

on which we must attempt it. The answer to the problem of unemployment has been Federal

relief. The answer to the problem of public education may have to be much the same, and

properly so. If there is one thing in which the citizens of all parts of the country have an

interest, it is in the decent education of the citizens of all parts of the country. Our income tax

now goes in part to keep our neighbors alive. It may have to go in part as well to make our

neighbors intelligent. We are now attempting to preserve the present generation through

Federal relief of the destitute (贫民 ). Only a people determined to ruin the next generation

will refuse such Federal funds as public education may require.

就拿公立教育来说。学校面对的主要困难是学生人数的急剧增长。这种状况的形成主要是由于就业

的法定年龄提高了，并且即使到了法定年龄也很难找到工作。由于这些技术的进步，企业在未来的将比以

前需要更少的工人。结果必须是进一步提高就业的法定年龄，以及达到法定工作年龄后就业更加困难。如

果我们不能让孩子们工作，那么，我们必须让他们上学。

我们同样相信目前缩短日工作时数和周工作时数的趋势将持续下去。我们已经有了，并且将继续保

有一个新的休闲阶层。自从经济萧条开始以来，成人公立教育机构就被迅速蔓延的萧条浪潮所淹没。萧条

过后，他们的状况可能会好一点。他们的支持必须来自纳税人。

当然，我们不能过多地期望公立教育经费的提高都由地方各界来负担。他们对当前限制的、不完善

的制度无能为力。地方各界解决不了失业的问题。他们不可能如我们所期望的那样来解决公立教育问题。

解决失业的办法是联邦救济金。解决公立教育问题的办法也只能靠联邦拨款，并且，应该是这样。如果说

有这么一件事情全国各地的居民都感兴趣的话，那么，这件事情就是全国各地居民都能接受良好的教育。

现在，我们所得税的一部分被用来维持我们邻居（失业者）的生活。有一部分也可能会被用来使我们的邻

居（失业者）变得更聪明。我们现在想通过联邦贫民救济金来保存我们这一代人。只有当一个民族决心毁

掉下一代的时候，他才会拒绝拨给公立教育所需要的联邦经费。

Passage Four：

A new high-performance contact lens under development at the department for applied

physics at the University of Heidelberg will not only correct ordinary vision defects but will

enhance normal night vision as much as five times, making people’s vision sharper than that

of cats. Bille and his team work with an optical instrument called an active mirror— a device used in astronomical telescopes to spot newly emerging stars and far distant galaxies. Connected to a wave-front sensor that tracks and measures the course of a laser beam into

the eye and back,the aluminum mirror detects the deficiencies of the cornea,the transparent protective layer covering the lens of the human eye. The highly precise data

from the two instruments— which, Bille hopes, will one day be found at the opticians (眼镜商 ) all over the world— serve as a basis for the production of completely individualized contact

lenses that correct and enhance the wearer’s vision. By day, Bille’ contact lenses will focus

rays of light so accurately on the retina（视网膜） s that the image of a small leaf or the

outline of a far distant tree will be formed with a sharpness that surpasses that of conventional vision aids by almost half a diopter (屈光度 ). At night, the lenses have an even

greater potential.“ Because the new lens— in contrast to the already existing ones— also works when it’ s dark and the pupil is wide open,” says Bille,“lens wearers will be able to identify a face at a distance of 100 meters”— 80 meters farther than they would normally be

able to see. In his experiments night vision was enhanced by an even greater factor: in

semi-darkness, test subjects could see up to 15 times better than without the lenses. Bille’s lenses are expected to reach the market in the year 2000, and one tentative plan is to use

the Internet to transmit information on patients’ visual defects from the optician to the manufacturer, who will then produce and mail the contact lenses within a couple of days. The

physicist expects the lenses to cost about a dollar a pair, about the same as conventional

one-day disposable lenses.

