(完整版)英美文学名词解释最全版
01. Humanism(人文主义)
1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.
2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.
02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)
1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.
2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.
3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.
03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)
1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.
2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.
3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.
04. Classicism(古典主义)
Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.
05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)
1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.
2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.
3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.
4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.
5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc.
06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)
1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.
2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.
3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.
07. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)
1>The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present ,with death and graveyard as themes.
2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.
08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)
1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.
2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.
3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.
09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)
1>Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.
2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.
3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”
10. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)
1>Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.
3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.
4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.
11. Aestheticism（美学主义）
1>The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.
2> aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.
3> According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.
4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.
美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.
12.The Victorian period(维多利亚时期)
1>In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.
2> although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.
3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.
4> Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.
13. Modernism(现代主义)
1>Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.
2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.
3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.
4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.
5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. fresh ways of looki ng at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.
14. Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)
In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.
学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。意识流是现代主义运动的体现，它首先出现在心现学领域，由梅.辛克拉提出的，后引进文学领域。意识流写作通常被认为是一种特殊形式的内心独白.它的特别是联想性,以句法和标点的跳跃,文章的晦涩难懂为特征.来表现人物的片断思维和感官性直觉.比较著名的使用此技巧的有乔伊斯.福克纳.
15. American Puritanism(美国清教主义)
Puritanism was a religious reform that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the 17th to the northern English colonies in the new world---a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England. Puritanism, however, was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of new England, it was also a way of being in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, puritans adhered to the five points of Calvinism as codified at the synod of dort in 1619:
1) Unconditional election: the idea that God had decreed at the synod of damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world;
2) limited atonement: the idea that Christ died for the elect only;
3) Total depravity: humanity’s utter corruption since the fall;
4) Irresistible grace: regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be re3sisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing;
5) The perseverance of the saints: the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart, cannot fall away from grace.
清教主义是16世纪晚期在英国教会内进行的一场宗教改革.在教会和皇权的双重压力之下,清教的一个分支于17世纪30,40年代迁至美洲新大陆的北方殖民地,他们为新英格兰奠定了宗教、知识和社会秩序的基础。清教主义不仅符合新英格兰成立的特定历史，而且一直反映了美国生活的一种生活方式。从教义上说，清教徒遵循加尔文派于1619年多特宗教会议上制定的五条信条：1）无条件拣选：神没有任凭人在罪中灭亡，而是在创世以前就拣选了一群人旅行拯救；2）有限救赎：基督的死只是为了特定数目的选民而死；3）完全堕落：自从亚当偷吃善恶果后，整个人类都堕落了；4）不可抗拒的恩典：圣灵的能力在罪人心里运行，一直到他认罪悔改方休；5）圣徒的坚守：圣徒是神所挑选的，无论他们如何退步，始终在神的感召下。
16. American Romanticism(美国浪漫主义)
Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s
expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period in American literature stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the civil war. It was an age of great westward expansion, of the increasing gravity of the slavery question, of an intensification of the spirit of embattled sectionalism in the south, and of a powerful impulse to reform in the north. In literature it was America’s first great creative period, a full flowering of the romantic impulse on American soil. Although foreign influences were strong, American romanticism exhibited from the very outset distinct features of its own. First, American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience”and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien. Second, puritan influence over American romanticism was conspicuously noticeable. Emerging as new writers of strength and creative power were the novelists Hawthorne, Melville, the poets Dickinson, Whitman, the essayists Thoreau, Emerson. These American writers had made a great literary period by capturing on their pages the enthusiasm and the optimism of that dream.
浪漫主义是于18世纪晚期发起于欧洲的一场艺术性及思想性的运动，它注重自然，强调个人情感表达与想像力，向既定的社会制度和传统挑战，与古典主义形式相分离。美国的浪漫主义时期从18世纪末一直延续到内战爆发前。这个时期发生了大规模的西迁运动，日益严峻的奴隶问题，南部各州的地方保护主义的是益盛行以及北部呼声愈演愈烈火的革新运动。在文学上，这个时期是美国第一次伟大的创作时期，浪漫主义的种子在北美的土壤里生根发芽。尽管受到欧洲浪漫主义运动的影响，美国浪漫主义文学仍然呈现出自己的独特风格。第一，美国浪漫主义在本质上是一个“全新的经历“的表达，因这个新大陆充满着生机和活力而使美国的浪漫主义蕴含异国的气质；第二，清教主义对美国浪漫主义有着显著的影响，作为新生创作力量的有小说家霍桑，麦尔维尔。诗人狄金森和惠特曼，散文家梭罗，爱默生。这些美国作家充满热情地记录下这个伟大时代的乐观主义精神。
17. Transcendentalism(超验主义)
Transcendentalism is literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in new England from about 1836 to 1860. it is the summit of American Romanticism. it originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Coleridge and Wordsworth. Its mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious teachings. Although Transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents. The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority. The ideas of Transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature, and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden.
超验主义是从1836至1860于新英格兰发起的一场文学,哲学以及艺术运动.即浪漫主义的顶点.由于一小群知识分子反对加尔文教派和唯一神论教派理性的形式主义,他们从而提出人与自然的神圣这一信念.超验主义受到德国浪漫主义哲学以及英国浪漫主义作家柯勒律治和沃兹华斯的影响,还在一定程度上受到东方古典哲学和宗教的影响.尽管超验主义思想并不能算是严格意义上的哲学, 但是它还是有一些基本原则的.超验主义者认为人人都有内在的神性,
只有通过接触自然才能使神性与人的天性相互融合.从而超验主义十分强调个人主义,自立,拒绝传统权威思想.超验主义思想在爱默生的<论自然> 和梭罗的<瓦尔登湖>等书中表现得淋漓尽致.
18. the Age of Realism(现实主义时期)
1).Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism;
2).During this period a new generation of writers, dissatisfied with the Romantic ideas in the older generation, came up with a new inspiration. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life. It aimed at the interpretation of the realities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. Instead of thinking about the mysteries of life and death and heroic individualism, people’s attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence, to what was brutal or sordid, and to the open portrayal of class struggle;
3) so writers began to describe the integrity of human characters reacting under various circumstances and picture the pioneers of the far west, the new immigrants and the struggles of the working class;
4) Mark Twain Howells and Henry James are three leading figures of the American Realism.
19. American Naturalism(美国自然主义文学)
The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to accout for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.2) naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.3>Dreiser is a leading figure of his school.
20. Naturalism(自然主义)
Naturalism is a literary movement related to and sometimes described as an extreme form of realism but which may be more appropriately considered as a parallel to philosophic Naturalism. 2) as a more deliberate kind of realism Naturalism usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. In Naturalism a more documentary-like approach is in evidence, with a great stress on how environment and heredity shape people. 3) As a literary movement, Naturalism was initiated in France. 4) Naturalist fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored concerns of modern society.
21. Local Colorism(乡土文学)
1>Generally speaking, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town.
2) Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions, they worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the local.
3) major local colorists is Mark Twain.
22. Imagism(意象主义)
1>Imagism came into being in Britain and U.S around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.
2>the imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.
3>imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:A. direct treatment of subject matter;B. economy of expression;C. as regards rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome.
4> pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem.
23. The Lost Generation(迷惘的一代)
1>The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.
2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.
3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.
24. Expressionism(表现主义)
1>Expressionism refers to a movement in Germany early in the 20th century. In which a number of painters sought to avoid the representation of external reality and ,instead, to project a highly personal or subjective vision of the world.
