大学英语四级语法考点透析
第一章动词的时与体(Tense & Aspect)
时（tense）是个语法范畴，它是表示时间区别的动词形式。英语动词只有“现在时”和“过去时”，而没有“将来时”（在英语中，表示“将来”手段多种多样，但没有一种独特的、能与“现在时”和“过去时”平起平坐的专一表示“将来”的动词形式----“将来时”）。
体（aspect）也是一个语法范畴，它表示动作或过程在一定时间内处于何种状态的动词形式。英语有进行体(progressive aspect)和完成体(perfective aspect)。进行体是由助动词be的一定形式加主动词的-ing 分词构成；完成体由助动词have的一定形式加主动词的-ed分词构成。
现在时和过去时既可以单独使用，也可以和进行体或完成体结合使用，也可以同时与完成体和进行体结合使用。这样，英语的限定动词词组便有8种时、体形式。它们分别是：一般现在时(simple present)、一般过去时(simple past)、现在进行体(present progressive)、过去进行体(past progressive)、现在完成体(present perfective)、过去完成体(past perfective)、现在完成进行体(present perfective progressive)、过去完成进行体(past perfective progressive)。在这一章中，我们单独挑出完成体来加以详述。
1．1 必须使用完成体的结构
1）It (This, This evening, yesterday...) is (was, will be) first (second, third...) time (day, month…)…结构中的分句，要求用完成体。
Is this the first time you've been to Beijing?
This was the first time he had been to Beijing.
This is the eighth month that I have been out of work..
This was the eighth month that I had been out of work.
This is the second time that the goods produced by our factory have been shown in the International Exhibition.
This was the second time that the goods produced by our factory had been shown in the International Exhibition.
2）在no sooner…than, hardly/barely/scarcely…when,等的句型中，主句要用过去完成体。
He had no sooner seen me than he left the room.
No sooner had he seen me than he left the room.
The helicopter had hardly landed when the waiting crowd ran toward it.
Scarcely had I seen the lightning when I heard a clap of thunder.
3）将来完成体用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的分句连用。
I will have finished all the work by the time you are back this evening.
I am sure he will have left Paris by this time tomorrow.
I hope we will have got all the information before you come tomorrow.
By the time you get to New York, I _______for London. （2002年1月）
A) would be leaving B) am leaving
C) have already left D) shall have left
本题时间状语为by+将来时间，考察将来完成体用法，应选择D)。
By the time he arrives in Beijing, we ________here for two days.（2001年6月）
A) have been staying B) have stayed
C) shall stay D) will have stayed
将来完成体用来可以表示在将来某一时间以前一直持续的动作，本句话的意思是：我们将在这里呆两天，因此谓语动词用将来完成体，答案为D)。
1．2 现在完成体与现在完成进行体
现在完成进行体兼有现在完成体和现在进行体二者基本特点。由于它有现在完成体的特点，所以它
可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行体的特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。
1）现在完成进行体和现在完成体皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。
We have been cleaning the classroom．（a）
We have cleaned the classroom．（b）
（a）句可译为“我们打扫教室来着”。其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰。（b）句可以译为“我们把教室打扫过了”。其结果是：现在教室很清洁，可以用了。另外（a）句表示教室刚刚打扫过，（b）句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的。再看下面两个句子：
Be careful! John has been painting the door．（a）
John has painted the door．（b）
（a）句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过，现在油漆还未干，所以你要小心。（b）句则无此含义，油漆可能已干了。
2）现在完成进行体有时有延续性；现在完成体往往没有。
They have been widening the road．（a）
They have widened the road．（b）
（a）句的意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未完工。（b）句的意思则是已完工了。有时现在完成体有延续性（如一些属于持续体的动词），但无临时性质。
Mr. Smith has been living in London since 1978．（a）
Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979．（b）
（a）句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义，（b）句则没有。
3）但现在完成进行体并不总是具有临时的性质。
My mother has been teaching English for twenty years．（a）
My mother has taught English for twenty years.（b）
(a)句在此并无临时性质，但较口语化。（b）句则较为正式。另外，（a）句表示动作现在仍在继续．并将延续下去；（b）句的动作是否延续下去，须由上下文决定，但在一般情况下都是延续下去的。
4）在完成进行体往往表示动作在重复；现在完成体则常常不带重复性。
Have you been meeting her lately？（a）
Have you met her lately？（b）
（a）句有“经常相会”之意，（b）句则没有。（b）句如与often，every day等时间状语连用，当然也表示动作在重复。
5）在否定结构中，现在完成体所否定的是谓语动词；现在完成进行体所否定的是状语。
He hasn't been speaking since three o'clock．（a）
He hasn't spoken since three o'clock．（b）
（a）句中所否定的不是has been speaking，而是since three o'clock，其结构等于He has been speaking not since three o'clock but since half past three．这是因为现在完成进行体本身是没有否定结构的原故。（b）句用的是现在完成体，而现在完成体是有否定结构的，所以（b）句中所否定的自然是has spoken，意即“从三点起他一直沉默不语，未发一言”。
1．3情态动词+ 行为动词完成体
1）must + have + V-ed
指现在对过去已发生的事或可能出现的情况进行推断和猜测，表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。
因此，You must see her last night的说法是错误的。
She must have met a ghost yesterday. 她昨天一定碰见过鬼了。
He must have been there last week.他上周一定在那儿。
His score on the English test is the highest in the class; he must have studied last night.他这次英语测试的
成绩全班最高。他昨晚一定在好好学习。
2）can’t/couldn’t + have + V-ed
can’t/couldn’t + have + V-ed为must + have + V-ed的否定形式，指现在对过去已发生的事或可能出现的情况进行推断和猜测，表示过去不可能发生某事。
They can’t have come here in their car yesterday, for it was then under repair.他们昨天不可能开车到这里，因为那时他们的车还正在修理当中。
The room is in a mess; it can’t/couldn’t have been cleaned.
3）may/might + have + V-ed
表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了。
He may/might have chosen another career if he had had enough money to further his education.如果他那时有足够的钱继续受教育，他也许会选择另一个职业。
I might have fulfilled the work earlier. 我本可以早一些完成这件工作的。
4）ought to/should + have + V-ed和ought not/shouldn’t + have + V-ed
对以发生的情况表示“不满”、“责备”，分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该”
I wonder why they haven’t arrived yet. I told them how to get there, but perhaps I ought/should give them
a map.（含有“后悔”或“自责”之意）
You ought to have told me that yesterday.你早在昨天就该把那件事告诉我了。
5）needn’t + have + V-ed
表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要…”。
You needn’t have hurried.
She needn’t have come in person--- a letter would have been enough.
You needn’t have done all t hose calculations. We have a computer to do that sort of thing.
1．4用在was/were, planned, intended, hoped, wished + 不定式完成体表示事实上并未实现的计划或行为。（详见3.3不定式完成体）
We were to have started at 8 last night, but it snowed heavily.
They intended to have gone camping, but they later cancelled it.
I hoped to have finished it last week, but I was too busy.
练习
1. Such crimes may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone them. （2002年12月）
A) discovers B) discovered C) will discover D) would have discovered
2. In fact，Peter would rather have left for San Francisco than _______ in New York.（2002年6 月）
A) to stay B) staying C) stayed D) having stayed
3. There has been a great increase in retail sales，_______？（2002年6月）
A) does there B) hasn't there C) isn't it D) isn't there
4. The boy spent as much time watching TV as he ________ studying. （2002年1月）
A) does B) had C) was D) did
5. The article suggests that when a person _______ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have
a well-balanced diet. （2002年1月）
A) is B) were C) be D) was
6. By the end of this month, we surely ____ a satisfactory solution to the problem.
A) have found B) will be found
C) will have found D) are finding
7. The conference ____ a full week by the time it ends.
A) must have lasted B) will have lasted
C) would last D) has lasted
8. ---"May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock tonight?"
---"I'm sorry. M. Williams _______ to a conference long before then." （2000年6月）
A) had gone B) would have gone C) has gone D) will have gone
9. She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ________ too long.（2000年1月）
A) has been reading B) had read C) is reading D) read
10. The careless man received a ticket for speeding. He have driven so fast. （2002年12月）
A) can’t B) mustn’t C) wouldn’t D) shouldn’t
11. Investigators agreed that passengers on the airliner ____ at the very moment of the crash. （2002年6月）
A) ought to die B) must have died C) must be dying D) should have died
12. You _______ him so closely; you should have kept your distance. （2000年6月）
A) shouldn't have been following B) couldn't have been following
C) mustn't follow D) shouldn't follow
13. The construction of the laboratory by the end of this year.
A)will have completed B) will have been completed
C) will be completed D) will completed
14. Jack has just phoned to say that he back till Sunday next week.
A)doesn’t come B) will come
C) hasn’t come D) isn’t coming
15. Take the umbrella in case it .
A) is raining B) is going to rain C) rains D) will rain
16. By the end of last year, I in this university for ten years.
A) had worked B) worked
C) was working D) would work
17. Pick me up at 9 o’clock. I my bath by then.
A) can have had B) will have had
C) will be having D) may have
18. I a glass while I the dinner.
A) broke…was cooking B) was breaking…was cooking
C) was breaking…cooked D) broke…cooked
19. “Michael left for New York this morning.”
