高一语法 (2)

（1）表语从句

1．定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。

2．构成：关联词+简单句

3．引导表语从句的关联词的种类：

(1) 从属连词that。如：

The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。

(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如：

He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。

The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：

All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday.

这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。

能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如：

It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。

(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever

连接副词where, when, how, why。

如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。

That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。

解释：

1．连词because可引导表语从句。如：

I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。

2．在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如：

My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。

（2）主语从句

1．定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。

2．构成：关联词+简单句

3．引导主语从句的关联词有三类：

(1) 从属连词that。如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.

很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。

(2) 从属连词whether。如：

Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。

(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever

连接副词where, when, how, why。如：

What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。

How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。

Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。

Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。

解释：

1．主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：

A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如：

It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。

It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。

B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如：

It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遗憾我们不能去。

It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。

C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如：

It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。

It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.

据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。

D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：

It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。

It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。

E. It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：

It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。

It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。

F. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？

Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：

How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！

2．注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义

Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖

（3）宾语从句

1．定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。

2．构成：关联词+简单句

3．引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：

(1) 从属连词that。如：

He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。

I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。

注：that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。

1．Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。)

大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。

2．I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。)

对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。

3．That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe. (that从句位于句首时，that 不可省略。)

我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。

4．We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。)

鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。

(2)从属连词if/whether。如：

I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。

I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。

(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever

连接副词where, when, how, why。

如：

Who or what he was, Martin never learned.

他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。

I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。

You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。

(1) 介词宾语从句

宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如：

He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.

他对那天发生的事感到很不快。

I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。

I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。

Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.

你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。

有时介词可以省略。如：

I don’t care (for) who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。

Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。

解释：

1．如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如：We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.

我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。

He has made it clear that he will not give in.

他已表明他不会屈服。

2．作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in 后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：He is a good student except that he is careless.

他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。

You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。

介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如：

Are you sorry for what you've done?

你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？

3．某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that可省略。如：

I am not sure what I ought to do.

我不能确定我该做什么。

I'm afraid you don't understand what I said.

恐怕你没领会我说的意思。

I'm surprised that I didn't see all that before.

我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。

Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.

妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。

4．连词whether (…or not)或if引导的宾语从句

if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如：

I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。

用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用wheter。试比较：

Please let me know if you want to go.

Please let me know whether you want to go.

if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声”。

5．宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：

I don’t think you are right. 我认为你错了。

I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。

I don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是吗？

6．宾语从句的时态变化规律：

(1) 当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。

(2) 当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

老师说地球绕着太阳运行。

（4）同位语从句

1．定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。

2．用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词that。如：

They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.

对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。

Where did you get the idea that I could not come?

你在哪儿听说我不能来？

Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.

德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。

注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：

I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。

连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。The question who should do the work requires consideration.

谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。

We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.

到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。

It is a question how he did it.

那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。

解释：

1．that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别

that引导的同位语从句

that引导的定语从句

句法功能上

that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。

that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。

意义上

从句是被修饰名词的内容。

从句起限定作用，是定语

如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句，that 不可省。)

李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。

The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句，that在从句中作told的宾语，可省。)

他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。

2．一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如：

This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.

这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。

测试：

A. 用适当的连接词填空：

1．It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.

2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.

3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.

4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed.

5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?

6. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.

---- Is that you had a few days off?

7. Word came I was wanted at the office.

8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster?

9. The teacher didn't tell me we were wrong.

10. It's generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.

B. 单项选择：

1．It was true Alice did surprised her mother.

A. that

B. what

C. that, what

D. what, that

2. Does matter much he can't come to the meeting.

A. it, if

B. that, if

C. it, whether

D. this, whether

3. ----What are you anxious about? ---- .

A. How can we succeed

B. Whether we can succeed

C. When can we succeed

D. That we can succeed

4. The reason the little actress has been such a success is she is both clever and hard-working.

A. why, why

B. why, that

C. that, because

D. for, because

5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.

A. Who

B. Whoever

C. Anyone

D. The person

6. I really don't know ____________ I had this photo taken.

A. where it was that

B. it was that

C. where it was

D. it was why

7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can't remember .

A. where

B. there

C. which

D. that

8. ----What do you think of China? --- different life is today from it used to be.

A. How, what

B. What, what

C. How, that

D. What, that

9. Give this to you think can do the work well.

A. who

B. whom

C. whoever

D. whomever

10. troubles me is I can't learn all these English idioms by heart.

