《国际商务英语》课后练习简答题答案

Lesson1

Answer the following questions:

1.What does international business refer to? Please tell the difference between international business and

domestic business.

A: International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.

Some major differences between international business and domestic business is following:

(1)Differences in legal systems

(2)Differences in currencies

(3)Differences in cultural background

(4)Different in natural and economic conditions

2.Please explain the differences between visible trade and invisible trade. Which is becoming more and

more important and accounts for an increasing proportion in international trade?

A: Visible trade is the form of commodity trade. The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries. The later is become more and more important.

3.Can you cite some examples to illustrate cultural differences in international business?

A: Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.

4.Please elaborate on the two categories of international investment. What is their major difference?

A: FDI (Foreign direct investment) is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country. Portfolio investment refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.

5.What is licensing? Why do firms sometimes choose it as a means of entering a foreign market?

A: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country.

6.What is franchising? How is it different from licensing?

A: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.

7.What is a management contract? Under what conditions is it most applicable?

A: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. When a government forbids

foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts maybe a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets.

8.What is an international turnkey project? In what way is its variant BOT different from it?

A: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. For a BOT project, a firm operates a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project

Lesson 2

Answer the following questions:

1. Explain the concepts of GNP and GDP respectively and point out their major difference. Can we use them interchangeably?

A: GNP (Gross national Product) refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) measures the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy. The difference between them is that GNP focuses on ownership of the factors of production while GDP concentrates on the place where production takes place. The difference between GNP and GDP can be ignored since it very small in most cases. Therefore, we can use them interchangeably.

2. In what different ways are GDP and per capita income significant in assessing the potential of a particular market?

A: Total GDP indicates the overall size of an economy, which is important in market assessment for durable equipment or bulk goods (grain, steel or cement). Per capita GDP reveals the average income level of consumers, which is important when marketing consumer durables.

3. What are meant by high income, middle income, and low-income countries according to the World Bank? Cite some examples for each group.

A: High-income countries: those enjoying annual per capita income of $9386 and above. In this group comprise three types of countries; most members of OECD, rich oil producing countries of the Middle East, small-industrialized countries or regions.

Middle-income countries: those with annual per capita income below $9386 but above $765. Included in this category is most East European countries and most members of the Commonwealth of Independent States, six OECD members, quite a number of Latin American countries and some comparatively developed countries in Asia, South Africa and oil-producing countries in African.

Low-income countries: those that have per capita incomes of only $765 or even less. Most African countries,

some Asian countries and a few Latin American countries are included in this group.

4. Why are high-income countries important to trade and investment? Should we neglect low-income countries in international business?

A:High-income countries often have good infrastructure, high purchasing power, and advanced technology, efficient management and favorable environment for trade and investment. They offer prime markets for expensive consumer goods and are both attractive sources and destinations of investment.

In international trade the low-income countries should not be neglected, because they constitute markets for lower-priced staple goods, provide cheap labor and are often rich in resources. Once tapped, the business potential of these countries will one day become real business opportunities.

5.Was China a low-income country a few years ago? How about now?

A: China with a per capita income of over $1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low-income country just a few years ago.

6.What does the term “Triad” refers to? What is meant by Quad?

A: The term Triad refers to the three richest regions of the world; the United States, the European Union and Japan that offer the most important business opportunities. The scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadened grouping Quad.

7. How much do you know about OECD? Please make a brief account.

A:OECD means Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The organization is included 29 members, 23 of them are high-income countries and 6 are middle-income countries. The headquarters is in Paris.

8. What is the best policy for China to develop business opportunities?

A: So far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, India and a bit farther away Australia. These countries or regions either have rich consumers and offer good business opportunities or are developing fast with very promising market potential. And their geographical proximity to China is a great advantage for us in developing business relations with them.

Lesson3

Answer the following questions:

1.What is a free trade area? Make a brief account of the most notable free trade area in the world.

A: Free trade area is the loosest form in the regional economic integration. Members in this form removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders. The most notable one is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the largest free

market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991 with over 360 million consumers and total GDP of more than 6 trillion US dollars.

2.In what way is a customs union different from a free trade area?

A: The Customs Union goes a step further by adopting the same trade policy for all the members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing trade barriers among themselves. Imports from other countries are subject to the same tariff.

3.What are the characteristics of a common market? Which organization remained a common market

for some years in the past?