2> expressionism is a reaction against realism or naturalism, aiming at presenting a post-war world violently distorted.
3> in a further sense, the term is sometimes applied to the belief that literary works are essentially expressions of their authors’ moods and thoughts; this has been the dominant assumption about literature since the rise of romanticism.
25. The Beat Generation(垮掉的一代)
1>The members of The Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity.
2> The Beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming style.
3> the major beat writings are Allen Ginsberg’s Howl. Howl became the manifesto of The Beat Generation.
26. Jazz Age(爵士时代)
The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between World War I and World War II. Particularly in North America. With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline. Perhaps the most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and
hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term” Jazz Age”.
27. Surrealism(超现实主义)
An anti-rational movement of imaginative liberation in European in art and literature in the 1920s and 1930s, which launched by Andre Breton after his break from the Dada group in 1922. Surrealism seeks to break down the boundaries between rationality and irrationality, exploring the resources and revolutionary energies of dreams, hallucinations and sexual desire. Influenced both by the symbolists and by Sigmund Freud’s theories of the unconscious, the surrealists experimented with automatic writing and with the free association of random images brought in surprising juxtaposition.
超现实主义是20世纪20年代和30年代在欧洲文艺和文学界发起的一场反对理性提倡思想解放的运动.这场运动由安德烈.布里多尼和达达派决裂后发起.超现实主义试图打破理性和非理性之间的界限.探讨梦.幻觉以及性欲的源头和动力.由于受到象征主义和弗洛伊德无意思理论的影响,超现实主义将自由联想和自由写作以不可思议的形式并置合并在一起.
28. Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人）
It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poet was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics.
29. New Criticism(新批评主义)
New Criticism is a movement in American literary criticism from the 1930s to the 1960s, concentrating on the verbal complexities and ambiguities of short poems considered as self-sufficient objects without attention to their origins or effects. The name comes from John Chrisom’s book The New Criticism.
30. Feminism(女权主义)
1> Feminism incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and an ideology of social transformation aiming to create a world for women beyond simple social equality.
2>in gen eral, feminism is ideology of women’s liberation based on the belief that women suffer injustice because of their sex. Under this broad umbrella various feminisms offer differing analyses of the causes, or agents, of female oppression.
3> definitions of feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their training, ideology or race. So, for example, Marxist and socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock the multiple systems of oppression.
31. Hemingway Code Hero(海明威式英雄)
1>Hemingway Code Hero, also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong more sensitive, enjoys the pleasures of life (sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself.
2> barns in the sun also Rises, Henry in a Farewell to arms and Santiago in the old man and the sea are typical of Hemingway Code Hero
32. Impressionism(印象主义)
Impressionism is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the subject on the artist without much attention to details. Writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character or setting or action.2>briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather that realistic mood.
33. Postmodernism(后现代主义)
It is a disputed term that has occupied much recent debate about contemporary culture since the early 1980s. in its simplest and least satisfactory sense it refers generally to the phase of 20th century western culture that succeeded the reign of hign modernism, thus indicating the products of the “space age” after some time in the 1950s. More often, though it is applied to a cultural condition prevailing in the advanced capitalist societies since the 1960s, characterized by a superabundance of disconnected images and styles. In this sense, post modernity is said to be a culture of fragmentary sensations, eclectic nostalgia, disposable simulacra, and promiscuous superficiality, in which the traditionally valued qualities of depth, coherence, meaning originality and authenticity are evacuated or dissolved amid the random swirl of empty signals.
这个具有争议的名字概念是从20世纪80年代早期开始应用于近几十年的现代文化领域.最简单也最难说服人的说法是后现代主义是20世纪西方文明继高度现代主义之后的一个阶段.后现代主义是50年代太空时代的产物.通常它被用来解释自60年代起先进资本主义社会主要的社会文化现象.从这个意义上说.后现代主义被认为是片断构建的编织.折衷的怀旧主义,滥用的仿物以及混杂的浅浮,而传统所强调的深度.连贯.意义的原创性,真实性都在空洞信号的随意泛滥中消失瓦解.
34. Confessional poetry(自白派诗歌)
It is an autobiographical mode of verse that reveals the poet’s personal problems with unusual frankness. The term is usually applied to certain poets of the United states from the late 1950s to the late 1960s, notably Robert Lowell. The term’s distinctive sense depends on the candid examination of what were at the time of writing virtually unmentionable kinds of private distress. The genuine strengths of confessional poets, combined with the pity evoked by their high suicide rate, encouraged in the reading public a romantic confusion between poetic excellence and inner torment.
自白诗歌是一种自传体诗歌.诗歌主要用不寻常的坦白展示诗人的个人内心问题.自白诗歌是指50年代后期到60年代后期出现的诗人.特别是罗伯特.洛厄尔.此概念有时在广义上指任何个人或自传的诗歌,但自白诗歌最明显的特征,是坦诚揭露写作时的所思所想,个人心里忧伤的流露.自白派诗人杰出的文学才华和他们由于痛苦而引起的高自杀率,以及诗歌中处处流露着痛苦,迷茫,悲观,隐晦的气氛,让读者们阅读时产生一种诗歌精妙和内心痛苦的迷茫感.
35. The New Y ork School（纽约派）
The New York School was an informal group of American poets and painters active in 1950s New York City, critics argued that their work was a reaction to the confessional’s movement in
contemporary poetry. Their poetic subject matter was often light, violent, or observational, while their writing style was often described as cosmopolitan and world-traveled. the poets often drew inspiration from surrealism and the contemporary avant-garde art movement, in particular the action painting of their friends in the New York City art circle. there are also commonalities between the New York School and the earlier Beat Generation poets active in 1940s and 1950s New York City.
纽约派诗人是50年代活跃在纽约的美国诗人和画家的非正式群体。评论家认为他们是对同时代自白派诗歌运动的反抗。他们作品的主题通常轻快，激烈或者观察入微。他们的写作风格是全球性的。他们接受了超现实主义和先锋艺术运动，特别是纽约画界的朋友的影响创作诗。他们与40,50年代纽约的垮掉一代诗人有一定共同点.
36. The Absurd (荒谬派)
It is a term derived from the existentialism of Albert Camus, and often applied to the modern sense of human purposelessness in a universe without meaning or value. Many 20th century writers of prose fiction have stressed the absurd nature of human existence: notable instances are the novels and stories of Franz Kafka, in which the characters face alarmingly incomprehensible predicaments.
37. The Black Mountain Poets(黑山派诗人)
1>The Black Mountain Poets refer to a group of poets active on the contemporary scene, as these people were either associated with Black Mountain college, or with Black Mountain Review, they have become known as “The Black Mountain Poets”
2> the leading figure of this school of poetry was Charles Olson.
38. Realism(现实主义)
Realism was a loosely used term meaning truth to the observed facts of life (especially when they are gloomy). Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity.
39. Meditative Poetry(冥想派诗歌)
40. Allegory(寓言)
1>Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something. Especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself.
2>allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice.
3>Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Melville’s Moby Dick are such examples.
41. Alliteration(头韵)
1>Alliteration means a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a line or group.
2>alliteration is a traditional poetic device in English literature.
3>Robert Frost’s Acquainted with the Night is a case in point:” I have stood still and sto pped the sound of feet”
42. Ballad(民谣)
1>Ballad is a story in poetic from to be sung or recited. in more exact literary terminology, a ballad is a narrative poem consisting of quatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimester.(抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗)
2>.ballads were passed down from generation to generation. 3>Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad.