“Oh, I thought he until next week.”
A) hadn’t been going B) wasn’t going C) isn’t going D) won’t be going
20. It has been a long time since they last each other.
A) were meeting B) were to meet
C) met D) meet
21. Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they better health.
A) had enjoyed B) are enjoying C) have been enjoying D) could have enjoyed
22. You should have put the milk in the ice-box; I expect it undrinkable by now.
A) had become B) become C) has become D) became
23. This is one of the rarest questions that at such a meeting.
A) are raised B) have ever been raised C) is raised D) has ever been raised
24. When he hurried to the airport, he found, to his great disappointment, his ticket at home.
A) to have been left B) had left C) were left D) had been left
25. The novel is said into seven languages including Russian.
A) to have been translated B) to be translated
C) have translated D) having translated
26. We our own business, but we never had enough money.
A) hoped to have started B) hoped to start
C) hope to started D) hope to have started
27. when she started complaining.
A) No sooner had he arrived B) Scarcely did he arrive
C) Hardly had he arrived D) Not until he arrived
28. There was a knock at the door, it was the second time someone me that evening.
A) would have interrupted B) to be interrupted
C) to have interrupted D) had interrupted
29. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you advertisements showing happy, balanced
families.
A) have often seen B) will often see
C) often see D) are often seeing
30. They hurried there only to find the meeting cancelled. In fact, they at all.
A) need to have gone B) wouldn’t have gone
C) needn’t have gone D) mustn’t have gone
第二章被动语态(Passive Voice)
2．1 主动态表示被动意义
1）一般说来，表示被动意义要用被动态，构成被动态的动词必须是及物动词，不及物动词是没有被动态的。但是，英语里有些不及物动词在SV(A)结构中却含有被动意义，用来表示主语的某种特征、属性。
Enamel wares clean easily. 搪瓷器皿容易弄干净。
This box doesn't close properly. 这箱子关不拢。
These apples cook well．这些苹果适于烹煮。
This metal cuts easily. 这种金属容易切削。
The pipe does not draw well. 这烟斗不大畅通。
Nylon dries quickly. 尼龙织物干得快。
This material does not dye well. 这料子染不好。
It eats well. 这东西吃上去味道好。
The hall soon filled．那大厅不久便坐满了人。
Damp Wood will not fire. 潮湿的木头不会着火。
This wheat grinds well. 这种麦子很好磨。
The brake does not grip properly. 刹车不灵。
This car handles well. 这车很好驾驶。
The door won't lock．门锁不上。
The cow milks well. 这头母牛出奶率高。
These books pack easily. 这些书易于包装。
These potatoes peel easily. 这些土豆皮很容易剥。
His new novel is selling well. 他的新小说销路良好。
The window won't shut．这窗关不上。
Some kinds of wood split easily. 有些木材容易劈开。
Some kinds of food soon spoil. 有些食物很容易变坏。
This linen c1oth spots easily. 这麻布容易沾污。
White clothes stain easily. 白色衣服容易弄脏。
The damp match won't strike. 这潮湿的火柴擦不着。
This paper tears easily．这种纸一撕就破。
Not every idiom translates with such ease. 不是每个习语都能这样容易地译出来。
The cloth washes well. 这布很耐洗。
This material won't wear. 这种材料不耐久。
The door won't open. 这门打不开。
从以上的例子可以看出，句中的谓语动词具有下面的三个特点之一：谓语动词用否定式；动词之后有副词或小品词；动词之后有形容词或介词短语。
2）当need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时，表示的是被动意义。
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。
This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。
Your hair wants cutting.你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing. = The floor requires to be washed.地板需要冲洗。
2．2 带宾语分句的句子转换成被动态
带宾语分句（主要是that分句）的句子可以转换为两种被动句型。
【例如】
People think that she is honest. (a)
→It is thought that she is honest. (b)
→She is thought to be honest. (c)
(b) 以it作形式主语，将(a)中的动词变为被动态，保留(a)中的that分句；(c)将分句的主语变成被动句中的主语，将(a)中的动词变为被动态，再将(a)中的that分句改为不定式短语，放在被动态后面。能这样用的动词主要有：think, consider, assume, suppose, say, report, acknowledge, feel, believe, find, presume, know, understand, etc.
如果that分句的动词是进行体，这时分句要改为不定式进行体。
They suppose that she is coming.
→It is supposed that she is coming.
→She is supposed to be coming.
They supposed that she was coming.
→It was supposed that she was coming.
→She was supposed to be coming.
如果that分句的动作或状态发生在主句之前，这时分句要改为不定式完成体。
People feel that little was done to prevent the accident
→It is felt that little was done to prevent the accident.
→Little is felt to have been done to prevent the accident.
They report that both sides have reached an agreement.
→It is reported that both sides have reached an agreement.
→Both sides are reported to have reached an agreement.
People think that she was honest.
→It is thought that she was honest.
→She is thought to have been honest.
2．3 短语动词的被动语态
短语动词通常被视为一个整体，转化为被动语态时，词组内的介词、副词、名词等不能拆散或省略。
The old house will be pulled down tomorrow.
The little boy was made use of by the drug-pusher to carry drugs for him.
That sort of thing should be done away with.
The sports meet is to be put off.
另外，有些短语动词不能用被动语态，如：take place, look like, belong to, depend on, consist of, agree with等。
The accident took place yesterday on the expressway.
He looks like an old man.
The honor belongs to us.
He is the person to depend on.
练习
1. The shirt smooth.
A) is felt B) is feeling C) feels D) is to be felt
2. Large sums of money ______ each year in painting the steelwork of bridges, ships, and other exposed
structures.
A) have to be spent B) have spent C) have to spend D) spend
3.The problem . now is a difficult one.
A)is discussed B) is to be discussed
C) being discussed D) to be discussed
4. He is said home from abroad last week.
A) to come back B) come back
C) to have come back D) coming back
5. The radio by my younger sister right now.
A) is being repaired B) repaired C) been repaired D) being repaired
6. His latest novel . well.
A) is sold B) sold C) is to selling D) sells
7.By the end of last year the gymnasium ______.
A)was being completed B) had been completed
C) had completed D) would be completed
8.She told me that her proposal ______.
A) needed to be taken into consideration B) needed to have taken into consideration
C) needed to take into consideration D) needed to be taking into consideration
9.We all suggest that his advice .
A)adopts B) is adopted
C) was adopted D) be adopted
10. It’s payday, and we’re waiting .
A) to be paid B) to have paid
C) to be paying D) for paying
11. This law the number of accidents caused by children running across the road when they got off the
bus.
A)intends reducing B) intended reducing
C) intending to reduce D) is intended to reduce
12.The new type of machine ______ the year after next.
A)is going to turn out B) is going to being turned out
C) is going to have turned out D) is going to be turned out
13. The work ______, we had a good drink for celebration.
A) had done B) had been done
C) having done D) having been done
14. I suppose that when I come back in five year’s time, a lot of buildings here.
A) will have been built B) will be built
C) will have built D) will be building
15. Jack ______ a job in a factory, but he refused to take it.
A)has been offered B) was offered
C) offered D) had offered
16.He said such a thing ______ to happen.
A)ought not to have allowed B) ought not to be allowed
C) ought not to be allowing D) ought to be not allowed
17. He has made it know that much of his collection to the National Library.
A)has left B) is to leave
C) leaves D) is to be left
18. Before liberation, my father was made all day.
A) to work B) working C) work D) worked
19. She in 1970.
A)married B) got married C) was married D) did marry
20. On the ruins of the old bombed site a good many modern buildings and a supermarket.
A)are stood B) have been stood
C) stand D) standing
第三章不定式(Infinitive)
3．1不定式在句子中充当的作用
1）作主语
不定式作主语：一般表示具体的某次动作。
To complete the 30-storied building in one year was quite a difficult task.
To do that implies taking responsibility.
For there to be so modern a library in this rural area is surprising.
当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。
It is important for modern young people to master at least two foreign languages.