A: The common market is further up the scale of regional economic integration. Besides free movement of goods and services and adoption of common external trade policy, factors of production such as labor, capital and technology are free to move among members so that they can be utilized in a more efficient and productive way. In the past, the European Community remained a common market for some years.

4.How much do you know about an economic union? Can members of an economic union keep all of

their national sovereignty?

A: The economic union is the highest form of economic integration, which is characterized by integration of the domestic policies of its members in respect of economy, finance etc. in addition to absence of trade barriers, practice of common external policy and free production factor mobility. The members of an Economic Union are required not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, etc., but also use the same currency.

The member countries of an economic union are required to surrender some of their national sovereignty, which is eroding the tradition of the world political system based on the autonomy and supreme power of sovereign states.

5.Make a brief account of the origin and development of the EU.

A: The first community, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was established in 1952, which set the stage for more ambitious integration efforts.

The signing of the monumental Treaty of Rome in 1957 marks the establishment of the European Economic Community with the aim of gradually realizing the free movement of goods, services, labor and capital as well as the harmonization of economic policies of the member countries.

Ten years later in 1967, the European Community was formed by merging EEC, ECSC and European Atomic Energy Community (EURA TOM).

1992 it became a true common market as envisaged by the Single European Act. Then on January 1, 1994 the European Union (EU) came into being on the strength of the Maastricht Treaty.

From the beginning of 1999 most of the members began to use the common European currency for accounting and settlement and in 2002, euro banknotes and coins were put into circulation.

6.What is the most powerful institution of the EU? What is the executive body of the EU? How does it

operate?

A: The most powerful institution of the EU is the Council of Ministers.

Its executive body is the European Commission composed of 20 commissioners overseeing 23 departments in charge of different affairs.

Decisions of the council are made by votes allocated to member countries on the basis of their size. Different ministers attend the council meeting depending on the matters discussed. The council even has the power to pass legislation.

7.Explain briefly the five layer organizational structure of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.

A: a. the Informal Meeting of Economic leaders

b. Dual-Ministerial Meeting

c. Ministers Responsible for Trade

d. The Senior Officials Meeting (SOM)

e. Subordinate committees under SOM: Committee of Trade and Investment, Economic Committee, Economic and Technical Cooperation Sub-committee of SOM and Budget Management Committee.

8.What are the tenet and objectives of APEC? What do its two wheels mean?

A: The tenet and objectives of APEC are inter-dependence, mutual benefits, adhering to an open and multilateral trading system and reduction of regional trade barriers.

Its two wheels mean trade and investment liberation and facilitation (TILF) and economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH).

9.What are the nature and objectives of OPEC?

A:OPEC is a commodity cartel. It tried to limit the overall crude oil supply of the world for the purpose of maintaining higher oil prices.

Lesson4

Answer the following questions:

1. What are the basic feature and major role of economic globalization?

A:The basic feature of economic globalization is to free flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, and information in the global context for optimized allocation.

1.Mention some of the pros and cons of economic globalization. What is the right attitude towards it? (有

利和不利方面)

A: The pros is that with the basic feature of free flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, and information in the global context for optimized allocation, economic globalization is giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent. While the cons of economic globalization is different countries and peoples do not enjoy balanced

benefits.

The right attitude towards it is follow the trend closely, availing the opportunities it offers to develop ourselves and avoiding its possible impacts.

2.What is the formal definition of a multinational enterprise? How can you tell whether a multinational

corporation is a parent or just an affiliate?

A:A multinational enterprise shall be defined as a business organization that owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets in more than one country.

If the MNC is the original investing corporation, it is known as the parent MNC, which is normally also the international headquarters of the MNE. If the MNC is established as a result of investments by the MNE, whether through the parent or through another of its already established MNC, it is an affiliate MNC.

3.Describe briefly the characteristics of MNEs.

A: The characteristics of MNEs is as follow:

a.MNEs are generally enormous in size

b.Wide geographical spread

c.Longevity and rapid growth

4.What is the commonly recognized objective of MNEs?

A: MNEs are formed for profit, and the second basic need is security.

5.Why is security so important to MNEs?

A: Without security, an MNE’s survival can never be assured. The need of security includes the security of profits in the short-and-long-run, the security of the MNE’s assets and investment, and the security of other organizational needs. Profit is useless if it cannot be secured by the MNE and transferred wherever it so desires.