43. epic(史诗)
1>Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of goods and heroes.
2>Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.
3>Beowulf is the greatest national Epic of the Anglo-Saxons.
44. Lay(短叙事诗)
It is a short poem, usually a romantic narrative, intended to be sung or recited by a minstrel.
45. Romance(传奇)
1>Romance is a popular literary form in the medic England.
2>it sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.
3> chivalry is the spirit of the romance.
46. Alexandrine(亚历山大诗行)
1>The name is derived from the fact that certain 12th and 13th century French poems on Alexander the Great were written in this meter.
2>it is an iambic line of six feet, which is the French heroic verse.
47. Blank Verse(无韵诗或素体广义地说)
Blank verse is unrhymed poetry. Typically in iambic pentameter, and as such, the dominant verse forms of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century.
48. Comedy(喜剧)
Comedy is a light form of drama that aims primarily to amuse and that ends happily. Since it strives to provoke smile and laughter, both wit and humor are utilized. In general, the comic effect arises from recognition of some incongruity of speech, action, or character revelation, with intricate plot.
49. Essay(随笔)
The term refers to literary composition devoted to the presentation of the writer’s own ideas on a topic and generally addressing a particular aspect of the subject. Often brief in scope and informal in style, the essay differs from such formal forms as the thesis, dissertation or treatise.
50. Euphuistic style(绮丽体)
Its principle characteristics are the excessive use of antithesis, which is pursued regardless of sense, and emphasized by alliteration and other devices; and of allusions to historical and
mythological personages and to natural history drawn from such writers as Plutarch(普卢塔克), Pliny(普林尼), and Erasmus(伊拉兹马斯).2> it is the peculiar style of Euphues(优浮绮斯)
51. History Plays(历史剧)
History plays aim to present some historical age or character, and may be either a comedy or a tragedy. They almost tell stories about the nobles, the true people in history, but not ordinary people. the principle idea of Shakespeare’s history plays is the necessity for national unity under a mighty and just sovereign.
52. Masques or Masks(假面剧)
Masques (or Masks) refer to the dramatic entertainments involving dances and disguises, in which the spectacular and musical elements predominated over plot and character. As they were usually performed at court, often at very great expense, many have political overtones.
53. Morality plays(道德剧)
A kind of medic and early Renaissance drama that presents the conflict between the good and evil through allegorical characters. The characters tend to be personified abstractions of vices and virtues, which can be named as Mercy. Conscience, etc. unlike a mystery or a miracle play, morality play does not necessarily use Biblical or strictly religious material because it takes place internally and psychologically in every human being.
54.Sonnet(十四行诗)
1>It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.
2>it is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.
3>Shakespeare’s sonnets are wel l-known.
55. Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗节)
Spenserian Stanza is the creation of Edmund spenser.2>it refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格) and the last line in iambic hexameter(六音步抑扬格),rhyming ababbcbcc. 3> Spenser’s the Faerie Queen was written in this kind of stanza.
56. Stanza(诗节)
Stanza is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan.2>the stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.
57. Three Unities(三一原则)
1>Three rules of 16th and 17th century Italian and French drama, broadly adapted from Aristotle’s Poetics<诗学>:
2> the unity of time, which limits a play to a single day; the unity of place, which limits a play’s setting in a single location; and the unity of action, which limits a play to a single story line.
58. Tragedy(悲剧)
In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike
comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic.
59.Conceit(奇特比喻)
1>Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things.
2>conceit is extensively employed in John Donne’s poetry.
60.Metar(格律)
1>The word”meter” is derived from the Greek word”metron” meaning”measure”.
2>in English when applied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
3> the analysis of the meter is called scansion(格律分析)
61. University Wits(大学才子)
University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called” University Wits”
62.Foreshadowing(预兆)
Foreshadowing, the use of hints or clues in a novel or drama to suggest what will happen next. Writers use Foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense.method used to build suspense by providing hints of what is to come.
63. Soliloquy(独白)
Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud..2>the line “to be, or not to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Shakespeare’s Hamlet.
64.Narrative Poem(叙述诗)
1>Narrative Poem refers to a poem that tells a story in verse,
2>three traditional types of narrative poems include ballads, epics, metrical romances.
3>it may consist of a series of incidents, as John Milton’s paradise lost.
65.Robin Hood(罗宾.豪)
1>Robin hood is a legendary hero of a series of English ballads, some of which date from at least the 14th century.
2>the character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and intelligent, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate.
3> the dominant key in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppression and his love for the poor and downtrodden.4>another feature of Robin’s view is his reverence for the king, Robin Hood was a people’s hero.
66. Beowulf(贝奥武甫)
1>Beowulf, a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of t
he Anglo-Saxons.
2> the epic describes the exploits of a Scandinavian hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful nother, and a fire-breathing dragon in his declining years. While fight against the dragon, Beowulf was mortally wounded, however, he killed the dragon at the cost of his life, Beowulf is shown not only as a glorious hero but also as a protector of the people.
67. Baroque(巴罗克式风格)
This is originally a term of abuse applied to 17th century Italian art and that of other countries. It is characterized by the unclassical use of classical forms, in a literary context; it is loosely used to describe highly ornamented verse or prose, abounding in extravagant conceits.
这原本是用来指17世纪的意大利艺术和其他国家艺术滥用的一个术语.这种风格主要是指对古典形式的非古典运用.在文学领域,这种风格松散地用来指十分雕饰的,大量运用奇思妙想的诗歌或散文.
68. Cavalier poets(骑士派诗人)
A name given to supporters of Charles I in the civil war. These poets were not a formal group, but all influenced by Ben Jonson and like him paid little attention to the sonnet. Their lyrics are distinguished by short lines, precise but idiomatic diction, and an urbane and graceful wit.
69. Elegy(挽歌)
Elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone, and characterized by their metrical form.
70. Restoration Comedy(复辟时期喜剧)
Restoration Comedy, also the comedy of manners, developed upon the reopening of the theatres after the re-establishment of monarchy with the return of Charles II.. Its predominant tone was witty, bawdy, cynical, and amoral. Standard characters include fops, bawds, scheming valets, country squires, and sexually voracious young widows and older women. The principle theme is sexual intrigue, either for its own sake or for money.
复辟时期的喜剧,又称社会习俗讽刺喜剧,是在查理二世君主复辟后剧院重新开业的基础上发展起来的,其主要的基调是诙谐,淫秽,挖苦和非道德.标准的角色包括花花公子,鸨母,诡计多端的仆人,乡绅,性欲旺盛的年轻寡妇和老女人.主要的主题是奸情,有的是为了性,有的是为了钱.
71. Action(情节)
A real or fictional event or series of such events comprising the subject of a novel, story, narrative poem, or a play, especially in the sense of what the characters do in such a narrative.
72. Adventure novel(探险小说)
The adventure novel is a literary genry that has adventure, an exciting undertaking involving risk and physical danger, as its main theme, in which exciting events and fast paced actions are more important than character development, theme, or symbolism.
73. Archaism(古语)
A word, expression, spelling, or phrase that is out of date in the common speech of an era, but still
deliberately used by writer, poet, or playwright for artistic purposes.
74. Atmosphere(基调)
The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate for the we rrors to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.
75. Didactic literature(说教文学)
Didactic literature is said to be didactic if it deliberately teaches some moral lesson, the use of literature for such teaching is one of its traditional justifications.2>most modern literary works during the enlightenment period tended to be didactic.
76. Epigram(警句)
A short, witty, pointed statement often in the form of a poem.
