How and When Did Daylight Saving Time Start

How and When Did Daylight Saving Time Start?

[A] Benjamin Franklin—of “early to bed and early to rise” fame —was apparently the first person to suggest the concept of daylight savings. While serving as U.S. ambassador to France in Paris, Franklin wrote of being

awakened at 6 a.m. and realizing, to his surprise, that the sun would rise far earlier than he usually did. Imagine

the resources that might be saved if he and others rose before noon and burned less midnight oil, Franklin, tongue half in cheek, wrote to a newspaper.

[B] It wasn’t until World War I that daylight savings were realized on a grand scale. Germany was the first state to adopt the time changes, to reduce artificial lighting and thereby save coal for the war effort. Friends and foes soon followed suit. In the U.S. a federal law standardized the yearly start and end of daylight saving time in 1918—for the states that chose to observe it.

[C ] During World War II the U.S. made daylight saving time mandatory^ 强制的)for the whole country, as a way to save wartime resources. Between February 9, 1942, and September 30, 1945, the government took it a step further. During this period daylight saving time was observed year-round, essentially making it the new standard time, if only for a few years. Many years later, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 was enacted, mandating a controversial month-long extension of daylight saving time, starting in 2007.

Daylight Saving Time: Energy Saver or Just Time Suck?

[D ] In recent years several studies have suggested that daylight saving time doesn’t actually save energy—and might even result in a net loss. Environmental economist Hendrik Wolff, of the University of Washington, co-authored a paper that studied Australian power-use data when parts of the country extended daylight saving time for the 2000 Sydney Olympics and others did not. The researchers found that the practice reduced lighting and electricity consumption in the evening but increased energy use in the now dark mornings—wiping out the evening gains. That’s because the extra hour that daylight saving time adds in the evening is a hotter hour. “So if people get home an hour earlier in a warmer house, they turn on their air conditioning,” the University of Washington’s Wolff said.

[ E] But other studies do show energy gains. In an October 2008 daylight saving time report to Congress, mandated by the same 2005 energy act that extended daylight saving time, the U.S. Department of Energy asserted that springing forward does save energy. Extended daylight saving time saved 1.3 terawatt (太瓦)hours of electricity. That figure suggests that daylight saving time reduces annual U.S. electricity consumption by 0.03 percent and overall energy

consumption by 0.02 percent. While those percentages seem small, they could represent significant savings because of the nation’s enormous total energy use.

[F] What*s more, savings in some regions are apparently greater than in others. California, for instance, appears to benefit most from daylight saving time—perhaps because its relatively mild weather encourages people to stay outdoors later. The Energy Department report found that daylight saving time resulted in an energy savings of one percent daily in the state.

[G] But Wolff, one of many scholars who contributed to the

federal report, suggested that the numbers were subject to

statistical variability (变化)and shouldn’t be taken as hard facts. And daylight savings, energy gains in the U.S. largely depend on your location in relation to the Mason-Dixon Line, Wolff said. “The North might be a slight winner, because the North doesn’t have as much air conditioning,” he said. “But the South is a definite loser in terms of energy consumption. The South has more energy consumption under daylight saving.”

Daylight Saving Time: Healthy or Harmful?

[ H] For decades advocates of daylight savings have argued that, energy savings or no, daylight saving time boosts health by encouraging active lifestyles—a claim Wolff and colleagues are currently putting to the test. “In a nationwide American time-use study, we’re clearly seeing that, at the time of daylight saving time extension in

the spring, television watching is substantially reduced and outdoor behaviors like jogging, walking, or going to

the park are substantially increased,” Wolff said. “That’s remarkable, because of course the total amount of daylight in a given day is the same. ”

[I] But others warn of ill effects. Till Roenneberg, a university professor in Munich (慕尼,黑),Germany, said his studies show that our circadian (生理节奏的)body clocks—set by light and darkness—never adjust to gaining an “extra” hour of sunlight to the end of the day during daylight saving time.

[J ] One reason so many people in the developed world are chronically (长期地）overtired, he said, is that they suffer from “social jet lag. ” In other words, their optimal circadian sleep periods don"t accord with their actual sleep schedules. Shifting daylight from morning to evening only increases this lag, he said. “Light doesn’t do the same things to the body in the morning and the evening. More light in the morning would advance the body clock, and that would be good. But more light in the evening would even further delay the body clock. ”

[K] Other research hints at even more serious health risks. A 2008 study concluded that, at least in Sweden, heart attack risks go up in the days just after the spring time change. “The most likely explanation to our findings is disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms,” One expert told National Geographic News via email.

Daylight Savings! Lovers and Haters

[L] With verdicts (定论)on the benefits, or costs, of daylight savings so split, it may be no surprise that the yearly time changes inspire polarized reactions. In the U.K., for instance, the Lighter Later movement—part of 10:10, a group advocating cutting carbon emissions—argues for a sort of extreme daylight savings. First, they say, move standard time forward an hour, then keep observing daylight saving time as usual—adding two hours of evening daylight to what we currently consider standard time. The folks behind Standardtime .com, on the other hand, want to abolish daylight saving time altogether, calling energy-efficiency claims “unproven. ”

[M] National telephone surveys by Rasmussen Reports from spring 2010 and fall 2009 deliver the same answer. Most people just “don’t think the time change is worth the hassle (麻烦洽勺事）.” Forty-seven percent agreed with that statement, while only 40 percent disagreed. But Seize the Daylight author David Prerau said his research on daylight saving time suggests most people are fond of it. “I think if you ask most people if they enjoy having an extra hour of daylight in the evening eight months a year, the response would be pretty positive.” 46. Daylight savings，energy gains might be various due to different climates.

47. Disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms may be the best explanation to higher heart attack risks in the days after the spring time change.

48. A research indicated that DST might not save energy by increasing energy use in the dark mornings, though it reduced

lighting and electricity consumption in the evening.

49. Germany took the lead to save wartime resources by adopting the time changes and reducing artificial lighting.

50. A university professor studied the effect of daylight saving time and sounded the alarm of its negative effects.

51. Social jet lag can partly account for people’s chronic fatigue syndrome in developed countries.

52. The figure of a study in the U.S. suggested that DST could save a lot of energy nationally.

53. Supporters of daylight savings have long considered daylight saving time does good to people’s health.

54. A group advocating cutting carbon emissions launches the

Lighter Later movement to back a kind of extreme daylight savings.

55. A scholar contributing to a federal report suggested that the amount of saved energy had something to do with geographic position.

Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to

translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，人口约占世界总人口的22%。在过去相

当长的时期里，由于诸多原因，贫困一直困扰着中国。20世纪80年代中期，

中国农村绝大多数地区凭借自身的发展优势，经济得到快速增长，但少数地区由于经济、社会、历史、自然等方面的制约，发展相对滞后。中国政府在致力

于经济和社会全面发展的进程中，在全国范围内实施了以解决贫困人口温饱问题为主要目标的有计划、有组织的大规模扶贫开发，极大地缓解了贫困现象。

Beauty and Body Image in the Media

[A] Images of female bodies are everywhere. Women—and their body parts—sell everything from food to cars. Popular film and television actresses are becoming younger, taller and thinner. Some have even been known to faint on the set from lack of food. Women’s magazines are full of articles urging that if they can just lose those last twenty pounds, they’ll have it all—the perfect marriage, loving children, great sex, and a rewarding career.

[B] Why are standards of beauty being imposed on women, the majority of whom are naturally larger and more mature than any of the models? The roots, some analysts say, are economic. By presenting an ideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet

product industries are assured of growth and profits. And it’s no accident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essential criterion of beauty. If not all women need to lose weight, for sure they’re all aging, says the Quebec Action Network

for Women’s Health in its 2001 report. And, according to the industry, age is a disaster that needs to be dealt with.

[C] The stakes are huge. On the one hand, women who are insecure about their bodies are more likely to buy beauty products, new clothes, and diet aids. It is estimated that the diet industry alone

is worth anywhere between 40 to 100 billion (U.S.) a year selling temporary weight loss (90% to 95% of dieters regain the lost weight). On the other hand, research indicates that exposure to images of thin, young, air-brushed female bodies is linked to depression, loss of

self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habits in women and girls.

[D ] The American research group Anorexia Nervosa & Related

Eating Disorders, Inc. says that one out of every four college-aged women uses unhealthy methods of weight control—including fasting, skipping meals, excessive exercise, laxative (泻药）abuse, and self-

induced vomiting. The pressure to be thin is also affecting young girls: the Canadian Women’s Health Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls as young as 5 and 6. American statistics are similar. Several studies, such as one conducted by Marika Tiggemann and Levina Clark in 2006 titled “Appearance Culture in 9- to 12-Year-Old Girls: Media and Peer Influences on Body Dissatisfaction,” indicate that nearly half of all preadolescent girls wish to be thinner, and as a result have engaged in a diet or are aware of the concept of dieting. In 2003, Teen magazine reported that 35 percent of girls 6 to 12 years old have been on at least one diet, and that 50 to 70 percent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight. Overall research indicates that 90% of women are dissatisfied with their appearance in some way. Media activist Jean Kilbourne concludes that, “Women are sold to the diet industry by the magazines we read and the television programs we watch, almost

all of which make us feel anxious about our weight.”

[ E] Perhaps the most disturbing is the fact that media images of female beauty are unattainable for all but a very small number of women. Researchers generating a computer model of a woman with

Barbie-doll proportions, for example, found that her back would be too weak to support the weight of her upper body, and her body would be too narrow to contain more than half a liver and a few centimeters of bowel. A real woman built that way would suffer from chronic diarrhea (慢性腹泻)and eventually die from malnutrition. Jill Barad, President of Mattel (which manufactures Barbie), estimated that 99% of girls aged 3 to 10 years old own at least one Barbie doll. Still, the number of real life women and girls who seek a similarly underweight body is epidemic, and they can suffer equally devastating health consequences. In 2006 it was estimated that up to 450, 000 Canadian women were affected by an eating disorder.

[F ] Researchers report that women’s magazines have ten and one-half times more ads and articles promoting weight loss than men’s magazines do, and over three-quarters of the covers of women’s magazines include at least one message about how to change a woman’s bodily appearance—by diet, exercise or cosmetic surgery. Television and movies reinforce the importance of a thin body as a measure of a woman’s worth. Canadian researcher Gregory Fouts reports that over three-quarters of the female characters in TV situation comedies are underweight, and only one in twenty are above average in size. Heavier actresses tend to receive negative comments from male characters about their bodies (“How about wearing a sack?，，），and 80 percent of these negative comments are followed by canned audience laughter.