A. That, that

B. What, what

C. That, what

D. What, that

答案:

A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that

5. who

6. why

7. that

8. which

9. where 10. whatever

B. 1-5 CABBB 6-10 ACACD

（5）同位语从句

1．定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。

2．用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词that。如：

They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.

对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。

Where did you get the idea that I could not come?

你在哪儿听说我不能来？

Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.

德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。

注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：

I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。

连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。The question who should do the work requires consideration.

谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。

We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.

到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。

It is a question how he did it.

那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。

解释：

1．that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别

that引导的同位语从句

that引导的定语从句

句法功能上

that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。

that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。

意义上

从句是被修饰名词的内容。

从句起限定作用，是定语

如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句，that 不可省。)

李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。

The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句，that在从句中作told的宾语，可省。)

他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。

2．一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如：

This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.

这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。

测试：

A. 用适当的连接词填空：

1．It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.

2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.

3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.

4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed.

5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?

6. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.

---- Is that you had a few days off?

7. Word came I was wanted at the office.

8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster?

9. The teacher didn't tell me we were wrong.

10. It's generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.

B. 单项选择：

1．It was true Alice did surprised her mother.

A. that

B. what

C. that, what

D. what, that

2. Does matter much he can't come to the meeting.

A. it, if

B. that, if

C. it, whether

D. this, whether

3. ----What are you anxious about? ---- .

A. How can we succeed

B. Whether we can succeed

C. When can we succeed

D. That we can succeed

4. The reason the little actress has been such a success is she is both clever and hard-working.

A. why, why

B. why, that

C. that, because

D. for, because

5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.

A. Who

B. Whoever

C. Anyone

D. The person

6. I really don't know ____________ I had this photo taken.

A. where it was that

B. it was that

C. where it was

D. it was why

7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can't remember .

A. where

B. there

C. which

D. that

8. ----What do you think of China? --- different life is today from it used to be.

A. How, what

B. What, what

C. How, that

D. What, that

9. Give this to you think can do the work well.

A. who

B. whom

C. whoever

D. whomever

10. troubles me is I can't learn all these English idioms by heart.

A. That, that

B. What, what

C. That, what

D. What, that

答案:

A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that

5. who

6. why

7. that

8. which

9. where 10. whatever

B. 1-5 CABBB 6-10 ACACD

(6）不定式的构成

1. 不定式的构成

不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。

不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）：

主动式

被动式

一般式

to do

to be done

完成式

to have done

to have been done

进行式

to be doing

/

完成进行式

to have been doing

/

1) 不定式的一般式

不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。如：

They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。

He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。

2) 不定式的完成式

不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之后发生，它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语，有时也可作主语、定语等。如：

She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。

I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。

I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do. 我本来想告诉你这件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。

It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.

对我来说，在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。

3) 不定式的进行式

不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外

的所有成分。如：

It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，这些天一直帮我们。

He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假装在认真地听老师讲课。We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我们没料到你一直在这儿等我们。

4) 不定式的完成进行式

如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作，就需要用完成进行式。如：They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 据说他们已经在西藏工作20年了。

We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我们很高兴这些天能互相帮助。

5) 动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。如：

Try not to be late again next time. 尽量下次不要再迟到。

He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我们永远不要再见到她。

6) 疑问词+动词不定式：

不定式和疑问词whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等动词后面作宾语，有时也可以充当主语、表语等。如：

On hearing the news, he didn't know whether to laugh or to cry.

听到这个消息，他不知道该哭还是该笑。

When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么时候开会还没有决定。

The most important problem is how to get so much money.

最重要的事情是如何搞到这么多钱。

介词后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。如：

Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。

I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道该怎么做。

(完整word版)人教版高一英语必修二英语课文原文(2)