It做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：
a) It is＋形容词(easy, important, difficult, foolish, inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong...)＋( for/of sb.)＋不定式
It is essential to reserve a table in advance of Christmas Eve.
It is hard to put my hopes into words.
It is not easy to catch fish with your hands only.
It is important for us young people to learn English and master it.
b) It is＋名词(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, one's duty, an honor, a shame, a crime, no easy job...)＋不定式
It is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of trash.
It is a pity to have to go without her.
It is a glorious death to die for the people.
c) It takes/took (sb.) some time (hours, months, days, a lot of time, patience...)＋不定式
It takes me three hours to learn English each day.
It took them half the night to get home in the snow.
2）作表语
不定式作表语，常表示将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如wish, idea, ask, purpose, duty, job等。
The most important thing for one's health is to have plenty of exercise.
My chief purpose has been to point out the difficulties of the matter.
The purpose of the organization is to greet all new comers to the city and to provide them with any necessary information.
What I wanted was to get the work done as quickly as possible.
注意：当主语中有do的任何形式时，作表语的不定式中的to通常省略。
What he wants to do most is (to) enjoy himself every day.
What they did last night was (to) play cards to their heart’s content.
3）作宾语
不定式作宾语，通常用在下列结构中：
a)“动词+不定式”结构：不定式直接跟在动词后面。
这类动词有：afford, agree, apply, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, begin, care, choose, claim, consent, demand, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, hesitate, hate, intend, learn, like, manage, mean, neglect, offer, plan, prepare , pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, tend, threaten, want等。
I like to go out for walks in the warm sunshine in spring.
My mother hates to move from place to place, for she feels tired.
I decide to work hard and get a doctor's degree.
She failed to finish the assignment in time, and she was worried about it.
There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means to make trouble.
I’d like there to be a room of my own.
I don’t want there to be any misunder standing between us.
b) 不定式作宾语还常用在下面结构中“主语＋动词＋it＋形容词＋不定式”
We found it impossible to get everything ready in time.
I think it important to learn English well in college.
使用这种句型的常见动词有：believe, consider, declare, feel, find, guess, imagine, prove, realize, suppose, think,等。
c) “wh-＋不定式”结构
不定式前加一个疑问代词(what, which, who, whom, whose)或疑问副词(where, when, how, why)，以及连词whether构成特殊的不定式短语，其作用相当于一个分句，这样的不定式短语常在某些动词后面作宾语。常见的可以接这种不定式短语的动词有：know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, observe, perceive, remember, think, understand, wonder等。
I couldn't decide which book to choose.
I can tell you where to get this book.
They found it hard to decide whether to go swimming next Sunday or to visit Aunt Sally.
“wh-+不定式”结构除了作宾语外，还可以在句中作主语或者表语。
When to start the program remains undecided.
The question is how to put the plans into practice.
4）作状语
a) 不定式作状语表示目的。或用于so as (not) to和in order (not) to之后，来强调这种目的。
To learn a foreign language well, you must make painstaking efforts.
Mother saved every cent she could spare to pay for my schooling.
We must develop science and technology at high speed so as to raise scientific and cultural level of our country.
In order to get a high mark in Band 4, he did a lot of exercises both in grammar and reading comprehension.
b) 不定式表示结果，特别是在so...as to, such...as to, only to...以及too...to等结构中的不定式表示结果。
I rushed to the station as fast as I could, only to find the train already gone.
She left her hometown with her beloved man, never to return.
No one is too old to learn.
Would you be so kind as to carry the luggage for me?
c) 不定式常用来修饰形容词，构成下列词组：be able to, be afraid to, be apt to, be bound to, be certain to, be easy to, be eager to, be fit to, be likely to, be ready to, be sure to, be unable to, be unwilling to, be willing to 等。
Chinese team is bound to win the World Cup this time.
It is likely to rain today, for it is very cloudy.
I am willing to help you with your homework, for we are friends.
5）作宾语补足语
a) 不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾语补足语：ask, advise, allow, beg, cause, compel, command, enable, encourage, expect, feel, force, find, hear, have, inform, invite, let, make, mean, notice, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, request, teach, tell, urge, watch, warn, watch等。
Because of the complexity of the modern equipment, most offices require secretaries to have specified training.
He asked you to call him at ten o'clock.
The note reminds me to be careful whatever I do.
I'd never allow my children to behave like that.
b) 当不定式在let, make, have, hear, look at, listen to, feel, observe, watch, notice, perceive（感觉到）等动词后面作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to。
Whenever something is wrong with you, please do let me know.
I will have the students write a passage about Internet.
I saw my mother shed tears at the news that the neighbor girl got seriously hurt in a car accident.
It seemed so long before he heard the stone hit the water.
6）作主语补足语
带有宾语及宾语补足语结构的动词变为被动语态时，原来的宾语变为主语，宾补则变为主补。加主补的动词主要有：assume, believe, know, report, say, suppose等。
Mr. Brown is said to have left for Italy last week. (It is said that Mr. Brown left for Italy last week.)
Persons have been said to climb on roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through windows and commit murder in their sleep.
He is reported to have won the 100-meter running race in the Olympic games.
7）作定语
a) 不定式作定语通常要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。
不定式常作下列名词的定语：attempt, ability, anything, chance, desire, determination, decision, effort,
failure, intention, need, opportunity, plan, promise, pressure, right, tendency, time, way等。
His efforts to carry out the plan were successful.
I have no intention to go to the cinema with you.
There is no need to bother him with such trifles.
There is a tendency to write quite long sentences in commercial correspondence.
The pressure to compete causes Americans to be energetic, but it also put them under a constant emotional strain.
注意：不定式与其修饰的名词有动宾关系时，要根据句子的需要在不定式后加适当的介词，这个介词的选用取决于被修饰的名词或不定式本身的要求。
She is a very nice person to work with.
This is an important issue to talk about.
b) 由only, last, next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。
Mr. Zhang is always the first man to arrive at the office and the last man to leave.
I don't think he is the best one to do the work.
3．2不带to的不定式(Bare Infinitive)
在下列词组后面的不定式不带to：would rather ...than(宁愿……也不), had better...(最好)，can't help but...(不得不), had rather...(宁愿)，cannot but...(不得不，必然)，may/might as well...(不妨)，let alone(更不用说), can do nothing but…(只能)。
You'd better return the books to the library on time. Otherwise, you will be fined.
I can't help but wish that nothing would go wrong.
They had never seen such delicious food, let alone eat it.
3．3 不定式的完成体
不定式的完成体表示不定式的动作在谓语表示的动作(状态)之前完成。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
She seems to have read the book before.
The book is reported to have been translated into English.
He is said to have written a new book about business English.
The bank is reported in the local newspaper_______ in broad daylight yesterday. （2000年12月）
A) robbed B) to have been robbed
C) being robbed D) having been robbed
本句意为：据地方报纸报道，昨天这家银行在光天化日之下遭抢劫。
不定式的动作发生在主句动作之前，故选择不定式的完成体，答案为B)。to have been robbed在句子中充当主语补足语。
不定式完成体用在was/were, planned, intended, hoped, wished等之后，表示事实上并未实现的计划或行为；intend, wish, hope, mean, plan等动词的过去完成体与不定式一般式连用，也可表示事实上并未实现的行为。
The second novel was to have been completed by 1963, but two years later, the end was till nowhere in sight.
Japan hoped to have extended its power to whole Asia, but it didn’t succeed.
(=Japan had hoped to extend its power to whole Asi a, but it didn’t succeed.)
We planned to have finished the work before supper.
(=We had planned to finish the work before supper.)
3．4 不定式的逻辑主语
在表示人物情况、特征等的形容词后面，常用of引导不定式逻辑主语，表示对逻辑主语的评价；如果形容词仅仅修饰不定式，与逻辑主语无关，则用for引导不定式逻辑主语。
It is very kind of you to have helped me.
It is foolish of him to have waste so much time in trivialities.
It is very important for us to hold a meeting as soon as possible.
It would be surprising for there not to be any objections to the proposal.
3．5不定式与分词作定语的区别
根据非谓语动词表示的时间概念确定具体的非谓语动词形式（不定式、现在分词和过去分词）。涉及将来动作时用不定式；表示已完成的动作或状态，用过去分词；表示正在进行的动作或目前的状态时，用现在分词。
The problem to be discussed tomorrow is an urgent one.
（“讨论”是将来的行为，所以用不等式）
The problem discussed yesterday is an urgent one.
（“讨论”是完成了的行为，所以用过去分词）
The problem being discussed now is an urgent one.