[G] There have been efforts in the magazine industry to buck (才

氐制，反抗）the trend. For several years the Quebec magazine Coup de Pouce has consistently included full-sized women in their fashion pages and Chatelaine has pledged not to touch up photos and not to include models less than 25 years of age. In Madrid, one of the world’s biggest fashion capitals, ultra-thin models were banned from the runway in 2006. Furthermore Spain has recently undergone a project

with the aim to standardize clothing sizes through using a unique process in which a laser beam is used to measure real life women’s bodies in order to find the most true to life measurement.

[ H] Another issue is the representation of ethnically diverse women in the media. A 2008 study conducted by Juanita Covert and Travis Dixon titled “A Changing View: Representation and Effects of the Portrayal of Women of Color in Mainstream Women’s Magazines”found that although there was an increase in the representation of women of colour, overall white women were overrepresented in mainstream women’s magazines from 1999 to 2004.

[I] The barrage of messages about thinness, dieting and beauty

tells “ordinary” women that they are always in need of adjustment—and that the female body is an object to be perfected. Jean Kilbourne argues that the overwhelming presence of media images of painfully

thin women means that real women’s bodies have become invisible in the mass media. The real tragedy, Kilbourne concludes, is that many women internalize these

stereotypes, and judge themselves by the beauty industry’s standards. Women learn to compare themselves to

other women, and to compete with them for male attention. This focus on beauty and desirability “effectively destroys any awareness and action that might help to change that climate.”

46. A report in Teen magazine showed that 50% to 70% girls with normal weight think that they need to lose weight.

47. On the whole, for 6 years white women had been occupying much more space in mainstream women’s magazines since 1999.

48. Some negative effects such as depression and unhealthy eating habits in females are related to their being exposed to images of

thin and young female bodies.

49. The mass media has helped boost the cosmetic and the diet industries.

50. It is reported that there is at least one message about the methods for women to change their bodily appearance on more than

three-quarters of the covers of women’s magazines.

51. Some film and television actresses even faint on the scene

due to eating too little.

52. Too much concern with appearance makes it impossible to change such abnormal trend.

53. Researchers found that a real woman with Barbie-doll proportions would eventually die from malnutrition.

54. The Quebec magazine Coup (e Pouce resists the trend by consistently including full-sized women in their fashion pages for several years.

5 5. According to some analysts, the fundamental reason of imposing standards of beauty on women is economic profits.

Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to

translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

北京有无数的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活给古都北京带来了

无穷的魅力。北京的胡同不仅仅是平民百姓的生活环境，而且还是一门建筑艺术。通常，胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20 口人住。

所以，胡同里的生活充满了友善和人情味。如今，随着社会和经济的飞速发展，很多胡同被新的高楼大厦所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下来。

Five Problems Financial Reform Doesn’t Fix

[A] The legislation concerning financial reform focuses on

helping regulators detect and defuse (减少的危险性)the next crisis. But it doesn’t address many of the underlying conditions that can cause problems.

[B ] The legislation gives regulators the power to oversee shadow banks and take failing firms apart? convenes a council of superregulators to watch the megafirms that pose a risk to the full financial system, and much else.

[C] But the bill does more to help regulators detect the next financial crisis than to actually stop it from happening. In that way, it’s like the difference between improving public health and improving medicine: The bill focuses on helping the doctors who

figure out when you’re sick and how to get you better rather than on the conditions (sewer systems and air quality and hygiene standards and so on) that contribute to whether you get sick in the first place.

[D] That is to say, many of the weaknesses and imbalances that

led to the financial crisis will survive our regulatory response, and it’s important to keep that in mind. So here are five we still have

to watch out for:

1. The Global Glut (供过于求）of Savings

[E] “One of the leading indicators of a financial crisis is when you have a sustained surge in money flowing into the country which makes borrowing cheaper and easier,” says Harvard economist Kenneth Rogoff. Our crisis was no different: Between 1987 and 1999, our

current account deficit—the measure of how much money is coming in versus going out—fluctuated between 1 and 2 percent of gross

domestic product. By 2006, it had hit 6 percent.

[F] The sharp rise was driven by emerging economies with lots of growth and few investment opportunities—think China—funneling their money to developed economies with less growth and lots of investment opportunities. But we’ve gotten out of the crisis without fixing it. China is still growing fast, exporting faster, and sending the money over to US.

2. Household Debt—and Why We Need It

[G] The fact that money is available to borrow doesn’t explain why Americans borrowed so much of it. Household debt as a percentage of GDP went from a bit less than 60 percent at the beginning of the 1990s to a bit less than 100 percent in 2006. “This is where I come to income inequality,” says Raghuram Rajan, an economist at the University of Chicago. “A large part of the population saw

relatively stagnant incomes over the 1980s and 1990s. Credit was so welcome because it kept people who were falling behind reasonably happy. You were keeping up, even if your income wasn’t.”

