In-class exercises (1)
Introduction & Lecture 1:
I. Decide whether each of the underlined parts is a(n) independent simple clause独立简单分句/简单句, independent complex clause独立复杂分句/复杂句, subordinate simple clause从属简单分句or subordinate complex clause从属复杂分句.
1.It is not true.
2.What you said is not true.
3.He said that it was not true.
4.He complained that what you said is not true.
5.He knows everything about it.
6.I don’t think that he knows everything about it.
7.If that hat does not fit, try another.
8.How the book will sell depends on its author.
9.The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.
10.The boy can stay in the room so long as he keeps quiet.
II. Decide whether each of the underlined parts is a(n) finite clause, non-finite clause or verbless clause.
1.His new book will soon come out.
2.It is forbidden to smoke in this room.
3.Covered with confusion, she hurriedly left the room.
4.Leaving the room, he tripped over the mat.
5.The discussion completed, the Chairman adjourned the meeting for half an hour.
6.The man, wearing such dark glasses, obviously could not see clearly.
7.Speechless, Victor Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat.
8.An excellent speaker, he was never at a loss for a word.
9.I hope to be able to come.
10.I heard him singing in the next room.
11.This dictionary will look nice when printed.
III. Which of the following is a compound complex sentence?
1. The student can go with us or they can stay at home.
2. It would be dark before he could reach the village, and he heaved a heavy sign when he thought of encountering the terrors of Dame Van Winkle.
3. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is Keith.
4. This sentence may be correct grammatically, but a native speaker never says it in that way. IV. Decide what kinds of clause elements the underlined parts are:
当动词后面的形容词或名词短语用来修饰主语，或说明主语是什么或是谁时，这种形容词或名词短语叫做补足语complement，动词叫作系动词linking verb。
1. She is in good health.
2. Iran is a doctor.
3. The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late.
4. The mystery is whether he ever went there at all.
5. The problem is not who will go but who will stay.
6. She seems (to be) a very efficient salesperson.
7. She proved (to be) an extremely enthusiastic teacher.
8. She became a good tennis player.
9. The children went completely crazy at the party.
10. She seemed unable to concentrate.
11. I first got suspicious when he looked into all the cars.
12. The job turned out (to be) far easier than I’d expected.
13. The room appears (to be) brighter than when I last saw it.
14. I didn’t go in because she appeared to be asleep.
15. The roads seem to be getting icy ,so drive carefully.
16. He only looked to be about 10 years old, but I knew he must be a lot older.
17. I eventually came/grew(逐渐变得) to appreciate his work.
18. I soon got (逐渐变得) to know their names.
19. He became recognized as an expert.
20. He had just got divorced when he met Marianne.
21. The house became Peter’s in 1980.
1. We made him our spokesman.
2. They elected him president.
3. The directors appointed him sales manager.
4. The people of the country will hold the government responsible.
5. Beckman pronounced himself fit for the match.
6. She found herself in an embarrassing situation.
7. He pronounced himself in favour of the plan.
8. She declared herself to be satisfied with the result.
9. They considered the food to be incredible.
10. I have always found him to be reliable.
11. We believe her to be happy at school.
12. The scientific evidence proved him to be guilty.
1. The train leaves at six.
2. The instant she saw him, she knew he was her lost brother.
3. Whenever I met with any difficulty, he came to my help.
4. I lived in Beijing.
5. The snake warms up and crawls out of the bag.
6. Everywhere they went, the visitors were warmly received.
7. Wherever he happens to be, John can make himself at home.
8. He treated her vilely.
9. She’s doing her work the way I like it done.
10. You must do the exercises as I show you.
11. To turn on refugees because of Paris is week and absurd
12. Coward as he was, Bob ran back as soon as the enemy attacked.
13. Neptune(海王星) takes 165 years to complete its path, or obit, around the sun.
14. He had overslept, so that he was late for work.
15. I was in the bath, with the result that I didn’t hear the knock at the door.
16. John quickly finished homework and went out to play.
17. The teacher must speak clearly so that his students can understand well.
18. They climbed to the top of the building in order that they could get a bird’s -eye view of the city.
19. In case it rains, do not expect me.
20. Provided (that) he wins the support of the minority groups, he will be able to win the election.
21. You can go out, as/so long as you promise to be back before eleven.
22. I shouldn’t have time to see him even if he were here.
23. He passed examination although he had been prevented by illness from studying.
24. Rich as he is, Mr Johnson is by no means a happy man.
25. They had to face the fact that the nearest filling station is 30 miles away.
26. I have no idea how much of a scholar he is.
27. My original question, why he did it at all, has not been answered.
28. You must give it back to whoever it belongs to.
Lecture 2 & 3
I. Choose either or both of the number forms in brackets:
2.1
1. The government (has, have) asked the country to decide by a vote.
2. Fifteen miles (seems, seem) like a long walk to me.
3. Either my brothers or my father (is, are) coming.
4. Only one out of five (was, were )present.
5. No one except his own supporters (agrees, agree) with him.
6. Neither Julia nor I (am, are) going.
2.2
1. Mumps(腮腺炎)(is, are) a kind of infectious disease.
2. Rickets(软骨病)(is, are) caused by malnutrition.
3. Darts (is, are) essentially a free and easy game.
4. Three darts (is, are) thrown at each turn.
5. Acoustics (is, are) the science of sound.
6. The acoustics(音响效果)in the new concert hall (is, are) faultless.
7. The United States (is, are) a country of people with varied origins.
8. The Himalayas (has, have) a magnificent variety of plant and animal life.
9. The Niagara Falls (is, are) perhaps the most famous waterfall in the world.
10. Joe’s new trousers (is, are) black and white.
11. One pair of scissors (isn’t, aren’t) enough.
12. Two pairs of pliers, one large and one small, (is, are) missing from my tool box.
13. His whereabouts (was, were) known only to his personal staff.
14. The dramatics(舞台艺术)of the performance (was, were) marvellous.
15. The only means to achieve success (is, are) to appeal to arms.
16. All means (has, have) been tried out to increase agricultural production.
17. A new species of mammal (has, have) been found.
18. Altogether, about 450 species of flatfish (is, are) known.
19. What(is, are) the odds?(= What’s the matter?)
20. The odds (is, are) against us. (= We are not likely to succeed.)
21. His remains (lies, lie) in the churchyard.
22. The remains of the meal (was, were) fed to the dog.
Exercise 2A
2.3
1.Domestic cattle (provides, provide) us with milk, beef, and hides.
2.All the machinery in the factory (is, are) made in China.
3.The football team (is, are) being organized.
4.The football team (is, are) having baths and (is, are) coming back here for tea.
5.A committee of five men and three women (is, are) to consider the matter.
6.The committee (was, were) divided in opinion as to whether the matter should be dealt with at once.
Exercise 2B
3.1
1. Baseball and swimming (is, are) usually summer sports.
2. The secretary and treasurer (is, are) absent.
3. Ham and eggs (is, are) a good breakfast.
4. What I say and think (is, are) no business of yours. (= What I say and what I think...)
5. Each man and each woman (is, are) asked to help.
6. Every flower and every bush (is, are) to be cut down.
7. Many a boy (was, were) disappointed after seeing the film.
8. My sisters or my brother (is, are) likely to be at home.
9. Either my father or my brothers (is, are )coming.
10. Not only the switches but also the wiring (has, have) been changed.
11. His brother rather than his parents (is, are) to blame.
12. Some of the workers as much as the manager (was, were) responsible for the loss.
13. The father, as well as his sons, (is, are) going to enroll.
14. The manager with some workers (was, were) working during the holidays.
15. No one except two students (was, were) late for the dinner.
Exercise 3A:
3.2
1.The treasurer thought that sixty-five dollars (was, were) not too much to ask.
2.There (was, were) six silver dollars in each of the stockings.
3.Thirty-five percent of the doctors (was, were) women.
4.Over sixty per cent of the city (was, were) destroyed in the water.
5.Forty minus fifteen (leaves, leave) twenty-five. 40-15=25
6.Forty divided by eight (is, are) five. 40/8=5
7.Seven plus/ and five (makes, make) twelve. 7 + 5=12
8.Five times eight (is, are) forty. 5*8=40
9.One in ten students (has, have) failed the exam.
10.Most of the money (was, were) recovered by Deputy Player.
11.Most of the members (was, were) there.
12.Lots of stuff (is, are) going to waste.
13.Lots of people (is, are) waiting outside.
14.Plenty of the sugar (is, are) imported from Cuba.
15.Plenty of the men (is, are) already here.
16.A substantial portion of reports (is, are) missing.
17.There (is, are) a collection of pictures at the Town Hall.
18.A series of accidents (has, have) been reported.
19.Many a man (has, have) sacrificed his life.