6.Do you think “wide geographical spread” of MNEs plays a very important role in the development of

their business? Why?

A: Yes, I do. MNEs enables them to have a wide range of options in terms of decisions in areas such as sourcing and pricing. They are also more able to take advantage of changes in the international economic environment. Such multi-nationality also enables MNEs to engage in worldwide integrated production and marketing.

7.What is the relationship between MNEs and their host countries?

A: MNCs are under the legal jurisdiction of their host governments that can impose various rules, regulations, and laws on the MNCs to the extent of nationalizing all their assets.

8.What are the four types of multinational enterprises? Describe each of them briefly.

A: The four types of multinational enterprises is that:

a.Multi-domestic corporation: it is a group of relatively independent subsidiaries. The parent company

delegates sufficient power to each subsidiary to manage the production and marketing in the host country for the needs of local customers.

b.Global corporation: it operates and views the world market as an integrated whole. Power and

responsibility are concentrated at the headquarters that manages production and marketing to achieve the economies of scale as much as possible.

c.Transnational Corporation: The activities and resources of the transnational corporation are highly

neither centralized as the second type nor decentralized as the first type but are integrated in an interdependent network of affiliates.

d.World Company: their national identities are blurred to a large extent.

9.Are there may world companies at present? Imagine their future role in complete globalization.

A: Now it is very few. When such companies become dominating, the possibility of conflicts among sovereign states may be greatly reduced. Possibly they will be instrumental to the realization of complete globalization.

Lesson 5

Answer the following questions:

1.How would you define international trade?

A: International trade can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.

2.Why did international trade first begin?

A: The distribution of natural resources is uneven. Some countries are abundant in resources, while elsewhere reserves are scarce or even nonexistent. And a country may be rich in some resources but poor in others. That’s why international trade first began.

3.What is the new incentive for trade that arose with the development of manufacturing and technology? A: With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization. One country producing more of a commodity than it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries.

4.According to the theory of absolute advantage, trade occurs only when a country has an absolute

advantage or comparative advantage?

A: According to the theory of absolute advantage, trade occurs only when each country has an absolute advantage over the others in the production of one commodity.

5.Who introduced the theory of comparative advantage? Which theory makes more sense, absolute

advantage or comparative advantage?

A: David Ricardo, English economist, introduced the theory of comparative advantage. It seems that the idea of comparative advantage makes more sense.

6.Explain briefly why trade to exploit comparative advantage promotes efficiency among countries.

A: The comparative advantage holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade. The first should specialize in the production ad export of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is smaller and import the commodity that its absolute disadvantage is greater.

7.Is comparative advantage something static? Is it purely decided by the endowments of nature? Give

examples to show the development of comparative advantage by certain countries?

A: Comparative advantage is not a static concept. A country may develop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions, independent of the endowments of nature. Such as the watch making in Switzerland.

Lesson 6

Answer the following questions:

1.Are there other bases for trade when there are no differences among countries in production conditions?

Mention some of the bases.

A: Yes, there are. First, patterns of demand may differ among nations. Second, trade may occur out of economies of scale, i.e. the cost advantages of large-scale production. Third, trade takes place because of innovation or style.

2.What is economy of scale? What is the relation between economies of scale is trade?

A: Economies of scale is the cost advantages of large-scale production. The cost for the production of commodities will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale.

3.What does the theory of international specialization seek to answer?

A: The theory of international specialization seeks to answer the question which countries will produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them.

4.Will complete specialization occur in reality? Why?

A: No, it may never occur. For strategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to produce goods for which it does not have an advantage. The benefits of specialization may also be affected by transport cost. Protectionist measures that are often taken by governments are also barriers to trade.

5.What are tariff barriers? What is a customs area and what is a customs union?

A: A Tariff barrier is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of customs areas.

A customs area is usually coincides with the area of a country. And a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations is called a customs union.

6.What is most favored nation treatment? Is it a very special treatment? Why?

A: MFN treatment refers to a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country. It gives a country the lowest tariffs only within the tariff’s schedule, but it still possible to have lower tariffs.

7.What is the most common form of non-tariff barriers? Explain it in a few words.

A: Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers. A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time. The limits may be in quantity or value terms, and quotas maybe on a country basis or global, without reference to countries.