正在海德堡大学应用物理系研制中的一种新型的高性能隐形眼镜片将不仅矫正普通的视力，而且可以

把正常的夜视能力提高五倍。使人的视力比猫的视力还好。

比尔和他的科研小组使用一种被称之为灵敏的光学仪器——一种用于观测新发现的星体以及很远的

银河系的天文望远镜的装置。铝镜连接着一个波前传感器，他可跟踪和测量进出眼睛的激光束的光程。这

个铝镜可以发现角膜的缺陷以及覆盖在眼睛晶状体上透明保护层的病变。比尔希望，从这两种仪器上得到

的高精确的数据有一天将出现在全世界的眼睛商那里——被用来制造复杂的、个性化的眼镜片，以矫正和

提高佩戴者的视力。

到那一天，比尔的隐形眼镜片将把光线精确地聚焦在视网膜上，从而使一片小树叶的图像或远处一棵大

树的轮廓的清晰度都能超出传统眼镜的近半个屈光度。在夜晚，这样的镜片还有更大的作用。“因为新的镜

片——与传统的镜片不同的是——在黑暗处它仍能工作，并且，眼睛瞳孔是放大的，”比尔说，“戴

镜者能看清100 米外的脸部”——比原先远了80 米。在他的实验中，夜视能力甚至有了更大的提高：在

半黑暗的状态下，受试者的视力比没戴眼镜时提高了15 倍。

比尔的眼睛希望在 2000 年上市，初步计划是利用因特网把患者的视力缺陷信息从眼镜商传到制造商，然

后，制造商在两三天内制作好并将其寄出。物理学家希望这样的镜片的价格大约在一副一美元左右，相当于传

统的一次性镜片的价格。

2002年 12月英语六级阅读真题

Passage One：

Bill Gates, the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree, is

by his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world’ s favorite academic title: the MBA (Master of Business Administration). The MBA, a 20th-century product, always

has borne the mark of lowly commerce and greed (贪婪 ) on the tree-lined campuses ruled by

purer disciplines such as philosophy and literature. But even with the recession apparently

cutting into the hiring of business school graduates, about 79,000 people are expected to

receive MBAs in 1993. This is nearly 16 times the number of business graduates in 1960, a

testimony to the wide spread assumption that the MBA is vital for young men and women

who want to run companies some day.“ If you are going into the corporate world it is still a disadvantage not to have one,”said Donald Morrison,professor of marketing and management science.“ But in the last five years or so, when someone says,‘Should I attempt to get an MBA,’ the answer a lot more is: It depends.” The success of Bill Gates

and other non-MBAs, such as the late Sam Walton of Wal-Mart Stores Inc., has helped inspire

self-conscious debates on business school campuses over the worth of a business degree and

whether management skills can be taught. The Harvard Business Review printed a lively,

fictional exchange of letters to dramatize complaints about business degree holders. The

article called MBA hires“ extremely disappointing” and said“MBAs want to move up too fast, they don’ t understand politics and people, and they aren’t able to function as part of

a team until their third year. But by then, they’re out looking for other jobs.” The problem, most participants in the debate acknowledge, is that the MBA has acquired an aura (光环 ) of future riches and power far beyond its actual importance and usefulness.Enrollment in business schools exploded in the 1970s and 1980s and created the assumption that no one

who pursued a business career could do without one. The growth was fueled by a backlash

(反冲 )against the anti-business values of the1960s and by the women’ s movement. Business people who have hired or worked with MBAs say those with the degrees of ten know

how to analyze systems but are not so skillful at motivating people.“ They don’ t get a lot of grounding in the people side of the business” , said James Shaffer, vice-president and

principal of the Towers Perrin management consulting firm.

亿万富翁微软总裁比尔·盖茨没有获得大学学位，但是他的成功对在当今商界非常受宠的学位头衔

MBA （工商管理硕士）的价值提出了新的疑问。MBA 是 20 世纪的产物，在纯学术学科如哲学和文化占

主导地位的绿树成荫的大学校园里，它往往是低俗的商业铜臭和贪婪的标志。然而，虽然经济萧条使商校

毕业生的需求明显降低，但1993 年，仍有大约79,000人希望接受 MBA 教育。这几乎是1960 年商科毕业生的 16 倍，从而证实了人们的普遍假设，即MBA对那些想在将来某一天开公司的青年男女来说非

常关键。“如果想进入商界，没有MBA 仍然处于劣势，”营销和管理学教授Donald Morrison说。“但是，在过去的五年左右，当有人问‘我应该去读MBA 吗’，很多答复是：看情况吧。”比尔·盖茨和其

他非 MBA 毕业生如 Wal-Mart连锁店的 Sam Walton的成功，在商校校园里引起了有关工商学位的价

值和管理技能是否可以通过教育获得等问题的自发讨论。

《哈佛工商学评论》刊登一些活泼、虚构的信件来调侃对工商管理学位的拥有者的抱怨。文章称 MBA 雇员“令人极其失望”，并说“MBA 雇员太急于升职，他们不了解政治情况和人，直到第三年才能够适

应团队工作。但到那时，他们又开始另找工作了。”大部分参加辩论的人认为，问题的关键是MBA 获得者得到的是超越实际重要性和作用的未来财富和权力的光环。二十世纪七、八十年代商校招生迅速扩大，

