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先进制造技术论文(中英文翻译)

先进制造技术

制造业是现代国民经济和综合国力的重要支柱，其生产总值一般占一个国家国内生产总值的20%~55%。在一个国家的企业生产力构成中，制造技术的作用一般占60%左右。专家认为，世界上各个国家经济的竞争，主要是制造技术的竞争。其竞争能力最终体现在所生产的产品的市场占有率上。随着经济技术的高速发展以及顾客需求和市场环境的不断变化，这种竞争日趋激烈，因而各国政府都非常重视对先进制造技术的研究。先进制造技术是集制造技术、电子技术、信息技术、自动化技术、能源技术、材料科学以及现代化管理技术等众多技术的交叉、融合和渗透而发展起来的，设计到制造业中产品的设计、加工装配、检验测试、经营管理、市场营销等产品生命周期全过程，以实现优质、高效、低耗、清洁、灵活的生产，提高对动态市场的适应能力和竞争能力的一项综合技术。先进制造技术已经成为制造企业在激烈市场竞争中立于不败之地并求得迅速发展的关键因素，成为世界经济发展和满足人类日益增长需求的重要支撑，成为加速高新技术发展和实现国防现代化的助推器。

先进制造技术包括以下几个方面的内容：制造业和先进制造技术、现代设计技术、先进制造工艺技术、制造自动化技术、现代生产管理技术、先进生产制造模式。

当前制造科学要解决的问题主要集中在以下几方面：

（1）制造系统是一个复杂的大系统，为满足制造系统敏捷性、快速响应和快速重组的能力，必须借鉴信息科学、生命科学和社会科学等多学科的研究成果，探索制造系统新的体系结构、制造模式和制造系统有效的运行机制。制造系统优化的组织结构和良好的运行状况是制造系统建模、仿真和优化的主要目标。制造系统新的体系结构不仅对制造企业的敏捷性和对需求的响应能力及可重组能力有重要意义，而且对制造企业底层生产设备的柔性和可动态重组能力提出了更高的要求。生物制造观越来越多地被引入制造系统，以满足制造系统新的要求。

（2）为支持快速敏捷制造，几何知识的共享已成为制约现代制造技术中产品开发和制造的关键问题。例如在计算机辅助设计与制造(CAD／CAM)集成、坐标测量(CMM)和机器人学等方面，在三维现实空间(3-Real Space)中，都存在大量的几何算法设计和分析等问题，特别是其中的几何表示、几何计算和几何推理问题；在测量和机器人路径规划及零件的寻位(如Localization)等方面，存在C-空间

(配置空间Configuration Space)的几何计算和几何推理问题；在物体操作(夹持、抓取和装配等)描述和机器人多指抓取规划、装配运动规划和操作规划方面则需要在旋量空间(Screw Space)进行几何推理。制造过程中物理和力学现象的几何化研究形成了制造科学中几何计算和几何推理等多方面的研究课题，其理论有待进一步突破，当前一门新学科--计算机几何正在受到日益广泛和深入的研究。

（3）在现代制造过程中，信息不仅已成为主宰制造产业的决定性因素，而且还是最活跃的驱动因素。提高制造系统的信息处理能力已成为现代制造科学发展的一个重点。由于制造系统信息组织和结构的多层次性，制造信息的获取、集成与融合呈现出立体性、信息度量的多维性、以及信息组织的多层次性。在制造信息的结构模型、制造信息的一致性约束、传播处理和海量数据的制造知识库管理等方面，都还有待进一步突破。

（4）各种人工智能工具和计算智能方法在制造中的广泛应用促进了制造智能的发展。一类基于生物进化算法的计算智能工具，在包括调度问题在内的组合优化求解技术领域中，受到越来越普遍的关注，有望在制造中完成组合优化问题时的求解速度和求解精度方面双双突破问题规模的制约。制造智能还表现在：智能调度、智能设计、智能加工、机器人学、智能控制、智能工艺规划、智能诊断等多方面。

现代设计技术是先进制造技术中的首要关键技术，它是现代科技发展和全球市场竞争的产物。产品设计是以社会需求为目标，在一定设计原则的约束下，利用设计方法和手段创造出产品结构的过程。市场竞争的需要和各种新方法、新技术、新工艺、新材料不断涌现，推动了设计方法和技术的进步，产品设计从传统的经验设计进入现代设计。