8.What are the differences between visible trade and invisible trade? Give a few examples of invisible

trade.

A: Visible trade involves the import and export of goods and invisible trade involves the exchange of services between countries. Invisible trade is including transportation service, Insurance, tourism and the immigrant remittance from import and export labor service.

9.Explain briefly the different kinds of tariffs.

A: Import duties are tariffs levied on goods entering an area while export duties are taxes levied on goods leaving an area

Lesson 7

Answer the following questions:

1.What sort of risks can arise when goods are being moved from one place to another? If risks do occur,

what consequences would they bring about?

A: Sending goods from one country to another, they have to face the risk, such as lost or damaged or delivery does not take place for some other reason. If risks do occur, the climate of confidence between parties may degenerate to the point where a law suit is brought.

2.Why is it necessary to have Incoterms? And what is the purpose of making amendments and additions

to Incoterms?

A: If, when drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some commonly understood rules to specifically refer to, they can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and safely. In so doing they eliminate any possibility of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute.

The purpose of Incoterms is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.

3.What is the main characteristic of Incoterms 1990?

A: The main reason for the 1990 revision of Incoterms was the desire to adapt terms to the increasing use of electronic data interchange.

4.What are the four different categories of terms in Incoterms 2000?

A: In Incoterms 2000, the terms have been grouped in four basically different categories: Group E (departure), Group F (Main carriage unpaid), Group C (Main carriage paid) and Group D (Arrival).

5.Why should the compilers of Incoterms 2000 take the trouble to set forth in detail the division of duties,

taxes, costs and charges etc. of both sellers and buyers, as some of them are irrelevant to either the seller or the buyer?

A: As with respect to the division between the parties of duties, taxes and other official charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities, the terms explain for the sake of clarity how such costs are divided between the parties although, of course, the seller might not have any interest at all in the buyer’s further disposal of the goods after they have been delivered to him.

6.In what areas are substantive changes made with Incoterms 2000?

A: The substantive changes have been made in some areas: one is the customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ. Two is the loading and unloading obligations under FCA.

Lesson8

Answer the following questions:

1.What is a contract? What may happen if contraction party fails to fulfill his obligations?

A: A contract is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.

If the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.

2.Mention the two types of business negotiations, and give examples of each.

A:Oral and written business negotiations. Oral business negotiations refer to face-to-face discussions or those conducted through international trunk calls. Written negotiations often begin with enquiries.

3.Is an inquiry binding on the inquirer? What are a first inquiry, and what information should be given

in it?

A: No, it isn’t. A first enquiry is an enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt with. The information should be given in the enquiry as to how the name and address of the exporter have been obtained, the business line and usual practice of the importer, etc.

4.What is a firm offer? What contents should be included in a firm offer?

A: A firm offer is a promise to sell goods at a stated price. In making a firm offer, mention should be made of the time of shipment and the model of payment desired in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing, validity period, etc.

5.Is a counter offer an acceptance or a refusal of the original offer? What happens to the offer once a

counter offer is made?

A: A counter-offer is a refusal of the offer that will be invalid and unbinding once a counter-offer is made.

6.Is a written contract a must internationally for the conclusion of a transaction? What is the case in

China? What are the functions of a written contract?

A: A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution.

7.What is the difference between a sales contract and a purchase contract, and between a contract and a

confirmation?

A: A Contract is made by the seller, is called a sales contract, and when made by the buyer, a purchase contract. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction.

8.Give the major items of the contract proper.

A.The title

B.The contract proper

a.The name and address of the buyer and the seller

b.The details of the commodity transaction

c.The terms and conditions mutually agreed

d.Indication of the number of original copies, language(s) used, and the validity

C.The signatures of the contracting parties

D.The stipulations on the back of the contract

9.Are the stipulations on the back of the contract its constituent parts? Are they binding on the

contracting parties?

A: The stipulations on the back of the contract are constituent parts of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.

Lesson 9

Answer the following questions:

1.What is counter trade? Why has it attracted so much attention?

A: Counter trade has become the generic term to describe a set of cross-border contracts that link a seller’s exports to imports from the buyer.

Counter trade has attracted so much attention as it is often associated with policy objectives of relevant economies like dealing with foreign exchange shortages and promotion of exports.

2.How did counter trade originate? And what was the nature of early counter trade?