Frederick William Ⅰ，the King of Prussia , could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history . This gift was the Amber Room , which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it . The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey . The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days . It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels , which took the country's best artists about ten years to make . In fact , the room was not made to be a gift . It was designed for the palace of Frederick Ⅰ. However, the next King of Prussia , Frederick William Ⅰ,to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return , the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. So the Amber Room because part of the Czar's winter palace in St Petersburg.About four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors . Later,Catherine Ⅱhad the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers. She told her artists to add more details to it .In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted . Almost six hundred candles lit the room ,and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. Sadly , although the Amber Room was considered one of the wonders of the world , it is now missing . In September 1941, the Nazi army was near St Petersburg . This was a time when the two countries were at war . Before the Nazis could get to the summer palace , the Russians were able to remove some furniture and small art objects from the Amber Room . However , some of the Nazis secretly stole the room itself . In less than two days 100,000 pieces were put inside twenty-seven woooden boxs . There is no doubt that the boxs were then put on a train for Konigsberg, which was at that time a German city on the Baltic Sea . After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery . Recently , the Russians and Germans have built a new Amber Room at the summer palace . By studying old photos of the former Amber Room , they have made the new one look like the old one .In 2003 it was ready for the people of St Petersburg when they celebrated the 300th birthday of their city . A FACT OR AN OPINION? What is a fact? Is it something that people believe? No. A fact is anything that can be proved. For example, it can be proved that China has more people than any other country in the world. This is a fact. Then what is an opinion? An opinion is what someone believes is true but has not been proved. So an opinion is not good evidence in a trial. For example, it is an opinion if you say “Cats are better pets than dogs”. It may be true, but it is difficult to prove. Some people may not agree with this opinion but they also cannot prove that they are right. In a trial, a judge must decide which eyewit nesses to believe and which not to believe. The judge does not consider what each eyewitness looks like or where that person lives or works. He/she only cares about whether the eyewitness has given true information, which must be facts rather than opinions. This kind of information is called evidence. Unit 2 AN INTERVIEW Pausanias, who was a Greek writer about 2,000 years ago, has come on a magical journey on March 18th 2007 to find out about the present-day Olympic Games. He is now interviewing Li Yan, a volunteer for the 2008 Olympic Games.

高中英语语法最重要知识汇总

按：本套资料省去了名词、代词、形容词等部分，保留了最最核心的句型和动词。希望能有所帮助。 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 - b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that …; It is an honor that…; It is common knowledge that… (2) It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that…It is strange that… . (3) It is ＋不及物动词＋从句 It seems that…It happened that…It appears that… (4) It ＋过去分词＋从句 It is reported that…It has been proved that…It is said that… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况： （1）if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 （2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. ( 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： ； 正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely 4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：

2021新高考全国卷语文语法基础知识总汇

2021新高考全国卷语文语法基础知识总汇 （语素）—最小的语言单位，如：人、椅、巧克力等。 词— 最小的语法单位，有两个或两个以上语素组成。如：人民、椅子、巧克力蛋糕等。 短语— 又称词组，由两个或两个词组成。如：人民幸福、椅子破了、巧克力蛋糕很甜等。（句子）— 语段 一，词的构成可分为“单纯词”和“合成词”。 （1）单纯词 A.单音节，例如：天、地、写、看、我、啊等 B.多音节：连绵词——双声的指两个音节的声母相同的连绵词 如；参差仿佛伶俐崎岖 ——叠韵的指两个音节的“韵”相同的连绵词 如；彷徨窈窕蟑螂翩跹 ——其他的蝴蝶鸳鸯玻璃芙蓉 叠音词——由两个相同的音相叠而构成 姥姥悄悄纷纷往往 音译外来词—葡萄咖啡沙发巧克力马拉松尼古丁 （2）合成词 A．并列式—由两个意义相同相近，相关或相反的词根并列组合而成。 例：途径体制价值美好寒冷始终买卖国家干净人物 B．偏正式——前一词根修饰，限制后一词根。 例：冰箱小说火红蜡黄笔直 C．补充式——后一词根补充说明前一词根 例：提高说服延长车辆书本纸张 D．动宾式——前一词根表示动作、行为，后一词根表示支配的对象 例：司机管家动员保健达标美容 E．主谓式——前一个词根表示被陈述的事物，后一词根是陈述前一词根的，主谓名动形 例:地震霜降年轻眼热心酸自动 F．附加式——词缀+词根词根+词缀 词缀+词根：老虎老乡第一第五阿姨阿毛 词根+词缀：刀子扳子石头木头作者读者 此外还有词根和一个叠音词缀结合的：红通通的笑嘻嘻的 （3）重叠式