[H] Incomes, of course, are even more stagnant now that unemployment is at 9 percent. And that pain isn，t being shared equally: inequality has actually risen since before the recession, as joblessness is proving sticky among the poor, but recovery has been swift for the rich. Household borrowing is still more than 90 percent of GDP, and the conditions that drove it up there are, if anything, worse.

3. The “Shadow Banking” Market

[I] The financial crisis started out similarly severe, but it wasn’t, at first, a crisis of consumers. It was a crisis of banks.

It never became a crisis of consumers because consumer deposits are insured. But large investors— pension funds, banks, corporations, and others—aren’t insured. But when they hear that their collateral (F付属担保品）is dropping in value, they demand their money back. And when everyone does that at once, it’s like an old-fashioned bank run: The banks can，t pay everyone off at once, so they unload all their assets to get capital, the assets become worthless because everyone is trying to unload them, and the banks collapse.

[J] “This is an inherent problem of privately created money,”says Gary Gorton, an economist at Princeton University, “It is vulnerable to these kinds of runs.” This year, we’re bringing this shadow banking system under the control of regulators and giving them all sorts of information on it and power over it, but we’re not doing anything like deposit insurance, where we simply make the deposits safe so runs become an anachronism.

4. Rich Banks

[K] In the 1980s, the financial sector’s share of total corporate profits ranged from about 10 to 20 percent. By 2004, it was

about 35 percent. Simon Johnson, an economist at MIT, recalls a conversation he had with a fund manager. “The guy said to me,

‘ Simon, it’s so little money! You can sway senators for $10

million!? ’” Johnson laughs ruefully (后,悔地).“These guys [big investors ] don%t even think in millions. They think in billions.”

[L ] What you get for that money is favors. The last financial crisis fades from memory and the public begins to focus on other things. Then the finance guys begin nudging (游说).They hold some fundraisers for politicians, make some friends, explain how the regulations they’re under are onerous and unfair. And slowly, surely, those regulations come undone. This financial crisis will stick in

our minds for a while, but not forever. And after briefly dropping to less than 15 percent of corporate profits, the financial sector has rebounded to more than 30 percent. They’ll have plenty of money with which to help their friends forget this whole nasty affair.

5. Lax (不严格的）Regulators

[M] The most troubling prospect is the chance that this bill, if we’d passed it in 2000, wouldn’t even have prevented this financial crisis. That’s not to undersell it: It would’ve given regulators more information with which to predict the crisis. But they had enough information, and they ignored it. They get caught up in boom times just like everyone else. A bubble, almost by definition,

affects the regulators with the power to pop it.

[N] In 2005, with housing prices running far, far ahead of the historical trend, Bernanke said a housing bubble was “ a pretty unlikely possibility ”. In 2007, he said Fed officials “ do not expect significant spillovers from the subprime market to the rest of the economy.” Alan Greenspan, looking back at the financial crisis, admitted in April that regulators “have had a woeful record of chronic failure. History tells us they cannot identify the timing of

a crisis, or anticipate exactly where it will be located or how large the losses and spillovers will be.”

46. In the 1980s and 1990s people experienced no substantial increase in terms of income, which brought about the popularity of credit.

47. Financial crisis is a crisis of banks in that shadow banking may cause banks to fail.

48. The finance guys make friends with politicians in the hope of making some burdensome and unfair regulations cancelled.

49. The legislation concerning financial reform offers regulators the power of supervising shadow banks and disintegrating companies on the verge of bankruptcy.

50. In terms of the effect of unemployment, it is more deeply

felt by the poor than by the rich.

51. Even if there was enough information to predict there would

be financial crisis, the regulators still chose to ignore it.

52. Emerging economies with insufficient investment opportunities have invested much money in developed countries.

53. Regulators with power tended to fail again and again concerning forecasting a financial crisis.

54. A fund manager or large investor is considered absurdly rich by an economist from MIT.

55. Large investors, deposits can be made safer if shadow banking system is under the control of regulators.

Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes) 要了解中国文化，就应该对中国

的戏曲文化有所了解。中国地方戏种类很多，其中京剧是一个具有代表性的剧种。作为一个独立的剧种，京剧的诞生大约是在1840年至I860年。京剧是在

吸收其他地方戏营养的基础上形成的。京剧有明确的角色分工；在念白上用北京方言；在音乐上以胡琴为主要伴奏乐器。由于京剧是在融合各种地方戏之精华的基础上形成的，所以它不仅为北京的观众所钟爱，也受到全国人民的喜爱。

How Marketers Target Kids

[ A] Kids represent an important demographic to marketers because they have their own purchasing power, they influence their parents# buying decisions and they are the adult consumers of the future. Industry spending on advertising to children has exploded in the past decade, increasing from a mere $100 million in 1990 to more than $2 billion in 2000.

[B ] Parents today are willing to buy more for their kids because trends such as smaller family size, dual incomes and postponing children until later in life mean that families have more disposable income. As well, guilt can play a role in spending decisions as time-stressed parents substitute material goods for time spent with their kids. Here are some of the strategies marketers employ to target kids: Pester(纠缠）Power

[C ] Today’s kids have more autonomy and decision-making power within the family than in previous generations, so it follows that

kids are vocal about what they want their parents to buy. “Pester power” refers to children’s ability to nag their parents into purchasing items they may not otherwise buy. Marketing to children is all about creating pester power, because advertisers know what a powerful force it can be.