A: Following German hyperinflation, competitive devaluations and protectionism meant a global collapse in trade and in international financial and banking markets, then the counter trade originate.

The nature of early counter trade is counter trade partners are necessarily familiar partners and goods exchanged are sometimes vertically related

3.Why should Britain use bilateral clearing arrangements after World War II?

A: During and after World War II, when financial markets were in disarray, Britain used bilateral arrangements

4.What are the main features of the current counter trade? Can you summarize the categories briefly

under current counter trade?

A: Current counter trade partners are not necessarily familiar partners and goods exchanged are sometimes vertically related. Current counter trade can be categorized as follows: Barter, Counter purchase, Buyback.

5.What are the major differences between counter purchase and buyback?

A:The important difference between counter purchase and buyback is that in buyback the goods and services taken back are tied to the original goods exported whereas that is not the case in counter purchase. Another important difference is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time (as long as 15 to 20 years) than a counter purchase deal.

6.What is meant by bundling? What is the opposite way of doing business?

A:Bundling means the exchanges of goods and services are bundled together. In normal market transactions buying and selling of goods and services is unbundled, and arrangement made possible by the use of money and the “market” as an institution. Thus, an individual can sell goods and services to obtain monetary income and con then use the income for other desired goods and services. Such unbundling greatly facilitates transactions and allows more efficient economic exchanges.

7.Since bundling is not an efficient way of getting business done, what should a significant part of the

international trade of goods as well as services still be bundled?

A: major advantages of counter trade:

a.Helping to deal with foreign exchange shortage

b.Promoting export

c.Reducing uncertainty regarding export receipts

d.Bypassing international price agreement

e.Helping countries with debt problems to import goods

8.What are the advantages and disadvantages of counter trade?

A: The advantage of counter trade is in Question 7. The disadvantage of counter trade is that it can be very risky business. By concealing the real prices and costs of transactions it may conceal and help perpetuate economic inefficiencies in the market place. Companies may suffer losses because they could not get rid of products of poor quality. Finally, counter trade may be considered as a form of protectionism.

9.What are the basic conditions for counter trade to exist?

A: The basic conditions for counter trade to exist are that the countries lack mature and competitive markets. In such an environment counter trade can be viewed as a national form of contracting to deal with transaction difficulties.

10.What are the other modes of trade mentioned in the text?

A: The other modes of trade are processing trade, consignment, leasing trade, agency etc.

Lesson 10

Answer the following questions:

1.Why is it difficult to effect payment in a straightforward manner in international trade?

A:Purchase and sale of goods and services are carried out beyond national boundaries, which makes it rather difficult for the parties concerned in the transaction to get adequate information about each other’s financial standing and creditworthiness. Therefore, mutual trust in hard to build. Both the exporter and the importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may not fulfill the contract.

2.Mention some of the risks the exporter and the importer may face in trade.

A: For the exporter there is the risk of buyer default. The importer might fail to pay in full for the goods. He might go bankrupt; his government might, for various reasons, ban trade with the exporting country or ban imports of certain commodities; the buyer might run into difficulties getting the foreign exchange to pay for the goods. It is even possible that the buyer is not reliable and simply refuses to pay the agreed amount on various excuses.

For the importer, there is the risk that the shipment will be delayed, and he might only receive them long after payment. The delay may be caused by problems in production or transportation, and such delays may lead to loss of business. There is also a risk that wrong goods might be sent as a result of negligence of the exporter or simply because of his lack of integrity.

3.Explain briefly the following methods of payment: cash in advance; open account; consignment

transactions.

A: Cash in advance: in this case, the importer has no guarantee that the exporter will fulfill his obligations once he has made payment by cash.

Open account: in this case, the buyer and the seller know each other will. No documents are involved and that legally the buyer can pay anytime. The seller loses all control over the goods once they have been shipped. Sales on this basis are usually paid for by periodic payments, and obviously the exporter must have sufficient financial strength to carry the cost of the goods until receiving payment.

Consignment transactions: in this case, the exporter wishes to retain title or ownership to the goods, he has to send his goods abroad and will not get payment until the goods are sold. If not sold, the goods can be shipped back. Therefore this arrangement should only be made with full understanding of the risks involved and is preferably to be limited to stable countries where the exporter has a trusted agent to look after his interest.