姐姐哥哥仅仅刚刚偏偏 二、短语 短语，也叫词组，是由词语与词语组合而成的、能够独立运用语言单位。由此可与看出短语的特征：一是由词语与词语组成，二是能够独立运用。要注意的是，短语与词语和句子有相像之处。像词语，是说有些短语具有词语的语法功能；像句子，是说短语只是书面上没有标点，口语中没有语气。比如“多么迷人的九寨沟”这是短语，可口语里加上语气，书面上加上标点，就是一句话——“多么迷人的九寨沟洼！” 短语按照结构来考察，可以分为十种：并列短语、偏正短语、动宾短语、介宾短语、补充短语、主谓短语、的字短语、兼语短语、连动短语、复指短语 [口诀]短语看结构，十种莫忧愁。并偏动介补，主的兼连复 1、并列短语：是由两个或两个以上的名词、动词或形容词并列组成的，词和词之间是平等的联合，没有轻重主次之分。 例如：雄伟壮丽、报纸杂志。民俗风情、吃喝穿戴、这个那个、和谐幸福 2、偏正短语：是由名词、动词或形容词与在他们前头起修饰作用的词组成的，名词、动词、形容词是中心语，修饰名词的词是定语，修饰动词、形容词的词是状语。定语、状语与中心语的关系是偏正关系。用（）表示定语，用[]表示状语。 1）名词性偏正短语——定语+名词（或代词） ①名词、代词、动词、形容词作定语。例如： 名+名：中华情赤壁赋出师表兰亭集序荷塘月色故都的秋赤壁之 战 代+名：我们家这个人之二虫这只黄鹂那只白鹭这条纱巾那根拐 棍 动+名：发言稿止痛片美发厅调查提纲训练计划运动规律游览路 线 形+名：黑牡丹红太阳白玫瑰绿色食品经典作品优秀分子永恒 魅力 ②指示代词、数词、量词组合作定语。例如： （指+数+量）+名：这支笔这一位委员那一个书包这两个人那一年六月（数+量）+名：七根火柴一年四季一件小事一曲窦娥冤千古关汉卿 （2）动词性偏正短语——状语+动词 ①状语表示的意义 状语可以表示动作、行为的情态、时间、频率、范围、处所、对象等。例如：表示情态：努力进取认真研究大力发展倾情奉献喜闻乐见娓娓动听 表示时间：猝死马上出发立刻行动现在开始从眼前抓起于拂晓结束

必修二课文及翻译

必修二 Unit 1 In search of the amber room Frederick William I, the king of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history. This gift was the Amber Room, which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it. The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown color like honey. The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days. It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, which took the c ountry’s best artists about ten years to make. In fact, the room was not made to be a gift. It was designed for the palace of Fredrick I. However, the next King of Prussia, Fredrick William I, to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return, the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. So the Amber Room became part of the Czar’s winter palace in St Petersburg. About four meters long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors. Later, Catherine Ⅱ had the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers. She told her artists to add more details to it. In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. Almost six hundred candles lit the room, and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. Sadly, although the Amber Room was considered one of the wonders of the world, it is now missing. In September 1941, the Nazi army was near St Petersburg. This was a time when the two countries were at war. Before the Nazis could get to the summer palace, the Russians were able to remove some furniture and small art objects from the Amber Room. However, some of the Nazis secretly stole the room itself. In less than two days 100000 pieces were put inside twenty-seven wooden boxes. There is no doubt that the boxes were then put on a train for Konigsberg, which was at a time a German city on the Baltic Sea. After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery. Recently, the Russians and Germans have built a new Amber Room at the summer palace. By studying old photos of the former Amber room, they have made the new one look like the old one. In 2003 it was ready for the people of St Petersburg when they celebrated the 300th birthday of their city. 寻找琥珀屋 普鲁士国王腓特烈·威廉一世绝不可能想到他送给俄罗斯人民的厚礼会有一段令人惊讶的历史。这件礼物就是琥珀屋, 它之所以叫这个名字,是因为建造这间房子用了好几吨琥珀,被选择的琥珀色彩艳丽, 呈黄褐色像蜜一样。屋子的设计采用当时流行的奇特风格。琥珀屋也是用金银珠宝装饰的珍品，这花费了全国最优秀的艺术家大约十年的时间才完成。 事实上, 琥珀屋并不是作为礼物而建造的。它是为腓烈特一世的宫殿而建造。然而,下一位普鲁士国王,腓烈特·威廉一世, 这个琥珀屋的主人却决定不再保留它了。1716年, 他把它送给了彼得大帝。作为回馈, 沙皇则送给他一队自己最好的士兵。所以, 琥珀屋就成了沙皇在圣彼得堡东宫的一部分。琥珀屋长约4米, 被用作接待重要来宾的小型会客室。 后来、叶卡捷琳娜二世派人把琥珀屋搬到了圣彼得堡郊外避暑的宫殿中。她让艺术家们给它增添了更多的装饰。1770年,这间琥珀屋按她要求的方式完工了。将近600支蜡烛照亮了这个房间,里面的镜子和图画就像金子一样闪闪发光。不幸的是,虽然琥珀屋被认为是世界奇迹之一,可是现在它却消失了。