[D] According to the 2001 marketing industry book Kidfluence, pestering or nagging can be divided into two categories—“persistence” and “importance”. Persistence nagging (a plea, that is repeated over and over again) is not as effective as the more sophisticated “importance nagging”. This latter method appeals to parents’ desire to provide the best for their children, and plays on any guilt they may have about not having enough time for their kids.

The Marriage of Psychology and Marketing

[E] To effectively market to children, advertisers need to know what makes kids tick. With the help of well-paid researchers and psychologists, advertisers now have access to in-depth knowledge about children’s

developmental, emotional and social needs at different ages. Using research that analyzes children’s behaviour, fantasy lives,

art work, even their dreams, companies are able to craft sophisticated marketing strategies to reach young people.

The issue of using child psychologists to help marketers target kids gained widespread public attention in 1999, when a group of U.S. mental health professionals issued a public letter to the American Psychological Association (APA) urging them to declare the practice unethical. The APA is currently studying the issue.

Building Brand Name Loyalty

[G] Canadian author Naomi Klein tracks the birth of “brand”marketing in her 2000 book No Logo. According to Klein, the mid-1980s saw the birth of a new kind of corporation—Nike, Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, to name a few—which changed their primary corporate focus from producing products to creating an image for their brand name. By moving their manufacturing operations to countries with cheap labour, they freed up money to create their powerful marketing messages. It has been a tremendously profitable formula, and has led to the creation of some of the most wealthy and powerful multi-national corporations the world has seen.

[H] Marketers plant the seeds of brand recognition in very young children, in the hopes that the seeds will grow into lifetime relationships. According to the Center for a New American Dream, babies as young as six months of age can form mental images of corporate logos and mascots. Brand loyalties can be established as early as age two, and by the time children head off to school most can recognize hundreds of brand logos. While fast food, toy and clothing companies have been cultivating brand recognition in

children for years, adult-oriented businesses such as banks and automakers are now getting in on the act.

Buzz or Street Marketing

[I] The challenge for marketers is to cut through the intense advertising clutter (杂乱)in young people’s lives. Many companies are using “buzz marketing”—a new twist on the tried-and-true “word of mouth” method. The idea is to find the coolest kids in a community and have them use or wear your product in order to create a buzz around it. Buzz, or “street marketing”, as it’s also called, can help a company to successfully connect with the elusive (难找

的)teen market by using trendsetters to give them products “cool”

status.

[J] Buzz marketing is particularly well-suited to the Internet, where young “Net promoters” use chat rooms and blogs to spread the word about music, clothes and other products among unsuspecting users.

Commercialization in Education

[ K] School used to be a place where children were protected from the advertising and consumer messages that permeated their world—but not anymore. Budget shortfalls (亏空，差额)are forcing school boards

to allow corporations access to students in exchange for badly needed cash, computers and educational materials.

[L] Corporations realize the power of the school environment for promoting their name and products. A school setting delivers a

captive youth audience and implies the endorsement of teachers and

the educational system. Marketers are eagerly exploiting this medium

in a number of ways, including: 1) sponsored educational materials; 2) supplying schools with technology in exchange for high company visibility; 3) advertising posted in classrooms, school buses, on computers in exchange for funds; 4) contests and incentive programs: for example, the Pizza Hut reading incentives program in which

children receive certificates for free pizza if they achieve a

monthly reading goal; 5) sponsoring school events.

The Internet

[M ] The Internet is an extremely desirable medium for marketers wanting to target children. It’s part of youth culture.?

This generation of young people is growing up with the Internet

as a daily and routine part of their lives. Kids are often online alone, without parental supervision. Unlike broadcasting media, which have codes regarding advertising to kids, the Internet is unregulated. Sophisticated technologies make it easy to collect information from young people for marketing research, and to target individual

children with personalized advertising.

Marketing Adult Entertainment to Kids

[N] Children are often aware of and want to see entertainment meant for older audiences because it is actively marketed to them. In a report released in 2000, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) revealed how the movie, music and video games industries routinely market violent entertainment to young children.

[O ] The FTC studied 44 films rated “Restricted”, and

discovered that 80 per cent were targeted to children under 17. Marketing plans included TV commercials run during hours when young viewers were most likely to be watching. The FTC report also highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children. Mature rated

video games are advertised in youth magazines; and toys based on

“Restricted” movies and M-rated video games are marketed to

children as young as four.

46. Guilt can affect parents" spending decisions because they don’t have enough time for their kids.

47. The Center for a New American Dream pointed out that brand loyalties could be formed as early as age two.

48. School boards allow corporations to access to students because they need money and educational materials badly.

49. The FTC report highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children.

50. For this generation of young people, the Internet is a daily and routine part of their lives.

51. According to Kidfluence, “persistence nagging” is less effective than the more sophisticated “importance nagging”.

52. According to a report released by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, the movie, music and video games industries usually

market violent entertainment to young children.

53. Buzz marketing is well-suited to the Internet because the interactive environment can spread messages effectively.

54. A group of U.S. mental health professionals think that it is unethical to use child psychologists to help marketers target kids.