4.What is a draft? Dose it have another name? What are the relevant parties in relation to a draft?

A: A draft also called the ill of exchange is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.

The person who draws the draft, usually the exporter, is called the drawer, and the person to whom the draft is drawn is called the drawee. There is yet another party the payee, i.e. the person receiving the payment, who and the drawer are generally but not necessarily the same person.

5.What is the difference a sight draft and a usance draft and what is the difference between a clean draft

and a documentary draft?

A: A sight draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee while a usance draft is payable at a later date e.g. 30,45,60 or 90.

A clean draft is a draft without documents, and a documentary draft is accompanied by the relevant documents such as the bill of lading, the invoice, the insurance policy etc.

6.What is documents against payment? What are D/P at sight and D/P after sight?

A: Documents against payment is a means of documentary collection that the relevant documents will not released to the importer until payment is effected.

D/P at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents. D/P after sight gives the importer a certain period after presentation of the documents, but documents are not released to him until he actually pays for the merchandise.

7.What is the difference between D/A and D/P after sight? Which is more favorable for the exporter?

A: D/P after sight gives the importer a certain period after presentation of the documents, but documents are not released to him until he actually pays for the merchandise. In the case of documents against acceptance (D/A),

documents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the exporter. Payment will not be made until a later date. D/A is always after sight.

So far as the exporter’s interest is concerned, D/P at sight is more favorable than D/P after sight, and D/P is safer then D/A.

8.Is payment by collection very common in international trade? Mention some cases when collection is

used.

A: Payment by collection is not very common in actual trade. It is usually used when the financial standing of the importer is sound, or when the exporter wishes to push the sale of his goods, or when the transaction involves only a small quantity.

Lesson 11

Answer the following questions:

1.What constitutes conflicting problems for international trade in respect of payment? Why?

A: In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with physical delivery of the goods, since the exporter prefers to get paid before releasing the goods and the importer prefers to gain control over the goods before paying the money.

2.What is the unique feature of the letter of credit? How does it offer security to the buyer and the seller? A: The bilateral security is the unique and characteristic feature of the letter of credit. The seller has the security to get paid provided he presents impeccable documents while the buyer has the security to get the goods required through the documents he stipulates in the credit.

3.When was the modern letter of credit introduced and when did it have substantial development? What

are the other names of the letter of credit?

A: Modern credits were introduced in the second half of the 19th century and had substantial development after the First World War. “Letter of credit”is often shortened as L/C or L.C. and is sometimes referred to as “banker’s commercial letter of credit”, “banker’s credit”, “commercial credit” or simply “credit”.

4.Why does the exporter sometimes require a confirmed letter of credit? Who usually adds confirmation

to the credit?

A: Sometimes the exporter may require a confirmed letter of credit, either because the credit mount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank. The confirming bank usually adds its confirmation to the credit.

5.What are the main contents of a letter of credit? Mention these items (at least 10 items).

(1)The number of the credit and the place and time of its establishment.

(2)The type of the credit

(3)The contract on which it is based.

(4)The major parties relevant to the credit, such as the applicant, opening bank, beneficiary, advising bank, etc.

(5)The amount or value of the credit.

(6)The place and date on which the credit expires.

(7)The description of the goods including name of commodity, quantity, specifications, packing, unit price, price

terms, etc.

(8)Transportation clause including the port of shipment, the port of destination, the time of shipment, whether

allowing partial shipments or transshipment.

(9)Stipulations relating to the draft.

(10)Stipulations concerning the shipping documents required.

(11)Certain special clauses if any, e.g. restrictions on the carrying vessel and the route.

(12)Instructions to the negotiating bank.

(13)The seal or signature of the opening bank.

(14)Whether the credit follows “the uniform customs and practice for documentary credits”.

6.What are the banks concerned with in credit operations? Does a credit guarantee that the goods

invoiced are those purchased?

A:In credit operations all parties concerned deal in documents, and not in goods, service and / or other performance to which the documents may relate. It does not guarantee that the goods purchased will be those invoiced or shipped.

7.In case of problems with the quality or quantity of the goods, whom shall the buyer contact so long as

the documents comply with the terms and conditions of the credit?

A: If the importer (buyer) finds any problems with the goods, e.g. inferior quality or insufficient quantity, he has to contact or even take legal action against the exporter (seller) instead of the bank so long as the documents are “proper” on their face.