（“讨论”是现在的行为，所以用现在分词）
3．6 不定式作宾语补足语和现在分词作宾语补足语的区别
动词不定式只说明宾语的一个动作，而现在分词则说明宾语的动作正在进行。
Just then he heard someone sing in the next room. (在那时，他听见有人在隔壁房间里唱歌。)
Just then he heard someone singing in the next room. (在那时，他听见有人正在隔壁房间里唱歌。)
练习
1. The ancient Egyptians are supposed______ rockets to the moon.
A) to send B) to be sending
C) to have sent D) to have been sending
2. I’m sorry ______ you waiting for so long.
A)to keep B) to be keeping
C) to have kept D) to have been keeping
3. You’re lucky ______ a ticket to the show.
A) to have got B) to get C) getting D) got
4. I ______ the book to you by mail, but I later decided to call you.
A)mean to have sent B) mean to send
C) meant to send D) meant to have sent
5. I wish ______ him about it.
A)not tell B) not to tell
C) to not tell D) not to have told
6. I ______ to see you, but I was just too busy.
A)had intended to come over B) intended to come over
C) intend to come over D) intend to have come
7. They are said ______ the 3000 target.
A)to already hit B) to be already hit
C) to have already hit D) be already hit
8. Here is another letter ______.
A)to have been typed B) type
C) typing D) to be typed
9. They all wish ______ as ordinary persons.
A)being treated B) be treated
C) to be treated D) treated
10. I feel it an honor ______ to speak here.
A)to be asked B)being asked
C) asking D) asked
11. You are fortunate ______ as a regular student here.
A)to accept B) accepted
C) to have been accepted D) accepting
12. He doesn’t seem ______ about it.
A) to notify B) to notify
C) notifying D) to have been notified
13. Don’t let him ______ there alone.
A) go B) to go
C) going D) gone
14. We have no idea ______.
A)where to go B) to where go
C) where go D) where going
15. We had the light ______ all night.
A)burnt B) to be burnt
C) to be burning D) burning
16. He was going to town ______.
A)having his watch repair B) have repaired his watch
C) to have his watch repaired D) to have repaired his watch
17. I’m starving to death. We’d better find a restaurant ______.
A)to eat in B) to eat
C) eating D) to have eaten
18. There are times when I find it difficult ______.
A)to make myself understand B) making myself understand
C) to make myself understood D) making myself understood
19.Scientists consider laser ______ one of the most useful tools in use today.
A) to be B) being C) be D) as be
20. Rather than ______ everything to the last minute, he always prefers to start early.
A)having left B) leave
C) leaving D) left
第四章分词(Participle)
分词是动词的一种非限定形式，主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句子中可作状语、表语、补语和定语。分词有两种，一种是现在分词，一种是过去分词。这两种分词在句子中能担任的成分大体相同，主要是在意思上有主动被动之分，现在分词一般有主动的意思，过去分词一般有被动的意思；有时它们表示的时间也不相同，现在分词一般表示进行，过去分词一般表示完成。
Taking a dictionary, she began to prepare her lessons.（现在分词作状语）
Taken separately, the problems are not difficult to solve.（过去分词作状语）
The story is interesting.（现在分词作表语）
We are interested in reading.（过去分词作表语）
I heard him singing in the room.（现在分词作补语）
I heard the song sung by him.（过去分词作补语）
This is an amusing story.（现在分词作定语）
There are some fallen leaves on the ground.（过去分词作定语）
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话，分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语（名词或代词），构成分词的独立结构（或称为独立分句）。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。
The moon has no light of its own, only sunlight shining on it. （附加说明）
She rushed out the room, the little baby carried in her arms. （伴随动作）
Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hand. (伴随动作)
Circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan. (表示原因)
A force acting through a distance, work is done. (表示条件)
Both bright side and dark side considered, you will have the confidence to overcome this difficulty. (表示条件)
All flights having been cancelled because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
there be句型和it也能引出分词独立结构，作状语修饰主句，there和it相当于分词的逻辑主语。
There being nothing else to do, we went home.
There having been no rain, the plants withered.
It being impossible for most students to turn in their papers as scheduled, the teacher decided to give them another two days.
The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _________on benches, chairs or boxes.
（2000年1月）
A) having seated B) seating C) seated D) having been seated
本题考察的是with引导的分词的独立结构，seat一般用被动形式表示主动意思，所以用过去分词，答案为C。
So many directors_________, the board meeting had to be put off. （2000年6月）
A) were absent B) being absent C) been absent D) had been absent
本题考察的是分词的独立结构，主语与分词之间是主谓关系，因此选择B。
4．1 现在分词(present participle)
1）现在分词在句子中的作用
a) 作状语
Hearing the bad news, she fainted down to the ground.
Not knowing how to do next, they went to ask for his advice.
Having finished the homework, the boy rushed out to play.
b) 作补语
When I passed by his room, I heard him singing loudly.（作宾语补足语）
He was heard singing loudly in the room.（作主语补足语）
I saw them leaving the party quietly.（作宾语补足语）
c) 作表语：此时的分词已经趋向形容词。
The book is quite interesting.
It is surprising that they are regarded as a social evil.
The game held yesterday was very exciting.
d) 作定语
The man giving a speech was one of my former classmates.
Who is that guy looking so disgusting?
The exciting news spread quickly all over the country.
2）现在分词的完成体
现在分词的完成体主要用在状语中，表示这个动作在谓语所表示的动作之前完成。
Having succeeded in the last examination, she was more confident of another success in the coming one.
Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.
Having finished his homework, the boy went to play computer game.
Not having made adequate preparations, they thought it better to postpone the excursion till next week.
独立结构中也可以用现在分词的完成形式。
His parents having died, the orphan is now taken care of by the government.
The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.
3）现在分词被动态
在表示一个被动动作时，如果这个动作正在进行，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生，我们可以用现在分词的被动态。
The bridge being built now will be completed in three months.
This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.
Being surrounded by the students, the teacher was answering questions one by one.
If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _________.
A) to correct B) correcting C) having corrected D) being corrected
句意为：如果我批评某个人，我会尽量保持幽默，自我控制，像批评自己一样。one为代词，后面的动词为其修饰成分，故用分词，而且one与correct之间是动宾关系，故用分词被动态，答案为D)。
4）现在分词的完成被动式
现在分词的完成被动式表示分词的动作发生在谓语的行为之前，且动作由逻辑主语所承受(即与逻辑主语是被动关系)。
Having been given such a good chance, he planned to work hard.
Having been experimented several times, this new product will be put into mass production.
All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher dismissed the students.
5）现在分词与过去分词的区别
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。
a) 分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语分句。
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.
Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother's illness.
分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。
Not having enough hands, we turned to them for help.
(We didn't have enough hands)
Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (We are
taught/teach us)
Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation.
(The working people were inspired/ inspire the working people)
_________the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge.
A) having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed
本句意思为：相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。“许多人”与“相信”之间是主谓关系，即分词与主语之间为主谓关系。因此，应用现在分词，答案为B).
No matter how frequently _________, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.
A) performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed
本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为B.
b) “while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)＋分词”结构：现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although, until, if等连词。
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.
While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work.
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam.
If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
c) 分词作定语：分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词（即与名词有主谓关系），过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词（即与名词是动宾关系）。
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.
The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack.
As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town __________50 households or more.
A) having B) to have C) to have had D) having had
后面由分词做定语，而且town本身有50户以上人家，故town与分词间为主谓关系，应该用现在分词，答案为A)。
d) 分词作宾语补足语：现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。
On the top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village.
The little boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by.
We should not leave him wondering what he should do.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
I caught him dozing off in class.
过去分词可以在allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see, urge等动词后面作宾语补足语。
【例如】
After my encounter with her, I found myself greatly shaken.
You should keep her informed of what is going on here.
The teacher expected the students well prepared for the examination.
在动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice，perceive，observe, listen to, look at后既可用现在分词做补语，也可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行，用不定式表示动作的全过程已经完成。
I saw Mr. White get off a bus.
I saw Mr. White looking into a shop window.
——Do you hear someone knocking at the door?
——Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.
e) 分词作表语：分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。
The film “Pearl Harbor” is really exciting.
I am excited about it.
His response to the question was quite disappointing.
I felt disappointed at his response.
6）现在分词与动名词的区别
（详见5．5）
7）现在分词的独立结构
（详见分词和独立分句）
4．2 过去分词(past participle)
1）过去分词在句子中的作用
a) 作状语
The girl sat there, her head bent low.
Aroused by the crash, he leapt to his feet.