55. According to the Pizza Hut reading incentives program,

children will receive certificates for free pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal.

Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to

translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

中医(Traditional Chinese Medicine)是中华文化不可分割的一部分，为

振兴华夏做出了巨大的贡献。如今，中医和西医(western medicine)在中国的医疗保健领域并驾齐驱。中医以其独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式和丰富的典籍材料，备受世界瞩目。中国的中医事业由国家中医药管理局（State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology)负责。现在国家巳经出台了管理中医的政策、法令和法规，引导并促进这个新兴产业的研究和开发。在定义上，中医是指导中国传统医药理论和实践的一种医学，它包括中医疗法、中草药(herbalogy)、针灸(acupuncture )、推拿(massage)和气功(Qigong)。

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本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！ == 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ == 机器视觉实验报告 实验报告 课程名称： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 实验时间： 实验一 一．实验名称 Matlab软件的使用 二．实验内容 1.打开MATLAB软件，了解菜单栏、工具栏、状态栏、命令窗口等； 2.了解帮助文档help中演示内容demo有哪些； 3.找到工具箱类里面的Image Processing工具箱，并进行初步学习，为后续实验做准备。 三．实验原理： 通过matlab工具箱来进行图像处理 四．实验步骤 1. 双击桌面上的matlab图标，打开matlab软件 2. 了解菜单栏、工具栏、状态栏、命令窗口等

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when和while区别及专项练习---含答案

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WHEN与WHILE用法区别

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思考题整理完整版

教育资料

教育资料

教育资料

容器几何尺寸：（1）容器的大小；（2）形状h/D；h/D为0.25时杀菌时间最短。 导热型圆罐的杀菌时间(扎丹)：t0=A(8.3hD+D2) 8.什么是致死率及部分杀菌量？ 致死率：致死率是热力致死时间的倒数，热力致死时间Ti的倒数1/Ti为在温度θi 杀菌1min所取得的效果占全部杀菌效果的比值,称为致死率. （以热处理时间为横坐标，以致死率为纵坐标图为致死率图。） 部份杀菌量：细菌在T℃温度时的热力致死时间为I分钟，在T℃加热了t钟，则在T℃温度下完成的杀菌程度为t/τ。 9.说明比奇洛基本推算法的基本原理，并用图表示杀菌时间的推算方法。 基本原理：找出罐头食品传热曲线和各温度时细菌热力致死时间性的关系，为罐头食品杀菌操作（理论上达到完全无菌程度）推算预定杀菌温度工艺条件下需要的加热冷却时间。（图自己补，分别是食品传热曲线，热力致死时间曲线，致死率曲线，三幅图加上文字表述） 9.杀菌方法的选择与酸度有什么关系？（网上找的） 食品的酸度对微生物耐热性的影响很大。对绝大多数微生物来说，在pH中性范围内耐热性最强，pH升高或降低都可减弱微生物的耐热性。特别是在偏酸性时，促使微生物耐热性减弱作用更明显。酸度不同，对微生物耐热性的影响程度不同。同一微生物在同一杀菌温度，随着pH的下降，杀菌时间可以大大缩短。所以食品的酸度越高，pH越低，微生物及其芽胞的耐热性越弱。酸使微生物耐热性减弱的程度随酸的种类而异，一般认为乳酸对微生物的抑制作用最强，苹果酸次之，柠檬酸稍弱。由于食品的酸度对微生物及其芽胞的耐热性的影响十分显著，所以食品酸度与微生物耐热性这一关系在罐头杀菌的实际应用中具有相当重要的意义。 酸度高，pH低的食品杀菌温度低一些，时间可短一些； 酸度低，pH高的食品杀菌温度高一些，时间长一些。 10.为什么要进行反压冷却？如何进行操作？（网上找的） 为减少冷却阶段罐内外压力差防止容器变形、损坏玻璃罐跳盖等现象，常采用反压冷却。 加压冷却（反压冷却）：在通入冷却水的同时通入一定的压缩空气。 （要注意的是，杀菌锅温度声高到了杀菌温度T，并不意味着罐内食品温度也达到了杀菌温度的要求，实际上食品尚处于加热升温阶段。对流传热型食品的温度在此阶段内常能迅速上升，甚至于到达杀菌温度。而导热型食品升温很慢，甚至于开始冷却时尚未能达到杀菌温度。因此冷却时需要加反压） 操作： 一般高温杀菌115～1210C，需打入137.3～166.7kPa的压力。 杀菌釜内反压力的大小，以使杀菌釜内总压力（蒸汽压力与补充压力之和平等于 或稍大于罐内压力与允许压力差Δp允的好，即： p釜＝p 釜蒸＋p反≥p2－Δp允 p反＝p2 －p釜蒸－Δp允 反压杀菌冷却时所补充的压缩空气应使杀菌釜内压力恒定，一直维持到镀锡罐内 压力降到1＋Δp允大气压，玻璃罐内压力降到常压时才可停止供给压缩空气。 11.说明内容物腐败变质的类型，分析其原因。 胀罐：从程度分隐胀、轻胀、硬胀 从性质分：理化性胀罐、细菌性胀罐。氢胀：［H+］↑→罐壁腐蚀→ H2↑假胀：装量过多，真空度低 教育资料