77. Farce(闹剧)
Farce refers to a play full of ridiculous happenings, absurd actions, and unreal situations, meant to be very funny.
78. The Heroic Couplet(英雄对偶句)
The Heroic Couplet means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines.
79. Satire(讽刺)
1>Satire means a kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weakness and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general.
2> the aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the reader to see their point of view through the force of laughter.
3> Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is a great satire of the English society from different aspects.
80. Sentimentalism(感伤主义文学)
1>Sentimentalism is a pejorative term to describe false or superficial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regarding postures of grief and pain,
2> in literature it denotes overmuch use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by “pathetic” in dulgence.
81. Aside(旁白)
1>Aside refers to words spoken by an actor which the other actors are supposed no to hear,
2> an actor’s asides are usually spoken to the audience.3>Hamlet’s very first line is an aside.
82.Denouement(戏剧结局)
Denouement, pronounced Dee-noo-na, is that part of a drama which follows the climax and leads to the resolution.
83.parable(寓言)
A parable is a very short narrative about human beings presented so as to stress the tacit analogy, or parallel, with a general thesis or lesson that the narrator is trying to bring home to his audience.
84. Genre(流派)
A type or category of literature marked by certain shared features or customs. The three broadest categories of genre include poetry, drama, and fiction.
85. Irony(反讽)
1>It refers to some contrast or discrepancy between appearance and reality. It is a discrepancy between what is expected and what is revealed. It may be found either in language usage or in the working out of the action of a story.
2> surprise endings always depend on some sort of irony, often crude. Irony may appear in the difference between a character’s understanding of his or her situation and the reader’s estimate of it .
86.Lyric(抒情诗)
1>Lyric is a short poem wherein the poet expresses an emotion or illustrates some life principle.
2>Lyric often concerns love.
3>the elegy, ode and sonnet are all forms of the lyric.
87. Mock Epic(诙谐史诗)
A mock epic is a long poem that burlesques the classical epic by treating a trivial subject in the lofty style. The poet often takes an elevated style of language, but incongruously applies that language to mundane or ridiculous objects and situations. Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock is perhaps the finest mock epic poem in English.
88. Ode(颂歌)
1>Ode is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.
2> John Keats wrote great Odes, his Ode on a Grecian Urn is a case in point.
89. Picaresque Novel(流浪汉小说)
A humorous novel in which the plot consists of a young knave’s adventures and escapades narrated in comic or satiric scenes. The picaresque novel is usually in nature and realistic in its presentation of the all around aspects of society.
90. Pastoral(田园诗)
A literary work dealing with and often celebrating a rural world and a way of life lived close to nature. It usually idealized shepherds’ lives in order to create an image of peaceful and uncorrupted existence. Typically, pastoral liturgy depicts beautiful scenery, carefree shepherds, seductive nymphs, and rural songs and dances. A good example of pastoral poetic conventions occurs in Marlowe’s The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.
91.Terza Rima(三行诗)
1>Terza Rima is an Italian verse that consists of a series three-line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza with the rhyming scheme a b a, b c b , c d c, d e d….
2>Shelly’s Ode to the west wind is a case in point.
92. Ottava Rima(八行诗)
Ottava Rima is a form of eight-line iambic stanza rhyming abababcc.2>Byron’s Don Juan are outstanding examples.
93. Canto(诗章)
1>Canto is a section of division of an epic or narrative poem comparable to a chapter in a novel.
2>the most famous cantos in literature are those that make up Dante’s Divine comedy, a 14th century epic.
94. High Comedy(正统喜剧)
High comedy is a comedy that deals with polite society and depends more on witty dialogue and well-drawn characters that on comic situations.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2516656749.html,ke Poets(湖畔诗人)
In English literature Lake Poets refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the lake school or Lakers.
96. Imagery(比喻)
A rather vague critical term covering those uses of language in a literary work that evoke sense impressions by literal or figurative reference to perceptible or “concrete” objects, scenes, actions, or state as distinct from the language of abstract argument or expositon.2> the imagery of a litera ry work thus comprises the set of images that it uses, these need not be mental” pictures” but may appeal to senses other than sight.
97. Dramatic monologue（戏剧独白）
Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent “audience” of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character, whose personality is revealed while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy, have also been called Dramatic monologue. But to avoid confusion it is preferable to refer to these simply as monologues or as monodramas.2>Robert Browning’s My Last Duchess is a case in point.
98. Pre-Raphaelites(先拉菲尔派)
A mid-19th century self-styled brotherhood of London artists, all young, who united to resist current artistic conventions and to create ,or recreate, art forms in use before the period of Raphel.2>the poetry of the Pre-Raphaelites showed a distinct liking for medism, 18th century ballads, archaic diction, symbolism and sensuousness. The poets were considerably under the influence of Spenser.
先拉菲尔派是19世纪中叶旅居在伦敦的一群年轻艺术家自发组成的兄弟会,他们联合起来抵
制当时的艺术传统,主张创造或再创造拉菲尔艺术时期之前的艺术形式.先拉菲尔派的诗歌明显对中世纪艺术,18世纪歌谣,古老的修辞手法,象征主义及感官享受表示青睐.
99. Psychological novel(心理小说)
Psychological novel refers to a kind of novel that dwells on a complex Psychological development and presents much of the narration through the inner workings of the character’s mind.
100.Point of View(叙述角度)
Point o f view can be divided by the narrator’s relationship with the character, represented by the grammatical person: the first-person narrative, the third-person narrative, and omniscient narrator.
101. plot(情节)
Plot refers to the structure of a story,2> the plot of a literary work includes the rising action, the climax, the falling action and the resolution. It has a protagonist who is opposed by an antagonist ,creating what is called conflict.
102. Allusion(典故)
Allusion means a reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. 2> an Allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion. 3>allusion is a device that allows writer to compress a great deal of meaning into a very few words.
103. Protagonist and Antagonist(正面人物与反面人物)
In literary work protagonist refers to the hero or central character who is often hindered by some opposing force either human or animan. Antagonist is a person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or heroine.
104. Flashback(倒叙)
1>A device by which the writer presents scenes or incidents that occurred prior to the beginning of
a story or play.
2> various devices may be used, among them recollections of the characters, narration by the characters, dream sequence and reveries. This is a break in the chronological sequence of a story made to deal with earlier events.
105. Narration
1>It is a synonym for story-telling.
2> in fiction, narrative passages are to be distinguished from descriptions and scenes, in narrative passages the chronology is condensed so that relatively few words will encompass the events of an extended period of time. Most writers use narrative passages to fill in the links between events. There were two types of narration, first-person narration and third-person narration.
106.Ambiguity
Ambiguity means two or more simultaneous interpretations of a word, phrase, action, or situation, all of which can be supported by the context of a work.2> deliberate ambiguity can contribute to
the effectiveness and richness of a work, however, unintentional ambiguity obscures meaning and can confuse readers.
107. Pragmatism(实用主义)
A doctrine which tests truth by its practical consequences. Truth is therefore held to be relative and not attained by metaphysical speculation.2> it was first formulated by C.S.Peirce and was developed by William James.
108. Symbolism(象征主义)
Symbolis m works under the surface to tie the story’s external action to the theme. It was often produced through allegory, giving the literal event and its allegorical counterpart a one-to-one correspondence.
109. Dadaism(达达主义)
Dadaism refers to an international nihilistic movement amone European artists and writers that lasted from 1916-1922. it originated in the widespread disillusionment engendered by world war 1. Dada attacked conventional standards of aesthetics and behavior and stressed absurdity and the role of the unpredictable in artistic creation. Dada principles were eventually modified to become the basis of surrealism in 1924.