He entered the room, supported by his daughter.
b) 作补语
I heard the door opened.（作宾语补足语）
She was glad to see her children well taken care of in the nursery.（作宾语补足语）
They should be kept informed of the going-ons here.（作主语补足语）
c) 作表语
The audience were bored because of the tedious lecture.
The workers soon became tired.
He felt rather let down by their indifference.
注意：过去分词作表语时，已经趋向形容词性质。
d) 作定语
This is a novel written by a 19th century writer.
All those fallen trees were carried down the hill on shoulders.
Throw away the broken cup.
2）过去分词的独立结构
（详见分词和独立分句）
3）过去分词与现在分词的区别
（详见4。1，5））
练习
1. Professor Wang, ______ for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his students. （2002年12月）
A) having known B) to be known C) known D) knowing
2. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely _______ to the outside world. （2002年12月）
A) losing B) lost C) to be lose D) having been lost
3. ____ their work will give us a much better feel for the wide differences between the two schools of thought.
（2002年6月）
A) Being reviewed B) Having reviewed
C) Reviewing D) To have reviewed
4. The mother didn't know who ________ for the broken glass. （2002年1月）
A) blamed B) be blamed C) to blame D) would blame
5. All flights ________ because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train. （2002年1月）
A) having been canceled B) had been canceled
C) having canceled D) were canceled
6. We left the meeting，there obviously ____ no point in staying. （2002年6月）
A)were B) to be C) being D) having
7. Contrast may make something appear more beautiful than it is when ________ alone. （2002年1月）
A) seen B) is seen C) to be seen D) having been seen
8. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ____ what to do and what not to do. （2002年6月）
A) telling B) being told C) to tell D) to be told
9. Apart from caring for her children, she has to take on such heavy _______ housework as carrying water and
firewood. （2002年12月）
A) time-consuming B) time-consumed C) timely-consumed D)timely-consuming
10. The author of the report is well ________ with the problems in the hospital because he has been working
there for many years. （2002年1月）
A) informed B) acquainted C) enlightened D) acknowledged
11. He wasn't appointed chairman of the committee, ________ not very popular with all its members. （2002年
1月）
A) to be considered B) considering
C) being considered D) having considered
12. Sometimes children have trouble _______fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist.
（2002年1月）
A) to separate B) separating C) for separating D) of separating
13. All the tasks________ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week. （2001年6月）
A) had been fulfilled B) were fulfilled
C) having been fulfilled D) been fulfilled
14. The president promised to keep all the board members________ of how the negotiations were going on.
（2001年6月）
A) informed B) inform C) be informed D) informing
15. If the building project________ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.
（2001年6月）
A) to be completed B) is completed
C) being completed D) completed
16. As a public relations officer, he is said ________some very influential people. （2001年6月）
A) to have been knowing B) to be knowing
C) to have known D) to know
17. With the development in science and technology man can make various flowers________ before their time.
（2001年6月）
A) be bloomed B) blooming C) bloom D) bloomed
18. _______ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn't go on with the experiment. （2000年12月）
A) With B) For C) As D) Since
19. No one had told Smith about _______a lecture the following day. （2000年12月）
A) there be B) there would be C) there was D) there being
20. So many directors_______, the board meeting had to be put off. （2000年12月）
A) were absent B) being absent C) been absent D) had been absent
21. _______ in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000.
（2000年12月）
A) To be judged the best B) Having judged the best
C) Judged the best D) Judging the best
22. I'll never forget_______ you for the first time. （2000年12月）
A) to meet B) to have met C) meeting D) having to be meeting
23. That young man still denies_______ the fire behind the store. （2000年12月）
A) to start B) having started C) start D) to have started
24. The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _______
more women to take advantage of employment opportunities. （2000年6月）
A) allow B) allows C) allowing D) have allowed
25. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _______ at the next town. （2000年6月）
A) stop B) to stop C) stopping D) having stopped
26. You will see this product _______ wherever you go. （2000年6月）
A) advertised B) advertising C) advertise D) to be advertised
27. These surveys indicate that many crimes go _______ by the police, mainly because not all victims report
them. （2000年6月）
A) to be unrecorded B) to have been unrecorded C) unrecorded D) unrecording
28. ________ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing. （2000年1月）
A) To look at B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked at
29. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ________ in
Cuba. （2000年1月）
A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C) having cultivated D) cultivating
30. I don't mind ________ the decision as long as it is not too late. （2000年1月）
A) you to delay making B) your delaying making
C) your delaying to make D) you delay to make
31. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ________ on benches, chairs or boxes.
（2000年1月）
A) having seated B) seating C) seated D) having been seated
32. If you learn too many things at the same time you may get ________.
A) confused B) confusing C) to be confused D) being confused
33. The situation is a bit ________.
A) discouraged B) being discouraged C) to be discouraging D) discouraging
34. Spring ________, we may look forward to better weather.
A)to have come B) having come
C) to come D) has come
35. The soldier returned, ________ with sweat.
A) soaking B) soaked C) to be soaked D) to be soaking
36. She advised him to learn from ________ workers.
A) advanced B) advancing C) being advanced D) advance
37. The ________ arrival of the letter caused great excitement among us.
A) being expected B) expecting C) unexpected D) expect
38. This is the most ________ story I have ever heard.
A) touched B) touching C) touch D) being touched
39. Is there anyone in your class ________ to go to the show?
A) wishing B) wished C) being wished D) wish
40. Day and night the giant arms of cranes move about, ________ cargo.
A) loaded and unloaded B) to load and unload
C) loading and unloaded D) loading and unloading
第五章动名词(Gerund)
5．1 动名词在句子中的作用
1）作主语
Meeting you has been a great pleasure.
Climbing mountains needs a lot of energy and strength.
Seeing is believing.
动名词也可以在下面两类结构中作主语。
a)It’s no use trying to persuade him.
It’s no good waiting here. Let’s walk home.
It’s nice meeting you.
It’s a waste of time arguing about it.
b)There is no denying the fact that we have been defeated.
There is no joking about the matter.
注意：there be作主语时，此时用there being 结构，其否定式为there not being或there being no。但是如果there前面有介词for，则用for there to be。
There being an index to this book is a great advantage.
There not being an index to this book is a disadvantage.
For there to be so modern a library in this rural area is surprising.
2）作动词宾语
有些动词后面接动名词作宾语，如：suggest, avoid, resist, deny, give up, put off, postpone, consider, practice, anticipate, admit, acknowledge, appreciate, can’t resist, defer, delay, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, mind, finish, imagine, miss, resent, risk等。
We suggested putting off the meeting till next week.
He tried his best to avoid seeing her.
I can’t resist bargaining.
We appreciate your helping us.
They denied doing anything wrong.
It is really hard for a person to give up smoking.
注意：need, want, deserve, require等动词之后，作宾语的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。
My hair needs cutting.
Those flowers require/want watering.