20.More than one member (has, have) protested against the proposal.
21.More persons than one (has, have) been involved.
Exercise 3B:
3.3
1. What I saw (was, were) a car.
2. What I say and think (is, are) no business of yours.
3. What caused the accident and who was responsible for it (remains, remain) a mystery to us.
4. What they want (is, are) promises.
5. To eat well (is , are) all he asks.
6. Playing tennis (is, are) a very good exercise.
7. Reading Ibsen （阅读易卜生剧本）and solving a quadratic equation（解二次方程）（is, are) entirely different assignments.
8. Joan is one of those people who (goes, go) out of their way to be helpful.
9. Selfishness is the one of her many faults which (defeats, defeat) itself.
10. It is I who (is, am) to blame.
11. It is me that (is, am) to blame.
12. There (is, are) a book on the desk.
13. There (is, are) many people in the street.
14. There (is, are) more grace and less carelessness.
15. The majority of children (likes,like) sweets.
16. The wise (looks, look) to the wiser for advice.
17. The deceased (is, are) my uncle.
18. The best (is, are) yet to come.
19. The unknown (is, are) always something to be feared.
Exercise 3C
Lecture 4 & 5
4.2.1
b) foreign plurals:
What are the plurals for the following words?
foot, goose, tooth,
mouse, louse,
child, ox,
datum, stratum, memorandum, curriculum, sanatorium, medium,
basis, hypothesis, parenthesis, thesis, crisis,
criterion, phenomenon,
fungus, alumnus, cactus, radius, teminus, nucleus, focus,
formula, alumna, antenna,
appendix, index,
plateau,
Words whose singular and plural number share the same form:
deer, sheep, fish, craft, aircraft, hovercraft, spacecraft, trout,
barracks, headquarters, means, works, series, species,
Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Lebanese, Sinhalese, Vietnamese
Swiss,
4.2.2
a) collective nouns
What are the individual nouns correspondent to the following collective nouns?
poetry, machinery, clothing, furniture, cutlery, equipment, weaponry, foliage, correspondence(信件), luggage, police, clergy
b) material nouns
What are the meanings of the following material nouns?
sand[U]/ sands; snow[U]/ snows; water[U]/ waters;
food[U]/ foods; coffee[U]/ coffees;
rubber[U]/ rubbers, stone[U]/ stones; egg[U]/ eggs; lamb[U]/ lambs; onion[U]/ onions;
In Britain tea is usually drunk with sugar in it.
I’d like to have a famous tea.
We hardly bought wine at lunch time.
We like wines and liquors.
How many beers were you wanting?
c) abstract nouns
What are the meanings of the following nouns?
advice[U]/ advices; experience[U]/ experiences; evidence[U]/ evidences; relation[U]/ a relation by marriage(姻亲); sympathy[U]/ sympathies; youth[U]/ youths; worry[U]worries; distraction[U]/ distractions; business[U]/ a shipping businesses(造船公司);
He did it out of kindness to us.
Will you do me a kindness?
What are the individual nouns correspondent to the following abstract nouns?
laughter, work, correspondence(通信), photography, music, fun, homework,
P47
(too) much of / enough of/ a little of a fool
as much of a fool as...
more of/ less of a fool than...
Exercise 4C & 4E:
Choose two of the words below as the most likely ways of completing each sentence. For one answer you will need to make the word plural, and for the other you will need to make no change.
accomodation bag equipment house jewellery job
luggage painting s hower sunshine tool work
1.On the weather forecast they said there would be this afternoon.
2.The waiting room was so full of people and their , there was nowhere to sit.
3.Repairing car engines is easy if you’ve got the right .
4.In Stockholm at the moment there’s a fascinating exhibition of from 19th century Sweden.
5.Both my brothers are looking for .
6.The price of has increased by 12% this year alone.
Choose from the words below to complete each sentence. Decide if the word should be countable or uncountable. If the word is countable, add a/an or make it plural as appropriate.
chicken dislike improvement language life success
1.Mary used to keep in her garden until they started to get out.
2.A score of 40% may not be very good but it’s certainly on her last mark.
3.After so many previous , it was inevitable that one of his films would be unpopular.
4.is too short to worry about keeping your house spotlessly clean.
5.I’ve had of green vegetables ever since I was a child.
6.Our students study both and literature in their English degree.