最新when和while区别及专项练习---含答案

精品文档 精品文档when和while用法区别专项练习 讲解三例句： 1. The girls are dancing while the boys are singing. 2. Kangkang’s mother is cooking when he gets home. 3. When/While Kangkang’s mother is cooking, he gets home. 一、用when或者while填空 1.______ Margo was talking on the phone, her sister walked in. 2.______ we visited the school, the children were playing games. 3.______ Sarah was at the barber’s, I was going to class. 4.______ I saw Carlos, he was wearing a green shirt. 5.______ Allen was cleaning his room, the phone rang. 6.______ Rita bought her new dog; it was wearing a little coat. 7. He was driving along ________ suddenly a woman appeared. 8. _____ Jake was waiting at the door, an old woman called to him. 9. He was reading a book ______suddenly the telephone rang. 10. ______ it began to rain, they were playing chess. 二、用所给动词适当形式填空 11. While Jake __________ (look) for customers, he _______ (see) a woman. 12. They __________ (play) football on the playground when it _____ (begin) to rain. 13. A strange box ________ (arrive) while we _________ (talk). 14. John ____________ (sleep) when someone __________ (steal) his car. 15. Father still (sleep) when I (get) up yesterday morning. 16. Grandma (cook) breakfast while I (wash) my face this morning. 17. Mother (sweep) the floor when I (leave) home. 18. I (read) a history book when someone (knock) at the door. 19. Mary and Alice are busy (do) their homework. 20. The teacher asked us (keep) the windows closed. 21. I followed it (see) where it was going. 22. The students (play) basketball on the playground from 3 to 4 yesterday afternoon. 三、完成下面句子，词数不限 1.飞机在伦敦起飞时正在下雨。 It when the plane in London. 2.你记得汶川大地震时你在做什么吗？ Do you remember what you when Wenchuan Earthquake . 3.当铃声想起的时候，我们正在操场上玩得很开心。 We on the playground when the bell . 4.当妈妈下班回家时，你在做什么？ when Mum from work? 5.当我在做作业时，有人敲门。 I was doing my homework, someone the door. 6.当外星人正在买纪念品的时候，那个女孩报了警。 the alien was buying the souvenirs, the girl the police. 答案： 1.while 2.when 3.while 4.when 5.while 6.when 7.When 8.While 9.When 10.When 11.was looking ,saw 12.were playing,began 13.arrived, were talking 14.was sleeping, stole15..was,sleeping got 16.was cooking, was washing 17.was sweeping,left 18,was reading,knocked

网络安全思考题参考答案完整版

网络安全思考题参考答 案 集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]

网络安全思考题答案 第一章 1.什么是osi安全体系结构？ 为了有效评估某个机构的安全需求，并选择各种安全产品和策略，负责安全的管理员需要一些系统性的方法来定义安全需求以及满足这些安全需求的方法，这一套系统体系架构便称为安全体系架构。 2.被动和主动威胁之间有什么不同？ 被动威胁的本质是窃听或监视数据传输，主动威胁包含数据流的改写和错误数据流的添加。 3.列出并简要定义被动和主动安全攻击的分类？ 被动攻击：消息内容泄漏和流量分析。 主动攻击：假冒，重放，改写消息和拒绝服务。 4.列出并简要定义安全服务的分类 认证，访问控制，数据机密性，数据完整性，不可抵赖性。 5.列出并简要定义安全机制的分类。 特定安全机制：为提供osi安全服务，可能并到适当的协议层中。 普通安全机制：没有特定osi安全服务或者协议层的机制。 第二章 1.对称密码的基本因素是什么？ 明文，加密算法，秘密密钥，密文，解密算法。

2.加密算法使用的两个基本功能是什么？ 替换和排列组合 3.分组密码和流密码区别是什么？ 流密码是一个比特一个比特的加密，分组时若干比特同时加密。比如DES是64bit的明文一次性加密成密文。 密码分析方面有很多不同。比如说密码中，比特流的很多统计特性影响到算法的安全性。密码实现方面有很多不同，比如流密码通常是在特定硬件设备上实现。分组密码可以在硬件实现，也可以在计算机软件上实现。 4.攻击密码的两个通用方法是什么？ 密码分析与穷举法（暴力解码） 5.为什么一些分组密码操作模式只使用了加密，而其他的操作模式使用了加密又使用了解密 答：出于加密与解密的考虑，一个密码模式必须保证加密与解密的可逆性。在密码分组链接模式中，对明文与前一密文分组异或后加密，在解密时就要先解密再异或才能恢复出明文；在计数器模式中，对计数器值加密后与明文异或产生密文，在解密时，只需要相同的计数器加密值与密文异或就可得到明文。 6.为什么3DES的中间部分是解密而不是加密？ 3DES加密过程中使用的解密没有密码方面的意义。唯一好处是让3des使用者能解密原来单重des使用者加密的数据。 第三章