造成了这样的假象，即若想在商务领域发展，没有 MBA 不行。 60年代对反商业价值观的反冲和妇女运动

使扩招迅速增长。雇用MBA 毕业生或与他们一起工作的商业人士说MBA 毕业生通常知道如何分析系统，但不善于激励别人。“他们在公司里的人缘基础不是很好，”Towers Perrin 管理咨询公司副董事长和总裁 James Shaffer说。

Passage Two：

When school officials in Kalkaska, Michigan, closed classes last week, the media flocked to

the story, portraying the town’s 2,305 students as victims of stingy (吝啬的 ) taxpayers. There is some truth to that; the property-tax rate here is one-third lower than the state

average. But shutting their schools also allowed Kalkask’s educators and the state’s largest teachers ’ union, the Michigan Education Association, to make a political point. Their aim was

to spur passage of legislation Michigan lawmakers are debating to increase the state’s share of school funding.It was no coincidence that Kalkaska shut its schools two weeks after residents rejected a 28 percent property-tax increase. The school board argued that without

the increase it lacked the $1.5 million needed to keep schools open. But the school system

had not done all it could to keep the schools open. Officials declined to borrow agains next

year ’ s state aid, they refused to trim extra curricular activities and they did not consider

seeking a smaller— perhaps more acceptable— tax increase. In fact, closing early is costing

Kalkaska a significant amount, including $600,000 in unemployment payments to teachers

and staff and $250,000 in lost state aid. In February, the school system promised teachers

and staff two months of retirement payments in case schools closed early, a deal that will

cost the district$275,000 more.Other signs suggest school authorities were at least as eager to make a political statement as to keep schools open.The Michigan Education Association hired a public relations firm to stage a rally marking the school closing, which

attracted14local and national television stations and networks.The president of the National Education Association, the MEA’s parent organization, flew from Washington, D. C.,

for the event. And the union tutored school officials in the art of television interviews. School

supervisor Doyle Disbrow acknowledges the district could have kept schools open by cutting

programs but denies the moves were politically motivated.Michigan lawmakers have reacted angrily to the closings. The state Senate has al ready voted to put the system into

receivership( 破产管理 ) and reopen schools immediately;the Michigan House plans to consider the bill this week.

英语六级历年翻译改错真题4

最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2413165629.html,/ielts/xd.html（报名网址）06.12老六级 The most important starting point for improving the understanding of science is undoubtedly an adequate scientific education at school. Public attitude towards science owe much the way science is taught in these S1________ institutions. Today, school is what most people come into S2________ contact with a formal instruction and explanation of science for the first time, at least in a systematic way. It is at this point which the foundations are laid for an interest in science. S3________ what is taught (and how) in this first encounter will largely determine an individual’s view of the subject in adult life. Understanding the original of the negative attitudes S4________ towards science may help us to modify them. Most education system neglect exploration, understanding and reflection. S5________ Teachers in schools tend to present science as a collection of facts, often by more detail than necessary. As a result, S6________ children memorize processes such as mathematical formulas or the periodic table, only to forget it shortly afterwards. The S7________ task of learning facts and concepts, one at a time, makes learning laborious, boring and efficient. Such a purely S8________ empirical approach, which consists of observation and description, is also, in a sense, unscientific or incomplete. There is therefore a need for resources and methods of teaching that facilitates a deep understanding of science in S9________ an enjoyable way. Science should not only be ‘fun’in the same way as playing a video game, but ‘hard fun’----a deep feeling of connection made possibly only by imaginative S10________ engagement. 06年12月新六级 The National Endowment for the Arts recently released the results of its “Reading at Risk”survey, which described the movement of the American public away from books and literature and toward television and electronic media. According to the survey, “reading is on the decline on every S1________ region, within every ethnic group, and at every educational level.” The day the NEA report released, the U.S. House, in a tie S2________ vote, upheld the government’s right to obtain bookstore and library records under a provision of the USA Patriot Act. The House proposal would have barred the federal government from demand library records, reading lists, book customer S3________ lists and other material in terrorism and intelligence investigations.