110. The Angry young men(愤怒的青年)
In the mid-1950s and early 1960s, there appeared a group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background, who were known as “The Angry young men”2> they demonstrated a particular disillusion over the depressing situation in Britain and launched a bitter protest against the outmoded social and political values in their society.3> kingsley Amis is a leading figure of this group.
111. Existentialism(存在主义)
Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one’s acts.2>its famous motto is “existence precedes essence”(存在先于本质)
112. Anti-hero(反面人物)
1>Anti-hero is a character who lacks the qualities needed for heroism.
2>an anti-hero does not posses nobility of life or mind and does not have an attitude marked by high purpose and lofty aim.
3>anti-hero typically distrust conventional values and are unable to commit themselves to any ideals. they generally feel helpless in a world, over which they have no control. Anti-heroes usually accept succumb to, and often celebrate, their positions as social outcasts.
113. Round Character(丰满的人物)
A Round Character is complex and undergoes development, sometimes reaches the point that the reader is surprise.
114. Flat character(平淡的人物)
Flat character is relatively uncomplicated and does not change throughout the course of a literary work.
115. Oedipus complex(俄狄浦斯情结/ 蛮母厌父情结)
1>Oedipus complex is a term coined by Sigmund Freud to desig nate a son’s subconscious feeling of love toward his mather and jealousy and hatred toward his father.
2>D.H. Lawrence’s Sons and lovers is a case in point.
116.omniscience(无所不知的)
1>The narrator is capable of knowing, seeing and telling all the actions of the character. And the narrator feels free to make comments on the meaning of actions.
2> it is characterized by freedom in shifting from the exterior world to the inner selves of a number of characters and by a freedom in movement both in time and space.
117. Poetry(诗歌)
Poetry is one of the three types (or genres) of literature. The others being prose and drama. Poems are often divided into lines and stanzas. Many poem emply regular rhythmical patterns, or meters. However, some are written in free verse. Most poems make use of highly concise, musical, and emotionally charged language.
118. Rhyme(押韵)
Rhyme is the repetition of sounds at the ends of words. End rhyme occurs when rhyming words appear at the ends of lines. internal rhyme occurs when rhyming words fall within a line.
119. Iambic pentameter(五音步诗)
Iambic pentameter is the most common English meter, in which each foot contains an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable.
120. Rhyme royal
Rhyme royal is a poetic pattern with seven iambic pentameters rhyming ababbcc which pronounce a final short e, and often end in an 11th, unstressed syllable.
121. Shakespearean sonnet(莎士比亚十四行诗)
Shakespearean sonnet consisting of three quatrains and a couplet ( rhyming abab cdcd efef gg).
122. Italian or petranrchan sonnet(意大利十四行诗)
Italian or petranrchan sonnet, composed of an octave and s sestet( rhyming abbaabba cdecde).
123. Alliteration and assonance(头韵和半韵)
Alliteration and assonance are said to rhyme only today when the sound of the final accented syllable of one word( paced usually at the end of a line of verse) agrees with the final accented syllable of another word so place.
英美文学名词解释(1)
Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecti ng the values of the society from which it originated. The style of epic is grand宏伟的 and elevated高尚的. John Milton wrote three great epics:Paradise Lost,Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Sonnet(十四行诗 A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme Renaissance the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival复活 of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition过渡from the medieval to the modern world.the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Humanism人文主义 Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2>it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the impo rtance of the present life.Humanists voiced their belie fs that man was the center of the universe and man did not
病生名词解释和简答题目
第一部分习题 第一章绪论 一、名词解释 1.Pathophysiology(病理生理学) 是研究疾病发生、发展过程中功能和代谢改变的规律极其机制的学科，其主要任务是揭示疾病的本质，为建立有效的疾病诊疗和预防策略提供理论和实践依据。 2.Basal pathogenesis(基本病理过程) 主要讨论多种疾病共同的、成套的功能和代谢变化。（如水、电解质、酸碱平衡紊乱，缺氧，发热，应激，缺血-再灌注损伤，休克，弥散性血管内凝血，全身炎症反应综合征，细胞增值和凋亡障碍等） 3.Animal model of human disease(人类疾病动物模型) 二、简答题 1.病理生理学的研究任务是什么？ 2.病理生理学主要包括哪些内容？ 3.病理生理学的主要研究方法有哪些？ 第二章疾病概论 一、名词解释 1.脑死亡(brain death) 脑死亡是指全脑功能（包括大脑、间脑和脑干）不可逆的永久性丧失以及机体作为一个整体体功能的永久性停止。 2.健康（health） 健康不仅是没有疾病或衰弱现象，而是躯体上、精神上和社会适应上的一种完好状态。 3.疾病（disease） 疾病是在一定病因作用下，机体内稳态调节紊乱而导致的异常生命活动过程。 4.病因 疾病发生的原因是指引起疾病必不可少的、赋予疾病特征或决定疾病特异性的因素。 5.诱因