现代设计是传统设计的深入、丰富和完善，而非独立于传统设计的全新设计。虽然目前对现代设计尚无确切定义，但可从以下特征来理解。⑴以计算机技术为核心：设计手段的更新、产品表示的改变、设计方法的发展、工作方式的变化、设计与制造一体化、管理水平的提高、组织模式的开放。⑵以设计理论为指导：现代设计方法是基于理论形成的方法，利用这种方法指导设计可减小经验设计的盲目性和随意性，提高设计的主动性、科学性和准确性。因此，现代设计是以理论指导为主、经验为辅的一种设计。

现代设计的内涵就是以市场为驱动，以知识为依托，以知识获取为中心，以产品全生命周期为对象，人、机、环境相容的设计理念。它是以运动学、静力学与动力学、材料力学、结构力学、热力学、电磁学、工程数学的基本原理与方法等方面为技术基础的。无论是设计对象的描述，设计信息的处理、加工、推理与映射及验证，都离不开设计方法学、产品的可信性设计技术及设计试验技术所提供的多种理论与方法及手段的支撑。

设计原则是为设计产品应满足的条件，也是对设计行为的约束。受设计水平、观念、体制等限制，传统设计所考虑的原则着眼于产品的功能和技术范畴，而设计的影响贯穿产品整个生命周期，所以设计原则必须面向生命周期内的各个阶段。现代设计原则是传统设计原则的扩充和完善，两者并无本质区别。可归纳为以下几类。（1）功能满足原则。（2）质量保障原则：性能指标、可靠性、强度原则、刚度原则、稳定性、抗磨损性、抗腐蚀性、抗蠕变性、动态特性、平衡特性、热特性。（3）工艺优良原则：可制造性、可装配性、可测试性。（4）经济合理原则。（5）社会使用原则：环境友好性、环境适应性、人机友好性、可维修性、安全性、可安装性、可拆卸性、可回收性。现代设计方法实质上是科学方法论在设计中的应用。概括

为十一论：突变论、信息论、智能论、系统论、优化论、对应论、功能论、控制论、离散论、模糊论、艺术论。这些论与广义设计(有目的的意识活动)直接有关，有的已形成单一学科，有的正在形成。目前所指的现代设计技术：1）现代设计方法学。2）计算机辅助设计技术。3）可信性设计。

现代设计技术的特点：设计理论与方法的延伸、思维的变化及设计范畴的扩展。多种设计技术、理论与方法的交叉与综合。设计手段的精确化、计算机化、自动化与虚拟化。并行化、最优化和智能化的设计过程。面向产品寿命周期全过程的可信性设计。多种设计试验技术的综合运用。展望现代设计技术的发展趋势，大致有以下几方面：1)设计过程的数字化。2)设计过程的自动化和智能化研究。3)动态多变量优化和工程不确定模型优化(模糊优化)、不可微模型优化及多目标优化等优化方法与程序的研究，并进一步发展到广义工程大系统的优化设计的研究。4)网络化并行设计及协同设计技术、方法及软件的研究。5)虚拟设计和仿真虚拟试验及快速成形技术的深入研究。6)大力普及、推广与发展CAD技术的应用研究，其重点是研制开发功能强的商品化软件。7)面向集成制造和分布式经营管理的设计方法、人员组织及规划的研究。8)微型机电系统的设计理论及设计方法和技术的研究。9)面向生态环境的绿色设计理论与方法的研究。10)注重基础性设计理论及共性设计技术的深层次研究。