大学英语四级必备知识点知识点汇总
英语四级必备知识点 （1）*短语 1.Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。 2.God helps those who help themselves.天助自助者。 3.Easier said than done.说起来容易做起来难。 4.Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。 5.One false step will make a great difference.失之毫厘，谬之千里。 6.Slow and steady wins the race.稳扎稳打无往而不胜。 7.A fall into the pit,a gain in your wit.吃一堑，长一智。 8.Experience is the mother of wisdom.实践出真知。 9.All work and no play makes jack a dull boy.只工作不休息，聪明孩子也变傻。 10.Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。 11.More hasty,less speed.欲速则不达。
12.It's never too old to learn.活到老，学到老。 13.All that glitters is not gold.闪光的未必都是金子。 14.A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。 15.Look before you leap.三思而后行。 16.Rome was not built in a day.伟业非一日之功。 17.Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。 18.well begun,half done.好的开始等于成功的一半。 19.It is hard to please all.众口难调。 20.Out of sight,out of mind.眼不见，心不念。 21.Facts speak plainer than words.事实胜于雄辩。 22.Call back white and white back.颠倒黑白。 23.First things first.凡事有轻重缓急。 24.Ill news travels fast.坏事传千里。 25.A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。
大学英语四级考试语法：—定语从句
大学英语四级考试语法：—定语从句 很多同学在大学英语四级考试中会存在一些误区，认为语法不那么重要，其实英 语语法是学习英语的指南，对我们帮助很大。以下是小编给大家整理的大学英语四级 考试语法：—定语从句，希望可以帮到大家 1、mary is a beautiful girl. 名词的扩展靠限定，最基本的就是在名词的前面增加一个形容词这样的定语，上 面的句子就是表语girl的前面加了一个形容词。显然，如果只是mary is a girl这样的 句子会让人觉得非常枯燥，没有什么意义，所传递的信息量极其有限。所以，名词前 面加定语，可以使被限定的名词更加生动，更加形象而富有生命。如果要对名词给出 更多限定，挖掘更多内部信息，我们可以在名词前面加多个定语来限定，如mary is a beautiful chinese girl. 放在名词前面起到限定作用的定语有很多种形式，形容词，名词，动词现在分词，动词过去分词等。虽然形式多样，但是这类定语还是比较好理解，只要顺着句子的顺序，就基本可以明白是怎么回事。 2、the computer that i bought yesterday works well. 有时候，我们需要对名词给出很多的说明，用大量的信息来限定名词。这时，如 果还是把长长的限定成分放在名词前面，就会头重脚轻，所以英语中会用跟在名词后 面的定语从句来限定前面的名词。根据定语的功能还可以分为限制性定语从句和非限 制性定语从句。两者的区别在于前者与被限定名词之间没有逗号，而后者则有逗号隔开;前者起到限定作用，不可或缺，后者起到补充作用，舍去后对剩余部分影响不大。 本句子通过“that i bought yesterday”这个that引导的定语从句，使得主语the computer得到限定而明确，是我昨天买的计算机而不是别的。如果明白了这个名词可 以通过后面加定语从句来扩展，我们的句子马上可以变得复杂起来，请看下例：another popular spectator sport, which is known as the sport of kings, is horse-racing, which is controlled by the jockey club. 译文：另一种以特大型运动著称的流行观赏运动是赛马，这种比赛由赛马总会控制。
大学英语四六级语法精讲课程讲义
A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束 B.从介词开始到动名词结束 C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束2018年12月大学英语四六级语法精讲课程讲义 一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理 1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准：是否有动词，有动词就是句子，反之不是句子。 2.英语构句原则规定：一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词 3.长难句的构成：主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词 （1）主句的辨识：谓语动词 （2）从句的辨识：连词+与之匹配的谓语动词 （3）介词短语： （4）非谓语动词：4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准：整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个 5.长难句划分方法：连动切割法 ·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基 础，断开主句和从句。 ·长难句划分的具体步骤： 【第一步】断开主句和从句 通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而 言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主 语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如 果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。） 动名词（doing ） 动词不定式（to do ） 现在分词（doing ） 过去分词（done ）
【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词 二、总结复习句子的主要成分 1、主语 （1）定义：主语是动作的发出者。 （2）位置：在谓语动词之前。 （3）什么可以充当主语： 2、谓语 （1）定义：述说主语的动作或状态。 （2）位置：在主语之后。（3）什么可以充当谓语：实意动词。 3、宾语 （1）定义：（2）位置： （3）什么可以充当宾语：4、表语 （1）定义：表述主语的身份特征，性质状态的 （2）位置：在系动词之后 （3）什么可以充当表语： A.名词： B.代词： C.介词短语： D.非谓语动词： E.句子：A.动作的承受者B.介词所联系的对象，即介词宾语（简称介宾） A.名词： B.代词： C.介词短语： D.非谓语动词： E.句子： A.名词： B.代词： C.形容词 D.介词短语： E.非谓语动词： F.句子：A.在谓语动词之后B.在非谓语动词之后C.在介词之后
现代大学英语四级写作资料(1)
大学英语四级写作资料 一、大学英语四级考试大纲（2006 修订版）对写作的要求 写作选用考生所熟悉的题材。考生根据规定的题目和所提供的提纲、情景、图片或图表等，写出一篇不少于120词的短文。写作要求是思想表达准确、意义连贯、无严重语法错误。考试时间30分钟。 写作部分要求考生用英语进行短文写作，思想表达准确、意义连贯、无重大语法错误。写作部分考核的技能是： A.思想表达 1.表达中心思想 2.表达重要或特定信息 3.表达观点、态度等 B.篇章组织 4.围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述，突出重点 5.连贯地组句成段，组段成篇 C.语言运用 6.运用恰当的词汇 7.运用正确的语法 8.运用合适的句子结构 9.使用正确的标点符号 10.运用衔接手段表达句间关系（如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等） D.写作格式 11.运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式 大学英语四级考试写作部分要求考生达到《教学要求》中的一般要求，即“能完成一般性写作任务，能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等，能写常见的应用文，能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内写出至少120词的短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语意连贯。能掌握基本的写作技能。” 二、四级考试写作评分标准 （1）本题满分为15分。 （2）阅卷标准共分四等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷1-2份。 （3）阅卷人根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）； 若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，则可以加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分）。但不得加或减半分。（4）评分标准 ?2分：条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或绝大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 ?5分：基本切题。思想表达不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语法错误。 ?8分：基本切题。思想表达清楚，文章尚连贯，但语法错误较多，其中有一些是严重错误。 ?11分：切题。思想表达清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语法错误。 ?14分：切题。思想表达清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语法错误。仅有个别小错误。 ?注：白卷、所写内容与题目毫不相关或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。 （5）字数不足应酌情扣分。 题目中给出主题句、起始句和结束句，均不得记入所写字数。 只写一段者：0-4分；只写两段者，0-9分（指规定三段的作文） （6）各档作文相当于百分制的得分，列表如下，称为得分率。其中9分的得分率为60分（相当于百分制的60分）。
大学英语四级基础复习讲义.pdf
plete 指完成一件指派或预定的任务,或完 善、完整未完成的部分 gain 指需要做出比 obtain 更大的努力,往往指通过竞争获得某些有价值的东西obtain 指经过努力或付出代价或经过很长时间儿得到所需要的东西end 指一个动作或一件事情的结束或终止 finish 指把一件事或一个动作做完,强调 事情的了结、终止 7、4 、 accurate , correct , delicate , exact,precise 都含有一定的"正确,精确" 之意 acknowledge,admit,concede,confess,rec ognize 都含有一定的"承认"之意acknowledge 着重”公开承认”,常用来指过去曾隐瞒或否认的事accurate 准确的,精确的,指某人或某事 不仅不出错,而且与事实无出入,强调准 确性 admit 是指在压力下不得不承认已经证实或难以否认的事实,招供(事实,错误等)concede(不情愿地)承认,(在结果确定前)承认失败correct 正确的,指某人或某事合乎事实或 公认的标准或规则,没有错误 delicate 精美、精细的、雅致的 exact 确切的、精确的,语气较 accurate 强, 指某人或某事数量或质量完全符合事实或 标准,而且在细致末节上也丝毫不差 precise 精密的,指具有高度的精确性和准 确性,强调范围界限的鲜明性或细节的精密, 有时略带"吹毛求疵"的贬义 confess 着重承认自己的过错或罪恶recognize 指正式承认主权、权利等8、affirm,assert,allege,claim 都含有一定的"宣称,断言"之意affirm 断言,肯定,指根据事实坚定不移地宣称,有无可争辩之意assert 宣称,坚持,指不管事实如何,主观自信地宣称5、accuse,charge,indict 都含有一定的 "指控,控告"之意 allege 宣称,断定,指在无真实根据情况下宣称,硬说accuseaccusesb.ofdoingsth. 为 … 指 责 某 人,控告某人 claim 声称,主张,往往表示说话者反对或不同意某一观点chargechargesb.withdoingsth. 指 控 某 人… 英语四级温习资料 2(2006-12-1116:02:10)分类：大学英语四六级温习资料征服大学英语四级考试（阅读篇）（一）存在问题6、achieve,acquire,attain,gain,obtain 都含有一定的"获得,达到"之意 achieve 强调由于极大的努力,克服困难后 达到目标 第一,读不懂acquire 指经过不懈努力才获得的技术,知 识等抽象的东西,也指养成习惯等 attain 正式用语,指经过艰苦努力才使人达 到完美境地所谓读不懂,就是考生拿过文章,满头雾水,即使硬着头皮读文章,也是一知半解。然后匆忙做体,仅凭感觉去蒙,因此做体准确率必然不高。
大学英语四级语法全集下载-NJP(免费完美版)