(完整版)高中英语语法知识思维导图

什么是语法？ +表语 +宾语 +间接宾语+直接宾语 +宾语+宾语补足语 to/-ing s not

一般现在时vs.一般过去时

一般将来时 将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的 动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经 常或者重复发生的动作，常与表示 将来的时间副词连用，例如：soon, next week, this afternoon, tomorrow We will graduate next year. 我们明年毕业。

进行时(1) (V+ing) 现在分词(V+ing) 现在分词(V+ing)?

进行时(2)

完成时(1) Part1 完成时的句型构成 1-1 陈述句型：S+has/have+过去分词(p.p.) I have already finished my homework.(我已经完成了我的作业) 1-2 否定句型：S+has/have+not+过去分词(p.p.) Sandy has been a nurse in this hospital for 15 years.(珊蒂已经在这家医院担任护士长达15年了。) 1-3 疑问句型：Has/Have+s+过去分词(p.p.)? Have you ever seen Peter in past 3 months?(过去3个月内，你看见过彼吗？) 2-1 陈述句型：S+had+过去分词(p.p.) This proposal had been deliverde by Eva before Aaron finished it. (这个计划在艾伦完成以前，伊娃就已经提交出去了) 2-2 否定句型：S+had+not+过去分词(p.p.) I had not finished my work when he visited me last week.(上周他来拜访我以前，我还没有完成工作。) 2-3 疑问句型：Had+s+过去分词(p.p.)? Had you ever been to a blind date before you married?(你结婚以前曾经参加相亲吗？) 3-1 陈述句型：S+shall/will+have+过去分词(p.p.) They wll have finished the meeting by now. (他们现在应该已经开完会了) 3-2 否定句型：S+shall/will+have+not+过去分词(p.p.) We will have not made 10 apple pies by the end of today.(我们在今天结束之前不能做完10个苹果派。) 3-3 疑问句型： Shall/Will+ s+have+过去分词(p.p.)? Will they have already left by the time we get there?(我们到的时候，他们会不会已经离开了？ )

英语必修二课文原文

人教版新课标必修2u n i t1课文原文和翻译w o r d格式 IN SEARCH OF THE AMBER ROOM Frederick William Ⅰ，the King of Prussia , could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history . This gift was the Amber Room , which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it . The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey . The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days . It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels , which took the country's best artists about ten years to make . In fact , the room was not made to be a gift . It was designed for the palace of Frederick Ⅰ. However, the next King of Prussia , Frederick William Ⅰ,to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return , the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. So the Amber Room because part of the Czar's winter palace in St four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors . Later,Catherine Ⅱhad the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers. She told her artists to add more details to it .In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted . Almost six hundred candles lit the room ,and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. Sadly , although the Amber Room was considered one of the wonders of the world , it is now missing . In September 1941, the Nazi army was near St Petersburg . This was a time when the two countries were at war . Before the Nazis could get to the summer palace , the Russians were able to remove some furniture and small art objects from the Amber Room . However , some of the Nazis secretly stole the room itself . In less than two days 100,000 pieces were put inside twenty-seven woooden boxs . There is no doubt that the boxs were then put on a train for Konigsberg, which was at that time a German city on the Baltic Sea . After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery . Recently , the Russians and Germans have built a new Amber Room at the summer palace . By studying old photos of the former Amber Room , they have made the new one look like the old one .In 2003 it was ready for the people of St Petersburg when they celebrated the 300th birthday of their city . A FACT OR AN OPINION What is a fact Is it something that people believe No. A fact is anything that can be proved. For example, it can be proved that China has more people than any other country in the world. This is a fact. Then what is an opinion An opinion is what someone believes is true but has not been proved. So an opinion is not good evidence in a trial. For example, it is an opinion if you say “Cats are better pets than dogs”. It may be true, but it is difficult to prove. Some peo ple may not agree with this opinion but they also cannot prove that they are right. In a trial, a judge must decide which eyewitnesses to believe and which not to believe. The judge does not consider what each eyewitness looks like or where that person lives or works. He/she only cares about whether the eyewitness has given true information, which must be facts rather than opinions. This kind of information is called evidence. 人教版新课标必修2 unit2 课文原文word格式 AN INTERVIEW Pausanias, who was a Greek writer about 2,000 years ago, has come on a magical journey on March 18th 2007 to find out about the present-day Olympic Games. He is now interviewing Li Yan, a volunteer for the 2008 Olympic Games.