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大学英语六级翻译练习题 Translation One (5minutes) Directions: Complete the following sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in the brackets. 72. From what you would get angry with you friends, we can conclude you still ( 在意他的友情). 73. Man might think that few women fit him before his marriage, and ( 结婚后觉得适合自己的女人很多). 74. Among thousands of people ,you meet those you've met. Through thousands of years, with the boundlessness of time ( 没有早一步, 也没有晚一步, 刚巧赶上了). 75. Everyone has his inherent ability which is easily . ( 被习惯所掩盖, 被时间所迷离, 被惰性所消磨). 76. While our dream is confronted with the reality ,you always feel painful. Just trample on the pain, ( 要么你把痛苦踩在脚下). Translation Two (5 minutes) Directions: Complete the following sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in the brackets. 72.Scientists will have to _________________________________________________(提出增加世界粮食供应的新方法). 73.The medicine _____________________________________________________(治愈了那个老妇人的慢性咳嗽) which she had suffered 20 years. 74.Sometimes I fight for Mom and sometimes I fight for Dad, but I wish ________________________________________________________ (他们能让我从中完全解脱出来). 75.Many people believe that our species ___________________________________________ (有朝一日会濒临灭绝). 76.The doctor said that __________________________________________________ (保持饮食均衡很重要). Translation Three ( five minutes) 72. He did very well in his exams , _________________________(考虑到他学的很少). 73. Beijing has announced that _________________________(在任何请光下，中国将不首先使

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1、闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6,000 多公里。得名于古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要作用。正是通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷等四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器( porcelain) 也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的。欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需要。 The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West. It extended more than 6,000 kilometers. The Silk Road was named after ancient China 's ilk trade which played an important role in the civilization development of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East. It was through the Silk Road that papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing of the four great inventions of ancient China were introduced around the world. Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain spread all over the world. Europe also exported various goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market. 2、中国园林是经过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观。它既包括为皇室成员享乐而建造的大型花园，也包括学者、商人和卸任的政府官员为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的私家花园。这些花园构成了一种意在表达人与自然之间应有的和谐关系的微缩景观。典型的中国园林四周有围墙，园内有池塘、假山、树木、花草以及各种各样由蜿蜒的小路和走廊连接的建筑。漫步在花园中，人们可以看到一系列精心设计的景观犹如山水画卷一般展现在面前。 After 3,000 years of evolvement, Chinese gardens have become a unique landscape. This includes both large gardens built as entertainment venues for royal family, and private gardens built as secluded retreats for scholars, merchants and retired government officials. These gardens have constituted a miniature that is designed in praise of the harmony between man and nature. A typical Chinese garden is surrounded by walls and consists of various buildings linked by winding trails and corridors, with ponds, rockeries, trees, and flowers scattered in it. Wandering in such a well-designed garden, people may feel that they are walking in a landscape painting. 3、中国人自古以来就在中秋时节庆祝丰收，这与北美地区庆祝感恩节的习俗十分相似，过中秋节的习俗与唐代早期在中国各地开始流行，中秋节在农历八月十五，是人们拜月的节日，这天夜晚皓月当空，人们合家团聚，共赏明月。2006 年，中秋节被列为中国的文化遗产，2008 年又被定为公共假日，月饼被视为中秋节不可或缺的美食，人们将月饼作为礼物馈赠亲友或在家庭聚会上享用。传统的月饼上带有“寿” (Iongevity)、“福”或“和”等字样。 Since ancient times, the Chinese people usually celebrate harvest in the Mid-Autumn, which is simiIar to the custom of ceIebrating Thanksgiving in the North America. The tradition of ceIebrating Mid-Autumn festivaI became popuIar throughout China in the earIy Tang dynasty. The Iunar August 15 is a day for peopIe worshiping the moon. On this day, under the dazzIing bright moon, famiIies reunite and enjoy the moon'sbeauty. In 2006, Mid-Autumn festivaI was Iisted as one of China's cuIturaI heritage, and in 2008, it was cIassified as a pubIic hoIiday. Moon

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定会产生的后果).84. He assured his friend that under no circumstances ___ (他会违背还钱的承诺).85. Most educators advise that kids ___ (不要沉溺于电脑游戏).86. Business major as he is, he has ___ (从未考虑过从事推销员工作). (09\12 ) 82. How long does a jacket like this last me? — (这要看你多长时间穿一次). 83. The theory he advanced has proved (对许多传统概念的一种挑战). 84. The manager (本可以亲自参加会议), but he was called away for some urgent business abroad. 85. Both research and practical experience have shown that a (均衡的饮食对健康是必不可少的). 86. Much (我感到遗憾), I was unable to finish the work on time. (09/06) 82.With the oil prices ever rising, she tried to talk ________ (说服他不买车). 83.________ (保持幽默有助于) reduce stress and promote creative thinking in today’s competitive society.. 84.When confronted with the evidence, ________ (他不得不坦白

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