中学英语语法网络图全集 中学英语语法网络图 一．名词 I. 名词的种类： 专有名词普通名词 国名.地名.人名， 团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词 个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词 II. 名词的数： 1. 规则名词的复数形式： 名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： 规则例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dis h-dishes 3 以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-kniv es, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, stor y-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boy s, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-po tatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
大学英语四级考试技巧重点总结
大学英语四级考试技巧重点总结 大学英语四级考试,是每个大学生都要过的一项英语水平考试。 那么如何顺利复习考过英语四级,有哪些英语四级考试技巧和经验总结呢? 接下来就给大家详细讲讲这些问题吧,希望对大家复习英语四级有所帮助。 一、英语四级考试听力技巧 备考听力,要先复习好听力。 在平时的复习中,可以充分利用琐碎时间练习。 然后只要掌握一定的英语四级考试技巧,听力就能拿到高分。 英语四级考试听力技巧可概括为以下3点: 第一就是听前预测。 大家可以在听力开始播放之前就快速浏览一遍题目,划出题干和选项中的关键词,这样可以大致推测出这篇文章的主题是什么。 第二就是记笔记。 大家在听的时候要及时记下和题目有关的关键信息,这样做题时就能够快速定位正确选项,而不用每道题都回想半天。 第三就是要特别注意试题的排列次序。 因为四级听力题常常将小题按录音材料的内容排列顺序。 所以如果没有时间预先阅读选项或时间不宽裕,大家也可以边听录音边依次浏览选项,同时进行思考、答题。 二、英语四级考试翻译技巧 英语四级考试翻译题型与听力,阅读,写作相比不一样。 因为,其它几部分只需要提升英语水平即可。 而翻译,不仅需要扎实的英语基础,更需要深厚的中文功底。 英语基础知识的夯实,你可以在真题中学习。 真题资料可以帮你逐句精解单词和语法知识,词汇注释和语法知识详细到可以不用查阅任何资料。 能为你的复习节省大量的时间,大大提高你的复习效率。 翻译做题技巧: 1.翻译时有必要增加词语来使英文的表达更加顺畅。
2.为了有更强的节奏感和押韵,汉语中也经常会出现排比句。 在翻译这些句子时,为了符合英文表达的逻辑,就要有所删减或省略。 3.注意词类变形和词性转换,尤其是名词、动词、形容词之间的转换。 4.要注意语态之间的转换。汉语中主动语态出现频率较高,英语中被动语态的使用率较高。 5.在遇到较长的句子或较复杂的句子时,可以考虑分译,以使译文简洁,通俗易懂。 三、英语四级考试写作技巧 英语四级写作复习技巧之前,建议大家多学习四级范文。 写作考试技巧: 1.卷面整洁,不要做涂改。 2.少用模板、少说空话,多些现场发挥,这点要求你要注意平时积累。 建议大家背点开头、结尾的万能句型,积累一些好的写作语料,四级作文就成了。相关文章： 1.英语知识 2.30%的英文 3.英语资料下载 4.英语最实用口语100句 5.各等级的英语水平是什么
2014年大学英语四级基础语法讲义档
2014年大学英语四级基础语法讲义8 My shoes are worn out. My shoes are worn out.我的鞋穿破了。 Be worn out 表示“穿破了”，这个词组看起来是被动形式，但并不强调被动，强调的是状态或者情况，可以理解为形容词短语。例如： My clothes are worn out and I have to mend them. 我的衣服穿破了，我得补一下。 You see,this glass is broken. 你瞧，这个杯子破了。 ★You'd better buy a new pair. You'd better buy a new pair.你最好买一双新的。 A pair of…表示“一对”，“一双”，指一起使用的两个相同的东西。例如： Have you bought a pair of shoes? 你买了一双鞋吗？ This pair of glasses is very good for me. . . . .
这副眼镜我戴很好。 ★That's a bit expensive. That's a bit expensive.价钱有点贵。 A bit 表示“一点儿”，“有些”，在句中作定语或者状语，相当形容词或者副词。与a little 是同义词。例如： It's a bit cold today;you'd better put on more clothes. 今天有点冷，你最好多些穿衣服。 If you study a bit hard,you can pass the exam. 如果你多一点努力学习，你就能考试及格。 Please give me a little water. 请给我一点儿水。 ★The shop was quite new,for it had opened only the week before. The shop was quite new,for it had opened only the week before.因上周才开的，所以商店很新。 For 表示“因为”，相当于because 和as.表明原因，三个词中，because语气最强，for 语气最弱。For 表明的原因要写在后面。例如： I want to go to bed,for I feel tired. 我想去睡觉，因为我感到累了。 . . . .
大学英语四级语法考点透析
第一章动词的时与体(Tense & Aspect) 时（tense）是个语法范畴，它是表示时间区别的动词形式。英语动词只有“现在时”和“过去时”，而没有“将来时”（在英语中，表示“将来”手段多种多样，但没有一种独特的、能与“现在时”和“过去时”平起平坐的专一表示“将来”的动词形式----“将来时”）。 体（aspect）也是一个语法范畴，它表示动作或过程在一定时间内处于何种状态的动词形式。英语有进行体(progressive aspect)和完成体(perfective aspect)。进行体是由助动词be的一定形式加主动词的-ing 分词构成；完成体由助动词have的一定形式加主动词的-ed分词构成。 现在时和过去时既可以单独使用，也可以和进行体或完成体结合使用，也可以同时与完成体和进行体结合使用。这样，英语的限定动词词组便有8种时、体形式。它们分别是：一般现在时(simple present)、一般过去时(simple past)、现在进行体(present progressive)、过去进行体(past progressive)、现在完成体(present perfective)、过去完成体(past perfective)、现在完成进行体(present perfective progressive)、过去完成进行体(past perfective progressive)。在这一章中，我们单独挑出完成体来加以详述。 1．1 必须使用完成体的结构 1）It (This, This evening, yesterday...) is (was, will be) first (second, third...) time (day, month…)…结构中的分句，要求用完成体。 Is this the first time you've been to Beijing? This was the first time he had been to Beijing. This is the eighth month that I have been out of work.. This was the eighth month that I had been out of work. This is the second time that the goods produced by our factory have been shown in the International Exhibition. This was the second time that the goods produced by our factory had been shown in the International Exhibition. 2）在no sooner…than, hardly/barely/scarcely…when,等的句型中，主句要用过去完成体。 He had no sooner seen me than he left the room. No sooner had he seen me than he left the room. The helicopter had hardly landed when the waiting crowd ran toward it. Scarcely had I seen the lightning when I heard a clap of thunder. 3）将来完成体用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的分句连用。 I will have finished all the work by the time you are back this evening. I am sure he will have left Paris by this time tomorrow. I hope we will have got all the information before you come tomorrow. By the time you get to New York, I _______for London. （2002年1月） A) would be leaving B) am leaving C) have already left D) shall have left 本题时间状语为by+将来时间，考察将来完成体用法，应选择D)。 By the time he arrives in Beijing, we ________here for two days.（2001年6月） A) have been staying B) have stayed C) shall stay D) will have stayed 将来完成体用来可以表示在将来某一时间以前一直持续的动作，本句话的意思是：我们将在这里呆两天，因此谓语动词用将来完成体，答案为D)。 1．2 现在完成体与现在完成进行体 现在完成进行体兼有现在完成体和现在进行体二者基本特点。由于它有现在完成体的特点，所以它
大学英语四级常考语法总结
大学英语四级常考语法总结 一、虚拟语气。应着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词(如lest, in case, otherwise等);一部分表示建议、主张、命令等概念的词语，由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，其后的主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句往往采用“should+动词原形”;虚拟倒装句;在would rather, wish, as if, it’s time that等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望;混合虚拟句。 二、独立主格题。一般说来，在句子中没有连接词的情况下，逗号是无力连接两个句子的，其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式，要么是独立主格结构。两种结构都做状语，不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语。 三、时态。英语中共有16个时态。四级考试中出现最多的是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。 四、名词性从句。形容词性的定语从句是考核的重点，用什么引导词，引导词前面的介词形式，引导词在从句中做什么成分，从句的语序等均有可能成为考点。此外，主语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句也应适当复习。 五、主谓一致。这类考题灵活性大，需要根据实际情况判断谓语动词的单复数形式。一部分具有生命意义的集合名词做主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式，如people, poultry, militia等;用and连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数;就近原则：主语中含有某些连词(如as well as, besides, in addition to等)时，谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。
六、倒装结构。分为全部倒装和部分倒装。那些否定词(组)、介词短语能引起倒装句，部分倒装和全部倒装有和区别，as在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等，都是考生应当重视的地方。 七、非谓语动词。①根据非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系，确定使用主动语态或被动语态，然后考虑采用现在分词、现在分词被动式或过去分词;②非谓语动词同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系。动作正在进行的用现在分词进行式，同时发生或不分先后发生的用现在现在分词一般式或过去分词;在主句谓语动词之前发生的用现在分词完成式、不定式完成式;发生在主句谓语动词之后的多用不定式一般式;③表状态多用分词，表目的多用不定式。
大学英语四级句子知识点汇总
1. 我家是典型的三口之家。 I’m from a typical nuclear family with my parents and me. 2. 我来自一个大家庭。 I’m from an extended family. 3. 我是家里的独子 /老大 /老二 /最小的孩子。 I’m the only /the oldest/the middle/ the youngest child in my family. 4. 我们相处得很融洽。 5. 我家住在一栋多层建筑的五楼。 My family live on the fifth floor in a high-rise building. 6. 请问去火车站怎么走？ 7. 打扰一下，请问这附近有没有邮局？ Sorry to bother you, but is there a post office nearby? 8. 市政厅里这儿有多远？ 9. 我不知道第五大道在哪里 . I ’m looking for the Fifth Avenue. 10. 一直往前走，然后再右拐。 Go straight ahead. Then turn right. 11. 沿着这条街一直往下走大约三个街区。 Walk all the way down the street for about three blocks. 12. 在第一个十字路口左拐。 Turn left at the first crossing. 13. 书店在电影院的对面。 The bookstore is across from the cinema.