诱因是能加强病因的作用而促进疾病发生发展的因素。 6.分子病 分子病是由遗传物质或基因（包括DNA和RNA）的变异引起的一类以蛋白质异常为特征的疾病。 7.基因病 基因病是由基因本身突变、缺失或其表达调控障碍引起的疾病。 8.条件 条件是指能促进或减缓疾病发生的某种机体状态或自然环境。条件本身不引起疾病，但可影响病因对机体的作用。 9.因果交替规律 因果交替指疾病发生发展过程中，有原始病因作用于机体所产生的结果又可作为病因，引起新的后果。这种因果的相互转化常常促进疾病的恶化，导致恶性循环。 二、简答题 1.用脑死亡概念的意义是什么？ ①可协助医务人员判断患者的死亡时间、适时停止复苏抢救。 ②有利于器官移植。 2.脑死亡的判断标准是什么？ ①自主呼吸停止。 ②不可逆性深度昏迷。 ③脑电波消失。 ④脑血液循环完全停止。 3.疾病与病理过程的区别是什么？ 4.遗传性因素与先天性因素有何区别？ 遗传因素指染色体或基因等遗传物质畸变或变异引起的疾病。先天性因素指那些损害胎儿发育的因素。 5.疾病发生的原因有哪些？ ①生物因素 ②理化因素 ③营养因素 ④遗传因素
英美文学史名词解释
英美文学史名词解释 TYYGROUP system office room 【TYYUA16H-TYY-TYYYUA8Q8-
英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century,
(完整版)名词解释(2)
名词解释 唐代 1、初唐四杰：指初唐诗坛上的四位诗人王勃、杨炯、卢照邻和骆宾王，他们名高而位卑，官小才大，心中充满博取功名的幻想和激情，郁积着甘居人下的雄杰之气。在诗歌创作上有着共同的追求：反对纤巧绮靡，提倡刚健骨气。诗中始见壮大的气势，具有一种慷慨悲凉的感人力量。扩大了诗歌的题材，推动了律诗的发展。 2、上官体：指高宗龙朔年间以上官仪为代表的宫廷诗风，题材以奉和、应制、咏物为主，内容空泛，重视诗的形式技巧、追求诗的声辞之美。《旧唐书》本传：“工五言，好以绮错婉媚为本，仪既贵显，故当时颇有学其体者，时人谓之上官体。” 3、沈宋体：初唐诗人沈佺期、宋之问在永明体的基础上，完成了“回忌声病，约句准篇”的工作，为律诗在平仄粘对、句数用韵方面的定型做出了重要的贡献，完成了律诗的定型，在诗歌发展史上具有重要意义，于是后人称律诗为“沈宋体”。 4、盛唐气象：是后人对盛唐诗歌时代特征的一种概括，盛唐诗歌内容丰富，题材多样，形式完美，技巧精纯，风格明朗，诗歌洋溢着昂扬进取、积极振奋的时代气息，回荡着热烈奔放、乐观浪漫的青春旋律。 5、新乐府运动：唐代贞元，元和年间，白居易、元稹、张籍、王建、李绅等一批诗人，继承了杜甫的现实主义文学传统，“重通俗,尚写实”，本着“文章合为文而著，歌诗合为事而作”的创作原则，敢于面对生活，自觉地把生活源泉中觅取诗材，写下大量赋咏新题材，运用新语言，标以新诗题的乐府诗，这就是新乐府运动。 6、韩孟诗派：中唐贞元、元和时期，以韩愈、孟郊为核心的一群诗人，在理论上提出“不平则鸣”之说，强调内心不平情感的抒发，特重诗歌的抒情功能；"笔补造化",既要有创造性的诗思,又要对物象进行主观裁夺。在诗歌创作中积极创新，追求雄奇怪异之美，后人称之为韩孟诗派。 7、元白诗派：中唐时期，以元稹、白居易为代表的诗人在诗歌创作中重写实、尚通俗、强调诗歌的讽谕作用，后人称之为元白诗派。 8、花间词派：晚唐五代词坛上的一个流派，其名源于后蜀赵崇祚所编词集《花间集》，此派在创作上主要描写女性的姿色和生活情状，表现男女之情，在艺术上文采繁华，轻柔艳丽。代表作家有温庭筠、皇甫松、韦庄等。 9、花间集：后蜀赵崇祚编成《花间集》十卷，选录18位“诗客曲子词”共500首。代表作者有温庭筠、韦庄。内容主要写男女情爱，文采繁华，轻柔艳丽。《花间集》是最早的文人词总集。它集中代表了词在格律方面的规范化，奠定了以后词体发展的基础。 10、大历诗风：指中唐大历至贞元年间诗歌创作风貌，以韦应物、刘长卿及大历十才子等诗人，在诗歌创作中追求清雅高逸的情调，表现出一种孤独寂寞的冷落心境。
英美文学名词解释
1. In the medieval period ， it is Chaucer alone who ， for the first time in English literature ， presented to usa comprehensive __picture of the English society of his time and created a whole galery of vivid ___ from all walks of life in his masterpiece “the Canterbury Tales ”。 A. visionary / women B. romantic /men C. realistic / characters D. natural / figures 2. Although ____ was essentially a medieval writer, he bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new era of literature to come. A. William Langland B. John Gower C. Geoffrey Chaucer D. Edmund Spenser 3. Humanism spume from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious ，intellectual side ，for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on the conception that man is the ____ of all things . A. measure B. king C. lover D. rule 4. The essence of humanism is to ______. A. restore a medieval reverence for the church B. avoid the circumstances of earthly life C. explore the next world in which men could live after death D. emphasize human qualities 5. Many people today tend to regard the play “ The Merchant of Venice ” as a satire of the hypocrisy of ___ and their false standards of friendship and love ， their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against _________ . A. Christians / Jews B. Jews / Christians C. oppressors / oppressed D. people / Jews 6. In “ Sonnet 18 ”， Shakespeare has a profound meditation on the destructive power of _________ and the eternal __________ brought forth by poetry to the one he loves . A. death/ life B. death/ love C. time / beauty D. hate / love 7.In The Pilgrim’s Progress, John Bunyan describes The Vanity Fair in a ______ tone. A. delightful B. satirical C. sentimental D. solemn 8. The religious reformation in the early 16th-century England was a reflection of the class struggles waged by the _____. A. rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology B. working class against the corruption of the bourgeoisie C. landlord class against the rising bourgeoisie and its ideology D. feudal class against the corruption of the Catholic Church 9. The ______ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18th century . A. Renaissance B. Enlightenmrent C. Religious Reformation D. Chartist Movement 10.The 18th century witnessed a new literary form -the modern English novel, which, contrary to the medieval romance, gives a ______ presentation of life of the common English people. A. romantic B. idealistic C. prophetic D. realistic 1. The title of the novel “ A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ” written by James Joyce suggests a character study with strong _________ elements .
病生名词解释