(完整版)人教版高中英语必修一语法知识点总结

人教版必修一各单元知识点总结Unit One Friendship 一、重点短语 1.go through 经历，经受 get through 通过；完成；接通电话 2. set down 记下，放下 3. a series of 一系列 4. on purpose 有目的的 5. in order to 为了 6. at dusk 傍晚，黄昏时刻 7. face to face 面对面 8. fall in love 爱上 9. join in 参加（某个活动）； take part in 参加（活动） join 加入（组织，团队，并成为其中一员） 10. calm down 冷静下来 11. suffer from 遭受 12. be/get tired of…对…感到厌倦 13. be concerned about 关心 14. get on/along well with 与…相处融洽 15. be good at/do well in 擅长于… 16. find it + adj. to do sth. 发现做某事是… 17. no longer / not …any longer 不再… 18. too much 太多（后接不可数n.） much too 太…(后接adj.) 19. not…until 直到…才 20. it’s no pleasure doing sth 做…并不开心 21. make sb. sth. 使某人成为… make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 二、语法----直接引语和间接引语 概念：直接引语：直接引述别人的原话。一般前后要加引号。

牛津英语必修二课文原文及中文翻译

M1U2Home alone Act One Mom and Dad arrive back from vacation a day earlier than expected. The curtains are closed and the living room is dark when Mom and Dad enter. Dad: It’s so nice to be home! Mom: Yes, I can’t wait to surprise the boys! Suddenly the door opens and a soccer ball flies through the room. Eric runs in after it, followed by a big dog, walking very slowly. Eric: Mom! Dad! You’re back early! (looking around room, sounding frightened) But, but … you weren’t supposed to come home until tomorrow! The dog slowly walks to Mom and Dad. Mom: (bending to touch dog) Eric, he’s so tired and hungry! (looking at table) The money for dog food is gone, but Spot looks like he is starving! What did you do with the cash we left? Dad: And look at this room—garbage all over the place! Where is your brother? (shouting angrily) Daniel! Daniel: (running into room) Mom, Dad, I can explain … Dad opens the curtains and light comes into the room. The room is in a mess, with pizza boxes on the floor and dirty dishes in the sink. In the corner, there is a garbage can around which are pieces of garbage and waste paper. Mom and Dad both turn towards Daniel. Dad: (sounding very angry) Listen to me, young man—we left you in charge! We thought you could act like an adult, but look at the mess! I don’t know why the house is so dirty ... Mom: Daniel, we thought you were an adult, a person who would make good decisions ... Dad: How can we trust you any mo re? We won’t tolerate such behavior in our house! Daniel: (shouting) Stop shouting at me. I’m still a teenager! Why is everything always my fault? Daniel runs into his bedroom and shuts the door angrily. Mom and Dad look at each other as lights go out. End of Act One Act Two, Scene One Daniel and Eric’s bedroom. Eric sits on his bed. Daniel has his arms crossed and looks upset. Daniel: They never even gave me a chance to defend myself. I hate them! Eric: You don’t h ate them. I can tell them we had an emergency. Then they won’t be mad any more. Daniel: No, don’t tell them anything. Anyhow, they didn’t trust me. They don’t deserve an explanation. Let them think what they want. Eric: But Daniel, if they knew that Spot was sick and we used the money to take him to the clinic ... Daniel: And that we spent all of yesterday waiting there for him, and that is why we had no time to clean the house ... but no, Eric, why didn’t they ask me what happened instead of shouting at me? Act Two, Scene Two

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