大学英语四级考试语法指导
大学英语四级考试语法指导 名词性从句中的虚拟语气 第一节：宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气 一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。 一)、对现在情况的虚拟(与现在的事实相反)： 从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例： 1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道) 2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能) 3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能) 4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家) 5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)
现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂) 6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起) 二)、对过去情况的虚拟(和过去的事实相反)： 用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例： 1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了) 2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去) 3. We wished he had spoken to us. (wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲) 4. I wish you had called earlier. (wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了) 5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner. (will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)
大学英语四级学习资源汇总
大学英语四级备考资料下载汇总 大学英语四级真题试卷 历年大学英语四级真题试卷+答案+听力原文+MP3（1989-2010.6） 大家网2010年6月大学英语四六级真题+听力+答案解析大全 2009年12月大学英语四级真题WORD版+真题图片版+听力+答案解析 [在线题库]2008.6-2009.12大学英语四级真题测试及专题训练（含听力及答案） [原创]一字千金2009年6月20日大学英语四级(CET-4)真题试卷(A卷) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/205504932.html,/thread-358727-1-1.html [原创][震撼：找一个错，给一千元！]大家版一字千金2007年6月大学英语四级试题 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/205504932.html,/thread-133758-1-1.html [原创][找一处错，给一千元！]大家版一字千金2007年12月大学英语四级cet4试题 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/205504932.html,/thread-166866-1-1.html 2010年更新书籍： [大家网首发]晨读英语美文100篇CET-4（第2版最新修订）（PDF+MP3含字幕）下载 《生而为赢——新东方英语背诵美文30篇》Mp3+原创文本书签版下载 冲刺！！《星火新题型大学英语4级考试一本全:2010年6月高分冲刺版(附MP3光盘1张)下载大家网首发-《大学英语四级考试710分新题型指南》PDF下载 大家网首发-大学英语4级考试710分词汇速记(2008年第2版)PDF下载 《生而为赢——我们都是有故事的人》第一大章文本及音频、桌面图片下载 2010新东方四级精品班资料完美分享下载 [新东方2010精品班资料]CET4写作高分班电子教材WORD下载 强烈推荐！！英语四级绝对实用的高频动词词组(高清版)下载 [新东方精品班资料]四级活跃动词高频词组WORD下载 大学英语四级常见的英语同义词50组(适用于写作和完形题)下载 [新东方精品班资料]刘一男4000新决以词雄（含音标）51页WORD下载 《胡敏读故事记单词--大学英语四级词汇》中国广播电视出版社（PDF+MP3）下载 模拟题 冲刺！！星火《新题型大学英语4级考试一本全:2010年6月高分冲刺版》预测卷二含听力 冲刺！！星火《新题型大学英语4级考试一本全:2010年6月高分冲刺版》预测卷一含听力2010年6月大学英语四级考试五套全真预测WORD下载 （解密版）2008年12月大学英语4级考试710分巅峰训练（PDF+MP3）下载 星火英语2008年6月版]四级全真优化与命题预测（3套真题+5套预测题） 王长喜08年12月新四级冲刺试卷10套（含MP3）汇总帖 大学英语四级备考词汇资料大汇总 词汇背诵安排表：
英语四级常用词汇句型语法知识汇总
一、100个高频词汇 1 accelerate vt. (使)加速，增速- 【例】accelerate the rate of economic growth - 加速经济增长- 【派】acceleration n. 加速accelerating a.加速的- 2 account n. 账户、考虑- 【考】take sth. into account 把…考虑在内- 3 accustom vt.使习惯- 【考】be accustomed to - 4 adapt vi. 适应- 【考】adapt to…适应- 5 adjust vi.适应- 【考】adjust to...适应…- 6 advocate vt. 宣扬- 7 affluent a.富裕的- 【派】affluence n.富裕- 8 annoy vt.使烦恼, 使恼怒- 【派】annoying a. 令人恼人的; - annoyance n. 烦恼; - ?annoyed a.颇为生气的- 9 ascribe vt.把…归咎于- 【考】ascribe..to 归因于- 10 assess vt.评估- 【派】assessment n. 评估- 11 assign vt.指派，选派；分配，布 置（作业）- 【派】assignment 作业- 12 assume vt.假象、假定- 13 attain vt.获得- 【考】attain one's ideal 达到理想 - 14 attribute vt. 把…归因于- 【考】attribute sth.? to 把...归咎 于- 15 attribute vt.归咎于- 【考】be attributed to? attribute sth. to …- 16 automatically ad. 自动地- 17 boost vt.提高，推动，使增长n. 推动，增长- 【例】boost the economy 推动经济增长- 【派】booster n.支持者，推动器- 18 brilliant a.光辉的、辉煌的- 【派】brilliance n. - 19 collaborate vi.合作- 【考】collaborate with. sb. - 20 comprehensive a. 综合的- 【考】综合性大学- 21 conscious a. 有意识的- 【考】be conscious of sth. 对…有 意识- 22 conserve vt.保存、节省-
2019年12月大学英语四六级语法讲义
2019年12月大学英语四六级语法讲义 一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理 1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准：是否有动词，有动词就是句子，反之不是句子。 2.英语构句原则规定：一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词。 3.长难句的构成：主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词。 （1）主句的辨识：谓语动词 （2）从句的辨识：连词+与之匹配的谓语动词 （3）介词短语：（4）非谓语动词：4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准：整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个5.长难句划分方法：连动切割法 ·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基础， 断开主句和从句。 ·长难句划分的具体步骤： 【第一步】断开主句和从句 通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而 言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主 语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如 果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。） 【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词 A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束 B.从介词开始到动名词结束 C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束动名词（doing ） 动词不定式（to do ） 现在分词（doing ） 过去分词（done ） 在进行第一步的时候注意以下5种情况： 1如果动词前没有任何（落单的）连词，那么该动词应该是主句的谓语。 2如果动词前有两个或两个以上的连词，那么动词和连词的匹配遵守就近原则。 3如果动词比连词多两个或两个以上，说明有连词省略了或者把过去分词错当 成谓语动词。 4切割嵌套的从句：从句往往从连词开始到从句中的第二个谓语动词出现之前 结束。 5有些词既可以是连词，也可以具有别的词性 例如：that ：既可以是连词，也可以是代词或者限定词； than 、before 、after 、until 等既可以是连词也可以是介词
大学英语四级考试语法笔记83
洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌 ④在same和such之后，定语从句用as引导， 如：Let’s discuss only such questions as concern us. 让我们只讨论与我们有关的问题。 I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从来没听说过他讲的这种故事。 I shall be surprised if he does this in the same way as I do. 如果他做这件事的方法和我一样，那就奇怪了。 She works in the same office as I do. 她和我在同一个办公室工作。 She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister does. 她姐妹俩穿同样的衣服。 He’s wearing the same dress as he wore at Mary’s wedding. 他穿着与他在Mary的婚礼上穿的一样的衣服。 This is the same watch as I have lost. 这块表和我丢的那块一样。 I’ve never seen such kind of people as they are. 我从来没见过像他们这样的人。 I’ve never seen such kind people as they are. 我从来没见过象他们这样厚道的人。 I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。 Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in china. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。 但是，如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生，则两部分都要用来将来时， 注：④在same和such之后，定语从句用as引导， 偶尔，the same 后面也用that， 如：He’s wearing the same suit that he wore at Mary’s wedding. 他穿着与他在Mary的婚礼上穿的一样的衣服。 She works in the same office that I do. 她和我在同一个办公室工作。 This is the same watch that I have lost. 这块表和我丢的那块一样。 as 引导非限定性定语从句即可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接下列句型。如：as is known, as is said, as is reported as is announced 等。 例如：As we all know, Mr. Wang is a good teacher.
大学英语四级语法知识讲解
大学英语(CET--4) 语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？) 3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。 1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。 2、派生法： (1)派生名词：①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
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