机械制造工艺技术是把各种原材料、半成品加工成机械产品的方法和过程。随着机械制造的发展和科学技术的进步，机械制造工艺的内涵和面貌正不断地发生变化。近一二十年来机械制造工艺技术体系的发展和主要内容表现在以下几方面。1）常规工艺的不断优化及传统加工工艺的改造和革新。2）超精密工程包括精密加工、超精密加工技术、细微加工技术等。3）特种加工方法又称非传统加工方法，它是指一些物理、化学的加工方法。超高速加工技术是指采用超硬材料刀具、磨具和能可靠地实现高速运动的高精度、高自动化、高柔性的制造设备，以极大地提高切削速度来达到材料切除率的现代化制造加工技术。其与常规切削相比在提高生产率、降低生产成本、减少热变形和以及实现高精度、高质量、零件加工等方面具有明显优势。超精密加工和精密加工是相对而言的，其间的界随时间的推移而不断变化，而精密和超精密在不同时期应该以不同的尺度来区分。超精密加工所涉及的技术领域：1）加工技术：超精密车削、超精密砂轮磨削、超精密研磨和抛光等。2）材料技术：超精密加工刀具材料、刀具磨具制备及刃磨技术。3）加工设备：超精密切削机床、各种研磨机等。4）必须在稳定的加工环境下进行，必须具备各种物理效应恒定的环境等。特种加工是将电、磁、声、光、化学等能量或其组合施加工件的被加工部位上，从而实现材料被去除、变形、改变性能等非传统加工方法。现代生产管理技术是在西方国家建立和发展的一种先进的管理方法和模式。随着国际市场经济逐渐走向成熟和世界经济一体化进程的推进，人们逐渐将眼光从较为封闭的企业内部转向其视野可能达到的世界任何一个角落，生产管理的研究对象也就不仅仅局限于制造业内部的类似于计划经济模式的有形产品的加工过程，而是在向企业的上游和下游延伸的同时，向第三产业延伸，包括金融、商业贸易，直至国家各级政府。这个延伸和发展的过程反映了传统的“生产管理学”已不再适应企业管理的需要，因为顾客变得越来越挑剔，引发了市场的瞬息万变，导致企业间的竞争变得似乎无序。生产与运作管理在于探索

企业在运作过程中如何不断地优化企业所能调度的一切资源要素，借以提升运作过程对日益挑剔、需求日趋个性化的顾客的满意度，竭力提高符合环境保护和可持续发展战略的产品和服务质量，努力降低运作成本，提升时间的价值和生产/服务过程的柔性，提高企业化解环境风险的能力，这也是不断探索提升企业核心竞争能力的基础和源泉。企业在生产经营实践活动中，需要不断探索如何根据自身所处的客观环境和所具备的具体资源条件，将当今世界上最为现代化的生产技术以及与之相对应的管理理论、思想、方法和手段进行彻底的解密，兼收并蓄、消化吸收，求解企业运作的客观规律和激励因素，并不断地再创新，构造出以自然为中心的、以人为本的、适合自身特点的、灵活激动的竞争模式、思想体系和管理体系。先进制造工艺的技术发展趋势：

1、采用模拟技术，优化工艺设计。成形、改性与加工是机械制造工艺的主要工序，是将原材料（主要是金属材料）制造加工成毛坯或零部件的过程。这些工艺过程特别是热加工过程是极其复杂的高温、动态、瞬时过程，其间发生一系列复杂的物理、化学、冶金变化，这些变化不仅不能直接观察，间接测试也十分困难，因而多年来，热加工工艺设计只能凭“经验”。近年来，应用计算机技术及现代测试技术形成的热加工工艺模拟及优化设计技术风靡全球，成为热加工各个学科最为热门的研究热点和跨世纪的技术前沿。

2、成形精度向近无余量方向发展。毛坯和零件的成形是机械制造的第一道工序。金属毛坯和零件的成形一般有铸造、锻造、冲压、焊接和轧材下料五类方法。随着毛坯精密成形工艺的发展，零件成形的型成形的形状尺寸精度正从近净成形（Near Net Shape Forming）向净成形（Net Shape Forming）即近无余量成形方向发展。

3、成形质量向近无“缺陷”方向发展。毛坯和零件成形质量高低的一另一指标是缺陷的多少、大小和危害程度。由于热加工过程十分复杂，因素多变，所以很难避免缺陷的产生。近年来热加工界提出了“向近无“缺陷”方向发展”的目标，这个“缺陷”是指不致引起早期失效的临界缺陷概念。采取的主要措施有：采用先进工艺，净化熔融金属薄板，增大合金组织的致密度，为得到健全的铸件、锻件奠定基础；采用模拟技术，优化工艺设计，实现一次成形及试模成功；加强工艺过程监控及无损检测，及时发现超标零件；通过零件安全可靠性能研究及评估，确定临界缺陷量值等。

4、机械加工向超精密、超高速方向发展。超精密加工技术目前已进入纳米加工时代，加工精度达0.025μm，表面粗糙度达0.0045μm。精切削加工技术由目前的红处波段向加工可见光波段或不可见紫外线和X射线波段趋近；超精加工机床向多功能模块化方向发展；超精加工材料由金属扩大到非金属。