Lesson 12

Answer the following questions:

1.Explain the difference between clean credit and documentary credit. Where is the former generally

used?

A: Credits that only require clean draft, i.e. draft not accompanied with shipping documents, for payment are clean credit. They are generally used in non-trade settlement or in payment in advance by means of the L/C.

2.What is an irrevocable letter of credit? If a credit is not specified as revocable or irrevocable, what type

should it be regarded?

A: The credits can not be amended or revoked without the consent of all the parties concerned is an irrevocable

letter of credit. If a credit is not specified as revocable or irrevocable, it should be regarded as irrevocable.

3.By whom is confirmation undertaken in the case of a confirmed letter of credit?

A: The confirmation is undertaken either by the advising bank or by another leading bank.

4.Since a confirmed credit provides the greatest degree of security to the beneficiary, it should be used for

all transactions. Is this statement right? Why?

A: No. It involves additional cost as a result of the confirmation. If the establishing bank is a reliable prime bank, confirmation may not be necessary.

5.What is the advantage of a sight letter of credit to the beneficiary?

A: It gives the beneficiary better security and helps him speed up his capital turnover.

6.What does the beneficiary do in the case of a usance credit if he wishes to get payment before the

maturity of the draft?

A: If the beneficiary wishes to get payment before the maturity of the draft, he can ask the bank to discount the acceptance, and immediately pay him the net proceeds.

7.How many times and to how many parties can a credit be transferred?

A:A credit can be transferred only once. There are two parties involve: the first beneficiary and the second beneficiary.

8.In what situation is a revolving letter of credit most useful?

A:It is particularly useful when the buyer and seller have regular trading relationship and deal in a specific quantity of goods each month or any particular period of time.

9.Can the letter of credit provide absolute security for the contracting parties? What losses may the seller

or the buyer still sustain?

A:It cannot provide absolute security for the contraction parties. The seller may sustain losses because of the buyer’s delay or even failure in the establishment of credit. The buyer may suffer losses as result of the documents presented by the seller which do not truly represent the goods shipped. And it is not absolutely avoidable that the bank may become insolvent or bankrupt.

10.What is a non-draft credit? How many types can it be classified into?

A: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.

Lesson 13

Answer the following questions:

1.What are the possible consequences of incorrect documentation?

A: If the documents are not eh correct ones, the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods.

2.What factors decide the types of documents required for a particular transaction?

A: Different documents are required for different transactions, depending on the nature of the deal, the term of delivery, the type of commodity, stipulations of credit, regulations and practices in different countries, etc.

3.What is a commercial invoice? What is the relation between the commercial invoice and other

documents? Mention some of the major contents to be included in a commercial invoice.

A: A commercial invoice is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price. It constitutes the basis on which other documents are to be prepared, and the banks check the conformity between credit terms and documents and the conformity between the documents. The contents: Invoice number and the date; name and address of the buyer and the seller; contract number and credit number; description of the goods including name of the commodity, quantity, specifications, etc.; unit price, total price, price terms, and commission and discount if any; terms of delivery and terms of payment; packing, shipping marks, etc.; and seal or signature of the exporter.

4.Mention 2 types of shipping documents that are similar in function to the packing list. What is the

difference between them and the packing list?

A: Specification list that emphasizes the description of the specifications of the goods. The weight list, weight note, or weight memo that put emphasis on the weight of the goods and are generally used for goods that are based on the weight for price calculation.

5.What are the 3 major functions of the bill of lading?

(1)B/L serves as a cargo receipt signed by the carrier and issued to the shipper or consignor.

(2)B/L constitutes a contract of carriage between the carrier and the consignor.

(3)B/L is a document of title to the goods, and the legal holder of it is the owner of the goods it covers.

6.What is a clean on board bill of lading? Is a foul (not clean) bill of lading acceptable?

A: The clean bill of lading is one that states that the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition.

A foul bill of lading is not acceptable for negotiating.

7.Give the names of the counterparts of the ocean bill of lading in the case of air transportation and

railway transportation.

A: For air transportation the document is called airway bill, and in railway transportation is called cargo receipt.

8.In what currency should the goods be insured? Where are insurance claims to be settled?

A: The currency of the amount insured should be the same as that of the credit. The port of destination is taken as the place for settling claims.