病生名词解释 跨细胞液（transcellular fluid） 跨细胞液是组织间液中的极少部分分布于一些密闭腔隙（关节囊、颅腔、胸腔、腹腔等）中，是由上皮细胞分泌产生的，为一特殊部分，也称第三间隙液。 水通道蛋白aquaporins (AQP) 是一组广泛存在于生物界的构成水通道与水通透有关的细胞膜转运蛋白。 低容量性低钠血症hypovolemic hyponatremia 又称为低渗性脱水，其特点是失Na+多于失水，血清Na+浓度〈130mmol/L，血浆渗透压〈280mmol/L，伴有细胞外液量的减少。 高容量性低钠血症hypervolemic hyponatremia 又称为水中毒，其特点血清Na+浓度〈130mmol/L，血浆渗透压〈280mmol/L，是由于过多的水分在体内潴留造成细胞内、外液量都增多，并引起重要器官功能障碍。 低容量性高钠血症hypovolemic hypernatremia 又称为高渗性性脱水，其特点是失水多于失Na+，血清Na+浓度〉150mmol/L，血浆渗透压〉310mmol/L，细胞外液量和细胞内液量均减少。 凹陷性水肿 (pitting edema) 组织间隙中积聚的液体超过胶体网状物的吸附能力时，形成游离的液体，后者在组织间隙中具有高度的移动性，当液体积聚到一定量后，用手指按压该部位皮肤，游离液体便从按压点向周围散开，形成凹陷，称为凹陷性水肿，又称为显性水肿。 异位钙化 在高钙或高磷血症时，体内多处可形成钙化，如血管壁、关节周围、软骨、肾、鼓膜钙化等，这些钙化灶引起相应器官的功能损害。 阴离子间隙 (anion gap,AG) AG指血浆中未测定的阴离子与未测定的阳离子的差值。 反常性酸性尿 碱中毒时尿液一般呈碱性，但在缺钾等引起的代谢性碱中毒时，在远曲小管因Na+-H+交换加强，导致肾泌H+增多，故尿呈酸性，称之为反常性酸性尿。 分子病(molecular disease) 是指由于DNA遗传性变异引起的一类蛋白质异常为特征的疾病。
英美文学名词解释总结.doc
英美文学名词解释总结 Romance:Anyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandth atdealswithaheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvi llainsormonsters.传奇故事：指以理想化的世界为背景并且描写主人公的英雄冒险事迹和善与恶的斗争的想象文学作品。 Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。 Couplet:Itisapairofrhymingverselines,usuallyofthesamelength;oneoft hemostwidelyusedverse-sinEuropeanpoetry.Chaucerestablishedtheus eofcoupletsinEnglish,notablyintheCanterburyTales,usingrhymingiam bicpentameterslaterknownasheroiccoupletsBlankverse:Versewritteni nunrhymediambicpentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。 Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlin glydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovid estheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectual kindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。 它虽被视为是一种隐喻，但是它往往构建了整首诗的框架，
外科学名词解释【完整版】
外科学名词解释 1、腹外疝：由腹腔内的脏器或组织连同腹膜壁层，经腹壁薄弱点或空隙，向体表突出所致。 2、直疝三角：外侧边是腹壁下动脉，内侧边为腹直肌外侧缘，底边为腹股沟韧带。 3、早期胃癌：胃癌仅限于粘膜或粘膜下层者，无论病灶大小或有无淋巴结转移，均为~。 4、小胃癌：癌灶直径在10mm以下的早期胃癌。 5、微小胃癌：癌灶直径在5mm以下的早期胃癌。 5、一点癌：癌灶直径在1mm以下的早期胃癌。 6、麦氏点：沿盲肠的三条结肠带向顶端追踪可寻到阑尾基底部。其体表投影约在脐与右髂前上棘连线中外1/3交界处，称为~。 7、肝蒂：包含有门静脉、肝动脉、淋巴管、淋巴结和神经。 8、第一肝门：门静脉、肝动脉和肝总管在肝脏面横沟各自分出左、右干进入肝实质内，称为~。 9、Glisson纤维鞘：门静脉、肝动脉和肝胆管的管道分布大体上相一致，且被其共同包裹，称为~。 10、第二肝门：三条主要的肝静脉在肝后上方的静脉窝进入下腔静脉，称~。 11、第三肝门：肝的小部分血液经数支肝短静脉流入肝后方的下腔静脉，称~。 12、胆囊三角(Calot三角)：胆囊管、肝总管、肝下缘所构成的三角区。 13、Mirizzi综合征：是特殊类型的胆囊结石，形成的解剖因素是胆囊管与肝总管伴行过长或者胆囊管与胆总管汇合位置过低，持续嵌顿于胆囊颈部的和较大的胆囊管结石压迫肝总管，引起肝总管狭窄;反复的炎症发作更导致胆囊肝总管瘘管，胆囊管消失、结石部分或全部堵塞肝总管。临床特点是反复发作胆囊炎及胆管炎，明显的梗阻性黄疸。胆道影像学检查可见胆囊或增大、肝总管扩张、胆总管正常。 14、夏柯氏三联征Charcot三联征：见于肝外胆管结石，为腹痛、寒战高热、黄疸。 15、瑞罗茨五联征Reynolds五联征：见于急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎，腹痛、寒战高热、黄疸、休克、神经中枢系统受抑制。 16、急性胰腺炎：是一种常见的急腹症。按病理分类可分为水肿性和出血坏死性。 17、解剖复位：骨折段通过复位，恢复了正常的解剖关系，对位(两骨折端的接触面)和对线(两骨折段在纵轴上的关系)完全良好时，称~。 18、功能复位：经复位后，两骨折段虽未恢复至正常的解剖关系，但在骨折愈合后对肢体功能无明显影响者，称~。 19、颅内压ICP：是指颅腔内容物对颅腔所产身的压力，正常成人为70-200mmh2o 20、肾自截：肾结核时，由于输尿管完全闭塞，含菌尿液不能排入膀胱，膀胱的结合炎症好转或痊愈，尿液检查菌体阴性。 21、张力性气胸：又称高压性气胸，气胸裂口与胸膜腔形成活瓣，气体只能进入胸腔不能排除，随着气体的增多，患肺健肺均受压，形成严重的呼吸循环衰竭。 22、 Colles骨折：桡骨远端骨折，伴尺骨小头脱位，骨折远端向背侧尺侧移位，近侧向掌侧移位，形成典型的银叉枪刺样畸形。 23、桔皮样改变：乳腺癌晚期，淋巴液潴留，致乳房肿胀，使皮肤毛囊呈现小凹。 24、Dugas征阳性：肩关节脱位，搭上卡不上，卡上搭不上。 25、尿潴留：膀胱内充满尿液，但不能排出。 26、颅内压增高：ICP持续超过200mmh2o 27、脑疝：是ICP增高的严重后果，是由于颅内压力增高超过了脑部的自身代偿能力，脑组织从压力高处向压力低处移位，压迫脑干、血管和脑神经，引起脑干损害及脑脊液循环通道受租而产生的一系列严重变化。 28、颅骨骨折：指颅骨受暴力作用所致颅骨结构的改变。 29、脑损伤：是指脑膜、脑组织、脑血管及脑神经的损伤。
英美文学四大思潮名词解释(全英)
Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century.It was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe.The ideologies and events of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution laid the background for Romanticism. The Enlightenment also had influence on Romanticism .It was a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe.The Romantic literature of the nineteenth century concentrating on emotion, nature, and the expression of "nothing".famous romanticism writers are such as william Wordsworth:lyrical ballods、william whitman ：leaves of grass Realism beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-19th- and early-20th-century .It was a reaction againest romanticism and paved the way to modernism.the realism is product of europe capitalist system?s establishment and development.the philosophy and science of europe in 19th century has promated its production authors trend to depictions of contemporary life and society as it was, or is. In the spirit of general "realism" ,realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized
病生名词解释
病生名词解释 1、疾病：指一定病因的损害作用下，因机体自我调节紊乱而发生的异常生命活动过程 2、水肿：是指过多液体在组织间隙或体腔中积聚的一种常见的病理过程。 3、低渗性脱水：因失钠大于失水，血清钠浓度＜130mmol/L，血浆渗透压＜280mOsm/L，以 细胞外液减少为主的病理变化过程 4、血液性缺氧：由于血红蛋白数量减少或性质改变，以致血氧含量降低或血红蛋白结合的 氧不易释放出来所引起的组织缺氧。动脉血氧含量大多降低而氧分压正常，故又称等张性低氧血症 5、循环性缺氧：由于组织血流量减少使组织供氧量减少所引起的缺氧，又称低动力性缺氧 6、发热：是一种全身炎症反应或伴有全身炎症反应，是指在内外致炎因素（发热激活物） 作用下，体温调节中枢调定点上移而引起的调节性体温升高超过正常值0.5摄氏度的病理过程 7、过热：是由于体温调节机构功能受损或调节障碍，致使机体不能将体温控制在与正常调 定点相适应的水平而引起的非调节性体温升高 8、心力衰竭：是指由于心脏舒缩或泵功能障碍，以致心输出量绝对或相对的减少，不能满 足全身组织代谢需要一种病理过程 9、心脏前负荷：又称容量负荷，是指心脏收缩前所承受的负荷，相当于心腔舒张末期容量 10、氨中毒：此学说认为肝性脑病的发生是由于肝功能严重受损，尿素合成发生障碍而 导致血氨水平升高，增高的血氨通过血脑屏障进入脑组织，引起脑功能障碍 11、假性神经递质：指肝性脑病患者脑内产生的生物胺，例如苯乙醇胺和羟苯乙醇胺， 它们的化学结构与正常的神经递质去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺相似，但生理效应远较正常递质为弱，故称为假性神经递质 12、低钾血症：血清钾离子浓度＜3.5mmol/L的状态 13、高钾血症：指血清钾浓度＞5.5mmol/L的状态 14、呼吸性碱中毒：因肺通气过度引起的以血浆H2CO3原发性降低为特征的酸碱平衡 紊乱类型称为呼吸性碱中毒 15、代谢性酸中毒：是由于细胞外液氢离子增加或碳酸氢根离子丢失而引起的血浆碳酸 氢根离子浓度原发性降低的酸碱平衡紊乱 16、休克肺：休克时，肺血液灌流降低而且持续，引起肺淤血、水肿、出血、局限性 肺不张、微血栓栓塞和肺泡内透明膜形成的病理改变，称为肺休克。