5、采用新型能源及复合加工，解决新型材料的加工和表面改性难题。激光、电子束、离子束、分子束、等离子体、微波、超声波、电液、电磁、高压水射流等新型能源或能源载

体的引入，形成了多咱崭新的特种加工及高密度能切割、焊接、熔炼、锻压、热处理、表面保护等加工工艺或复合工艺。其中以多种形式的激光加工发展最为迅速。这些新工艺不仅提高了加工效率和质量，同时还解决了超硬材料、高分子材料、复合材料、工程陶瓷等新型材料的加工难题。

6、采用自动化技术，实现工艺过程的优化控制。微电子、计算机、自动化技术与工艺设备相结合，形成了从单机到系统，从刚性到柔性，从简单到复杂等不同档次的多种自动化成形加工技术，使工艺过程控制方式发生质的变化。

7、采用清洁能源及原材料、实现清洁生产。机械加工过程产生大量废水、废渣、废气、噪声、振动、热辐射等，劳动条件繁重危险，已不适应当代清洁生产的要求。近年来清洁生产成为加工过程的一个新的目标，除搞好三废治理外，重在从源头抓起，杜绝污染的产生。

8、加工与设计之间的界限逐渐淡化，并趋向集成及一体化。CAD/CAM、FMS、CIMS、并行工程、快速原型等先进制造技术及哲理的出现，使加工与设计之间的界限逐渐淡化，并走向一体化。同时冷热加工之间，加工过程、检测过程、物流过程、装配过程之间的界限亦趋向谈化，、消失，而集成于统一的制造系统之中。

9、工艺技术与信息技术、管理技术紧密结合，先进制造生产模式获得不断发展。先进制造技术系统是一个由技术、人和组织构成的集成体系，三者有效集成才能取得满意的效果。因而先进制造工艺只有通过和信息、管理技术紧密结合，不断探索适应需求的新型生产模式，才能提高先进制造工艺的使用效果。先进制造生产模式主要有：柔性生产、准时生产、精益生产、敏捷制造、并行工程、分散网络化制造等。这些先进制造模式是制造工艺与信息、管理技术紧密结合的结果，反过来它也影响并促进制造工艺的不断革新与发展。

参考文献：

王隆太主编先进制造技术北京：机械工业出版社2003

孙唯琦主编生产与运作管理北京：机械工业出版社2004

王国强主编现代设计技术北京：化学工业出版社2006

周骥平主编机械制造自动化技术北京：机械工业出版社2003

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英文论文APA格式英文论文一些格式要求与国内期刊有所不同。从学术的角度讲，它更加严谨和科学，并且方便电子系统检索和存档。版面格式

表格表格的题目格式与正文相同，靠左边，位于表格的上部。题目前加Table后跟数字，表示此文的第几个表格。表格主体居中，边框粗细采用0.5磅；表格内文字采用Times New Roman，10磅。举例： Table 1. The capitals, assets and revenue in listed banks

图表和图片图表和图片的题目格式与正文相同，位于图表和图片的下部。题目前加Figure 后跟数字，表示此文的第几个图表。图表及题目都居中。只允许使用黑白图片和表格。举例： Figure 1. The Trend of Economic Development 注：Figure与Table都不要缩写。引用格式与参考文献 1. 在论文中的引用采取插入作者、年份和页数方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This在论文中的引用采取作者和年份插入方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This problem has been studied previously (Smith, 1958, pp.20-25)。文中插入的引用应该与文末参考文献相对应。举例：Frankly speaking, it is just a simulating one made by the government, or a fake competition, directly speaking. (Gao, 2003, p.220). 2. 在文末参考文献中，姓前名后，姓与名之间以逗号分隔；如有两个作者，以and连接；如有三个或三个以上作者，前面的作者以逗号分隔，最后一个作者以and连接。 3. 参考文献中各项目以“点”分隔，最后以“点”结束。 4. 文末参考文献请按照以下格式：