9.Is it acceptable for the date of the insurance document to be later than the date of the Bill of Lading?

Why?

A: No, it is not accepted. Because if the date is later than the B/L means the goods is not covered by the insurance in this period.

Lesson 14

Answer the following questions:

1.What are the major modes of the modern freight transportation system?

A: The five major modes of the modern freight transportation system are water, rail, truck, pipeline, and air.

2.What is the most important contribution of transportation to the society?

A: The most important contribution that transportation has made to the production process is that, by widening the market areas that a producer can reach, it has encouraged the introduction of more efficient, larger-scale production techniques.

3.What is the difference between domestic transportation and international transportation mentioned in

the text?

A:Movements between countries are accompanied by many more documents than is the case for domestic shipments.

4.What are the factors that determine the amount of documentation required?

A: The product being shipped, its origin, and its destination determine the amount of documentation required.

5.What are the major reasons for the trend among business firms to provide their own transportation

capability?

A:Peculiarities in operations, desires for total distribution control, cost economies, and stringent service requirements are the major reasons for this trend.

6.Can you summarize briefly the factors that have caused the changes in the transportation industry?

A.Transportation deregulation

B.Just-in-time inventory systems

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2b6362829.html,petition based on high levels of customer service

D.Globalization of business

7.What is the meaning of transportation deregulation? Give one of the results of the deregulation.

A: Before deregulation, government regulatory agencies, in effect, controlled carriers rates and the service offerings that carriers made available to the public. Innovation was not encouraged.

8.The globalization of business has not only made transportation more important but also promoted the

development of this industry. Do you agree to the above statement? Could you give some examples to illustrate the viewpoint?

A: Yes. More and more companies purchase their production inputs anywhere in the world where the best quality for the price can be found. For all the companies the need to competitively serve world markets will require a more sophisticated logistics system.

9.The six criteria that choosing a transportation.

A: In choosing a transportation mode for a particular product, shippers consider as many as six criteria: speed, frequency, dependability, capability, availability and cost.

Lesson 15

Answer the following questions:

1.What is meant by “potential loss” in the second paragraph?

A: Potential loss means a great deal of uncertainty risk.

2.Without insurance what kind of uncertainty maybe experienced by an individual or an enterprise?

A: Without insurance, there would be a great deal of uncertainty experienced by an individual or an enterprise, not only as to whether a loss would occur, but also as to what size it would be if it did occur.

3.“There will be some variation in claim costs from year to year and the premiums include a small

margin to build up a reserve upon which the company can draw in bad years.” Paraphrase the above sentence and explain especially the implication of “bad years”.

A: The year that the claim costs is rising.

4.What are the functions of insurance?

A: Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, whereby the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the

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统计学简答题答案资料讲解

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简答题作业及参考答案

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大学统计学简答题复习及答案

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统计学简答题整理 GE GROUP system office room 【GEIHUA16H-GEIHUA GEIHUA8Q8-

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抽样误差是利用样本推断总体时产生的误差。（由于样本只是总体的一部分，用样本的信息去推断总体，或多或少总会存在误差，因而抽样误差对任何一个随机样本来讲都是不可避免的。但可计量、可控制）。抽样误差与样本量的平方根成反比关系。 第二章P51 1.统计的计量尺度 ①列名尺度（定类尺度）：是按照某一品质标志将总体分组之后，对属性相同的单位进行计量的方法。各组之间的关系是并列的，没有大小、高低、先后之别。 ②顺序尺度（定序尺度）:是按照某一品质标志将总体分组，对等级相同的单位进行计量的方法。各组之间的关系是有顺序的，可以进行排序。 ③间隔尺度（也称定距尺度）：是按某一数量标志将总体分组，对相同数量或相同数量范围的单位或其标志值进行计量的方法。其特点是不仅可以进行排序，还可以计算不同数值之间的绝对差距。 ④比例尺度（也称定比尺度）：是类似于间隔尺度，又高于间隔尺度的计量方法。其特点是不仅可计算数值的绝对差异，还可以计算数值的相对差异。 2.简述统计分组的概念和作用。 概念：统计分组是根据统计研究目的，选择一定的分组标志，将总体划分为若干组的统计方法。其目的是使组与组有明显差别，同一组中具有相对的同质性。（例：人口按性别、年龄、民族、职业分组；企业按规模分为大型、中型和小型。）

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