(完整版)免疫学名词解释完整版
免疫学名词解释 第一章：免疫学概论 1.免疫防御：防止外界病原体的入侵及清除已入侵病原体及其他有害物质。 2.免疫监视：是机体免疫系统及时识别并清除体内出现的非己成分的一种生理功能。该功能失调会导致肿瘤发生或持续性病毒感染。 3.免疫自身稳定：通过自身免疫耐受或免疫调节两种主要机制来达到免疫系统内环境的稳定。 4.适应性免疫应答的特点：特异性、耐受性、记忆性 第二章：免疫器官和组织 1.免疫系统：是机体执行免疫功能的物质基础，由免疫器官和组织、免疫细胞及免疫分子组成。 2.淋巴细胞归巢：血液中的淋巴细胞选择性趋向迁移并定居于外周免疫器官的特定区域或特定组织的过程。包括淋巴细胞再循环和淋巴细胞向炎症部位迁移。 3.淋巴细胞再循环：是指定居在外周免疫器官的淋巴细胞，由输出淋巴管经淋巴干、胸导管或右淋巴导管进入血液循环；经血液循环到达外周免疫器官后，穿越HEV，重新分布于全身淋巴器官和组织的反复循环过程。 第三章：抗原 1.抗原（Ag）：是指能与T细胞、B淋巴细胞的TCR或BCR识别并结合，激活T、B细胞，促使其增殖、分化，产生抗体或致敏淋巴细胞，并与免疫应答效应产物特异性结合，进而发挥适应性免疫效应应答的物质。 2.半抗原：又称不完全抗原，是指仅具有免疫反应性而无免疫原性的小分子物质，当半抗原与应答效应产物结合后即可成为完全抗原，刺激机体产生针对半抗原的特异性抗体。 3.抗原表位：存在于抗原分子中决定抗原特异性的特殊化学基团，又称抗原决定簇，是与TCR、BCR或抗体特异性结合的最小结构和功能单位。 4.异嗜性抗原：一类与种属无关，存在于人、动物及微生物之间的共同抗原。6.独特型抗原：TCR、CER或Ig的V区所具有的独特的氨基酸顺序和空间构型，可诱导自体产生相应的特异性抗体。 7.超抗原：指在极低浓度下即可非特异性激活大量T细胞克隆，产生极强的免疫应答，且不受MHC限制，故称超抗原。 8.佐剂：预先或与抗原同时注入体内，可增强机体对该抗原的免疫应答或改变免疫类型的非特异性免疫增强性物质，称佐剂。 10.完全抗原:同时具有免疫原性和免疫反应性的物质称为完全抗原 11.胸腺依赖性抗原：指刺激B细胞产生抗体需要Th细胞辅助的抗原，简称TD 抗原。 12.胸腺非依赖性抗原：刺激B细胞产生抗体无需Th细胞辅助的抗原，简称TI 抗原。 第四章：免疫球蛋白 1.抗体（Ab）：是介导体液免疫的重要效应分子，是B细胞或记忆B细胞接受抗原刺激后增殖分化为浆细胞所产生分泌的一类能与相应抗原特异性结合的、具有免疫功能的球蛋白。 6.单克隆抗体：是由单一杂交瘤细胞所产生的、只作用于单一抗原表位的高度均一的特异性抗体。 7.抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒作用（ADCC）：抗体的Fab段结合靶细胞表面的
英美文学名词解释 2
01. Humanism(人文主义) Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 02. Renaissance(文艺复兴) The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with william shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌) Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life. Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人） It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century english poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poets was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics. 04. Classcism(古典主义) Classcism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes. 05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动) Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan swift.etc. 06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)
病生名词解释汇总
名词解释 1.健康健康是一种躯体、精神和社会适应上的完好状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病或衰弱现 象。 2.疾病疾病是在一定病因作用下，机体稳态发生紊乱而导致的异常生命活动过程。 3.脱水体液容量的明显减少在临床上称为脱水。 4.低渗性脱水是指体液容量减少，以失钠多于失水，血清钠浓度＜130mmol/L,血浆渗透 压＜280mmol/L为主要特征的病理变化过程。 5.高渗性脱水是指体液容量减少，以失水多于失钠，血清钠浓度＞150mmol/L，和血浆渗 透压＞310mOsm/L为主要特征的病理变化过程。 6.水肿过多的液体在组织间隙或体腔中积聚的病理过程称为水肿。 7.低钾血症血清钾浓度低于3.5mmol/L称为低钾血症。 高钾血症血清钾浓度高于5.5mmol/L称为高钾血症。 8.代谢性酸中毒是指血浆中HCO3-原发性减少，而导致pH降低的酸碱平衡紊乱。 呼吸性酸中毒是指血浆中PaCO2原发性增高，而导致pH降低的酸碱平衡紊乱。 代谢性碱中毒是指血浆中HCO3-原发性增高，而导致pH升高的酸碱平衡紊乱。 呼吸性碱中毒是指血浆中PaCO2原发性减少，而导致pH升高的酸碱平衡紊乱。 9.乏氧性缺氧是由于动脉血分压降低，血氧含量减少，导致组织供氧不足的缺氧。 血液型缺氧是由于血红蛋白含量减少或性质改变导致的缺氧。 循环型缺氧是指因组织血液灌流量减少而引起的缺氧。 组织性缺氧是指因组织、细胞利用氧的能力减弱而引起的缺氧。 10.发热发热是指在发热激活物作用下，体温调节中枢调定点上移而引起的调节性体温升 高，当体温升高超过正常值的0.5·C时，称为发热。 11.过热是由于体温调节机构功能失调或调节障碍，使得机体不能将体温控制在与调定点 相适应的水平而引起的非调节性的体温升高。 12.内生致热源在发热激活物的作用下，体内某些细胞产生和释放的能引起体温升高的物 质，称为内生致热源。 13.热限发热时，体温升高很少超过41。C，通常达不到42。C，这种发热时体温上升的高 度被限制在一定范围内的现象称为热限。 14.APP 感染、烧伤、创伤、大手术等应急原诱发的血浆中浓度迅速升高的蛋白质称为急性 期蛋白（APP）。 15.HSP 在热应激时新合成或合成增多的一组蛋白质称为热休克蛋白。 16.应激性溃疡是指在大面积烧伤、严重创伤、休克、败血症、脑血管意外等应激状态下 所出现的胃、十二指肠粘膜的急性损伤。 17.心身疾病以心理社会因素为主要病因或诱因的一类躯体疾病称为心身疾病。 18.细胞信号转导是指细胞外因子通过与受体(膜受体或核受体)结合,引发细胞内的一系列 生物化学反应以及蛋白间相互作用,直至细胞生理反应所需基因开始表达、各种生物学效应形成的过程。 19.缺血-再灌注损伤缺血组织、器官在恢复血流灌注后反而加重组织器官的功能障碍和结 构损伤的现象称为缺血-再灌注损伤。 20.自由基指外层轨道上含有单个不配对电子的各种原子、原子团或分子。 21.钙超载各种原因引起的细胞内钙含量异常增多并导致细胞结构损伤和功能代谢障碍的 现象称为钙超载。 22.细胞凋亡细胞凋亡是指在体内外因素诱导下，由基因严格调控而发生的自主性细胞有 序死亡。
(完整版)英美文学名词解释最全版
01. Humanism(人文主义) 1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 02. Renaissance(文艺复兴) 1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. 2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation. 3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌) 1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. 2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. 3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life. 04. Classicism(古典主义) Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes. 05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动) 1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century. 2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century. 3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. 4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education. 5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc. 06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义) 1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.