中英文对照版合同翻译样本

1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Tradi ng Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract This Contract is entered into this 5th day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿19＿, BETWEEN ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the Seller has agreed to sell and the buyer has agreed to buy ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Goods ) the quantity, specification, and price of which are provided in Schedule A. IT IS HEREBY AGREED AS FOLLOWS: 5.Contract For Joint-Operation Enterprise ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registered office at (hereinafter called “Party A”) AND ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registere d office at (hereinafter called “Party B”) Party A and Party B (hereinafter referred to as the “Parties”) agree to jointly form a Co-operation Venture Company (hereinafter referred to as the “CVC”) in accordance with “the Laws of the People’s Republic of C hina on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and the “Regulations for the Implementation of the Laws of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and other applicable laws and regulations. 6.MODEL CONTRACT Contract No. Date: Seller: Signed at: Address: Cable Address: Buyer: Address: Cable Address: The Seller and the Buyer have agreed to conclude the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2517043904.html, of Commodity: 2.Specifications: 3.Quantity: 4.Unit Price: 5.Total Price: U.S.$: 6.Packing: 7.Time of Shipment: days after receipt of L/C. 8.Loading Port & Destination Port: From via to . 9.Insurance:

文献翻译英文原文

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2517043904.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world

论文中英文翻译

An Analysis of Cooperative Principles and Humorous Effects in Friend s 合作原则的分析和在朋友的幽默效应 Humor is a very intriguing and fascinating phenomenon of human society, which is multidimensional, complex and all pervasive. Therefore, many scholars and experts at all times and in all over the world have done profound research on humor. 幽默是人类社会的一个非常有趣和引人入胜的现象，这是多方面的，复杂和无孔不入的。所以，在任何时候，在世界各地的许多学者和专家总是对幽默进行深入的研究。 The significant functions of humor have aroused the interest of many scholars. About 2,000 years ago, people began the research on humor. However, the study of humor is not a simple task for the reason that it is an interdisciplinary science drawing upon a wide range of academic disciplines including biology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, geography, history, linguistics, literature, education, family science, and film studies and so on. Moreover, there are different reasons and purposes for humor. One may wish to be sociable, cope better, seem clever, solve problems, make a critical point, enhance therapy, or express something one could not otherwise express by means of humor. 显著幽默的功能已引起许多学者的兴趣。大约在2000年前，人们对幽默开始研究，然而，这项幽默的研究不是一个简单的任务，理由是它是一个跨学科的科学绘图在各种各样的学科，包括生物学、心理学、社会学、哲学、地理、历史、语言、文学、教育、家庭科学和电影研究等。此外，幽默有不同的原因和目的，人们可能希望有点大男子主义，随机应变，似乎是聪明，解决问题，使一个临界点，加强治疗，或表达的东西不能以其他方式表达幽默的方式。 Within the 20th century, linguistics has developed greatly in almost every area of the discipline from sounds, words and sentences to meaning and texts. Meanwhile, linguistic studies on humor have also extended considerably to social, cultural, and pragmatic concerns. One of the most noticeable achievements in linguistics over the

中英文翻译

附录A：英文原文 Website Design (Xiao Xiang Zhang) Abstract：Website construction is divided into several aspects: set theme site and collect data, establish the site directory structure, to set up the web page link relations, page design and web production, site testing, web site As well as the promotion and maintenance. Each step in the process of website construction are play an role instead. Keywords:the directory structure; Web site production; Site tests; Web site Based on the needs of the society now a days, this paper mainly introduces how to create a static web site. And in the process of establishing personal website gradually over the years at the university of understanding and strengthen the learning of all kinds of knowledge points about creating a website. In my personal understanding, to create a distinctive personal website, can have their own personality and characteristics. In this way can attract people. Only one goal, that is, do yourself. 1 the website construction of stages website localization is the ultimate goal of web site design and guidelines. Who established the theme of the site to solve design for, attract, communication. making web pages through the web page design of web site overall coordinated style. Website of colour fundamental key color, color schemes, page style and page composition and image, animation, repeated research. Convenient navigation design users easy access to the site of the resources. the release and maintenance of the site to complete the site test of all files and uploaded to the server, website promotion and publicity,

中英文文献翻译

毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统学院自动化与电气工程学院专业自动控制姓名葛彦宁学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日

Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system

论文外文翻译

Analysis of the role of complaint management in the context of relationship marketing Author: Leticia Su′arez ′Alvarez, University of Oviedo, Spain Abstract This research aims to contribute to the relationship-marketing strategy by studying the role of complaint management in long-term relationships. Two factors distinguish it from other studies: it takes into account two types of customers, consumers and firms, and the result variable selected is the probability of ending an ongoing relationship. Two questionnaires were designed for every population. One of them was auto-administrated to a sample of consumers in the north of Spain, and the other one was sent to a representative sample of Spanish firms. The data analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. The findings confirm the importance that theory accords to the relationship-marketing strategy, and also provide evidence for the importance of complaint management. Thus having a good complaint-handling system and trained and motivated staff who are fully committed to the firm’s objectives are fundamental requisites for firms to be able to build a stable customer portfolio. Keywords complaint management; relationship marketing; relationship termination; trust; satisfaction Introduction Nowadays, the main task for tourism firms is undoubtedly to deliver superior value to customers. One way that these firms can achieve part of this value is by maintaining quality relationships with their customers. In fact, it is well known that managing these relationships is critical for achieving corporate success. Thus the general aim of the present research is to analyze the most important factors that contribute to relationship stabilization between tourism firms and their customers. This research canters on retail travel agencies. We chose this particular type of tourism firm for two reasons. First, competition between retail travel agencies is becoming much more intense, fundamentally due to the advent of the Internet as an alternative distribution channel for tourism services (Wang & Cheung, 2004). The second reason is the current phenomenon of disintermediation, or the tendency of some tourism service providers to contact the end-customer directly. Because of these two developments, retail travel agencies urgently need to develop a strategy that allows them to maintain a stable portfolio of customers over time if they are to remain in the market for the long term. In order to achieve the proposed objective, we set out a causal model that incorporates a number of factors that can condition the future of the relationships between travel agencies and their customers. Specifically, we chose two variables that

中英文翻译混凝土配合比的选择英文原文

规范 5.2－混凝土配合比的选择 5.2.1－混凝土配比的确定有以下规定：（a）和易性和稠度使混凝土在浇筑时，易于成型和易于与钢筋粘结，不会离析或泌水。（b）按第四章的要求，混凝土具有抵抗侵蚀的性能。（c）符合5.6节中强度试验要求。 5.2.2－不同材料用在不同部分，起不同作用，要评测每一个组合。 5.2.3－混凝土配比要与5.3节或5.4节相一致，而且要满足适用性。 5.3－以现场试验和（或）试拌配料注释 R5.2－混凝土配合比的选择 “普通混凝土，重混凝土，大体积混凝土配比选择标准”(ACI 211.1) 5.1给出了选择混凝土配比的细节规则。（提供了两种选择和调整普通混凝土配比的方法：估计重量和绝对体积方法。给出了两种方法的计算实例。按绝对体积方法配制的重混凝土的配比查看附录。）“结构用轻骨料混凝土配比选择标准”(ACI 211.1) 5.2给出了轻质混凝土选料的方法。（提供了选择和调整不同建筑等级轻骨料混凝土的配比方法。） R5.2.1－所用水灰比要足够低，或者轻骨料混凝土的抗压强度足够高,以满足强度标准（见5.3或5.4）和特殊环境（第四章）的要求。该条规范不包括极恶劣暴露环境的要求，如：酸性条件，高温条件，同时也没考虑美学效果，如表面装修。这些方面超出了该规范的范围，应包含在工程技术要求中。混凝土配比要满足该规范的最低要求，以及合同附加的条款。 R5.2.3－本规范强调混合物的现场试验或试验室试拌（见5.3）作为首选的混凝土配比方法。 R5.3－以现场试验和（或）试拌配料在选择合适的混凝土混合料时，遵循以下三步。第一，确定样品标准偏差。第二，确定要求的混凝土平均抗压强度。第三，根据传统配制试验或合理的经验记录，选择满足该平均强度要求的混凝土配合比。Fig.R5.3是选择配料的流程图。

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

英文翻译(小论文)

A virtual instrument based measurement and control platform for vibration analysis of motor LI Wen1, LI Li2 Abstract:This paper describes the establishing process of motor vibration analyzing system based on virtual instrument. This system consists of data acquisition module, vibration spectrum analysis module, and control module. Real-time collection of data acquisition module can be operated during motor running process. Power spectrum, harmonic analysis and STFT intensity spectrum can be done with vibration spectrum analysis module; and the performance of motor under different control laws can be easily studied by call control algorithms with control module. The test results show that the platform is feasible and effective. Key words: motor vibration; virtual instrument; spectrum analysis module; control module 2.1 data acquisition module Place DAQ Assistant Express VI and Write to Measurement File .vi into While Circulation in program block diagram while set the cycle time as 60s, then set the channel, sensitivity, sample rate and other parameters in DAQ Assistant . Run the program can collect experimental data and the data can be stored by the designated route in the folder. Fig.4 shoes its program Fig.4. program of DAQ Data acquisition