while、when和as的用法区别

as when while 的区别和用法 as when while的用法 一、as的意思是“正当……时候”,它既可表示一个具体的时间点，也可以表示一段时间。as可表示主句和从句的动作同时发生或同时持续，即“点点重合”“线线重合”；又可表示一个动作发生在另一个动作的持续过程中，即“点线重合”， 但不能表示两个动作一前一后发生。如果主句和从句的谓语动词都表示持续性的动作，二者均可用进行时，也可以一个用进行时，一个用一般时或者都用一般时。 1、As I got on the bus，he got off. 我上车，他下车。（点点重合）两个动作都是非延续性的 2、He was writing as I was reading. 我看书时，他在写字。（线线重合）两个动作都是延续性的 3、The students were talking as the teacher came in. 老师进来时，学生们正在讲话。（点线重合）前一个动作是延续性的，而后一个动作时非延续性的 二、while的意思是“在……同时（at the same time that )”“在……期间(for as long as, during the time that）”。从while的本身词义来看，它只能表示一段时间，不能表示具体的时间点。在时间上可以是“线线重合”或“点线重合”，但不能表示“点点重合”。例如： 1、He was watching TV while she was cooking. 她做饭时，他在看电视。（线线重合） 2、He was waiting for me while I was working. 我工作的时候，他正等着我。（线线重合） 3、He asked me a question while I was speaking. 我在讲话时，他问了我一个问题。（点线重合）

第七--when-while-as-区别及练习.

When while as区别 一、根据从句动作的持续性来区分 1、“主短从长”型：即主句是一个短暂性动作，而从句是一个持续性动作，此时三者都可用。如： Jim hurt his arm while［when， as］ he was playing tennis. 吉姆打网球时把手臂扭伤了。 2、“主长从长”型：即主句和从句为两个同时进行的动作或存在的状态，且强调主句动作或状态延续到从句所指的整个时间，此时通常要用while。 I always listen to the radio while I’m driving. 我总是一边开车一边听收音机。 He didn’t ask me in; he kept me standing at the door while he read the message. 他没有让我进去，他只顾看那张条子，让我站在门口等着。 但是，若主句和从句所表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边……一边”之意时，则习惯上要用as。如： He swung his arms as he walked. 他走路时摆动着手臂。 3、“主长从短”型：即主句是一个持续性动作，而从句是一个短暂性动作，此时可以用as 或when，但不能用while。如： It was raining hard when [as] we arrived. 我们到达时正下着大雨。 二、根据主句与从句动作是否同时发生来区分 1、若主句与从句表示的是两个同时发生的短暂性动作，含有类似汉语“一……就”的意思，英语一般要用as (也可用when)。如： The ice cracked as [when] I stepped onto it. 我一踩冰就裂了。 2、若主句与从句表示的是两个几乎同时发生的短暂性动作，含有类似汉语“刚要……就”“正要……却”的意思，英语一般要用as(也可用when)，且此时通常连用副词just。如： I caught him just when [as] he was leaving the building. 他正要离开大楼的时候，我把他截住了。 三、根据是否具有伴随变化来区分 若要表示主句动作伴随从句动作同时发展变化，有类似汉语“随着”的意思，英语习惯上要用as，而不用when或while。如： The room grew colder as the fire burnt down. 随着炉火逐渐减弱，房间越来越冷。 注：若不是引导从句，而是引出一个短语，则用with，不用as。如： With winter coming on, it’s time to buy warm clothes. 随着冬天到来，该买暖和衣裳了。 四、根据从句动作的规律性来区分 若暗示一种规律性，表示“每当……的时候”，英语一般要用when。如： It’s cold when it snows. 下雪时天冷。 五、根据主从句动作的先后顺序来区分 若主句与从句所表示的动作不是同时发生，而是有先后顺序时，一般要用when。

仿真技术实验程序及思考题解答完整版汇总

实验一 连续系统的数字仿真 一、实验目的 1． 熟悉Matlab 中m 文件的编写； 2． 掌握龙格－库塔法的基本原理。 二、实验设备 计算机、MATLAB 软件 三、实验内容 假设单变量系统如图所示。试根据四阶龙格－库塔法，求系统输出y 的动态响应。 1．首先把原系统转化为状态空间表达式：??? ??=+=?CX y bu AX X ，根据四阶龙格－库塔公式， 可得到： ?? ??? =++++=+++1143211) 22(6 k k k k CX y K K K K h X X （1） 其中： ?? ???????+++=+++=+++=+=) ()() 2()2()2()2()(3423121h t bu hK X A K h t bu K h X A K h t bu K h X A K t bu AX K k k k k k k k k （2） 根据（1）、（2）式编写仿真程序。 2．在Simulink 环境下重新对上述系统进行仿真，并和1中结果进行比较。 四、实验结果及分析 要求给出系统输出响应曲线，并分析计算步长对龙格－库塔法的影响。 计算步长对龙格－库塔法的影响：单从每一步看，步长越小，截断误差就越小，但随着步长的缩小，在一定求解范围内所要完成的步数就增加，不但引起计算量的增大，而且可能导致舍入误差严重积累，因此同积分的数值计算一样，微分方程的解法也有选择步长的问题。 源程序： r=5; numo=[1];deno=[1 4 8 5]; numh=1;denh=1; [num,den]=feedback(numo,deno,numh,denh); [A,b,C,d]=tf2ss(num,den); Tf=input('仿真时间 Tf= ');h=input('计算步长 h='); x=[zeros(length(A),1)];y=0;t=0;