Choose from the words below to complete each pair of sentences. Use the same word in (a) and (b). Decide if the word should be countable or uncountable. If the word is countable, add a/an at an appropriate point in the sentence or make it plural.
damage education traffic paper resistance speech
1 a) I had to go through very strict and traditional.
b) has been hit once again in the government’s spending cuts.
2 a)was building up on the motorway as the fog got thicker.
b) Since the war, illegal in weapons has grown.
3 a) Outnumbered by at least three to none, he knew that was useless.
b) After a while we seemed to build up to mosquitoes.
4 a) The judge awarded Mr Sinclair of nearly ￥50,000.
b) The accident caused someto my car but it wasn’t worth getting it repaired.
5 a)Muriel gaveat the conference on the psychological effects of divorce.
b) The use of recycled is saving thousands of trees from being cut down each year.
6 a) It is said to bethat distinguishes us from the other animals.
b) We had to listen to some long and boringafter the meal.
5.1.3
a)
Judge which of the following expressions are incorrect:
the boy’s father, a boy’s father
the woman’s husband, a woman’s husband
the children’s book, a children’s book(儿童读物)
another three days’ journey, a three days’ journey(三天的旅行)
b)
Judge which of the following expressions are incorrect:
children’s pictorial, pictorial of children(儿童画报)
men’s clothing, clothing of men(男式服装)
a doctor’s degree, a degree of a doctor(博士学位)
the opinion of the chairman appointed a month ago,
the chairman appointed a month ago’s opinion
the income of the rich, the rich’s income(富人的收入)
the city of Rome, Rome’s city(罗马城)
5.2.2
Judge which of the following expressions are incorrect:
a friend of my father, a friend of my father’s
a friend of the doctor’s, a friend of a doctor’s
a cover of the book’s
a daughter of Mrs. Green’s, any/some daughters of Mrs. Green’s, the daughter of Mrs. Green’s
a car of Berry’s, a car of Berry
Exercise 5D:
If necessary, correct these sentences. If they are already correct, put a √.
1.Tony computers have been stolen.
2.When the teacher had called out the girl’s names, they all stepped forward.
3.We had to study Charles Dicken’s early novels at school.
4.I went to the newsagent’s to buy a paper.
5.There were hundreds of bird’s nests in the trees.
6.They’re my mother-in-law’s favourite sweets.
7.I took the books to Lewis house yesterday.
8.If they had been anyone else’s paintings I wouldn’t have gone to the exhibition.
9.She was a friend of my mothers.
10.The worlds airline’s are moving towards a total ban on smoking.
11.The readers letters page in the newspaper is full of complains about the article.
12.I met a cousin of the Duke of Edinburgh last week.
Underline the answer which is correct or more likely.
1.I was surprised by the announcement of yesterday/ yesterday’s announcement.
2.They left their homes because of the extension of the airport/ the airport’s extension.
3.The guitar playing of David/ David’s guitar playing has improved enormously.
4.The completion of the road/The road’s completion was ahead of schedule.
5.At the supermarket, I found I’d brought the shopping list of last week/ last week’s shopping list.
6.It’s the responsibility of the firm who built the houses/ the firm who built the houses’responsibility.
7.That isn’t much use, it’s the calendar of last year/ last year’s calendar.
8.I was shocked by the opinion of Alice/ Alice’s opinion.
9.He gently patted the shoulder of his brother/ his brother’s shoulder.
10.He’s the friend of a man I know at work/ a man I know at work’s friend.
11.The evacuation of the building/ The building’s evacuation took only 10 minutes.
12.They protested about the introduction of the new rules/ the new rules’ introduction.
13.They were shocked by rudeness of Bill/ Bill’s rudeness.
14.They were happy about the extension of the railway line/ the railway line’s extension.
15.They were lucky to escape from the fire of this morning/ this morning’s fire.
Lecture 11 & 12
现在进行时和一般现在时
1.一些动词描述状态和描述动作时具有不同的含义。使用它们的状态意义时，通常用一般现在时，不用现在进行时；使用它们的动作意义时，通常要根据具体语境来决定是用一般现在时还是现在进行时。试比较：
The new treatment for the influenza doesn’t appear to work.(appear: 表状态= seem) Madonna is currently appearing in a musical on Broadway./She often appears in musicals. (appear: 表动作= take part)
2.动词consider表示“仔细考虑”时，只能用现在进行时：
He’s considering taking early retirement. （而不用He considers taking early retirement.)
其他描述喜好或心理状态的动词（如agree, believe, conclude, know, prefer）很少使用现在进行时：
I believe you now. （而不用I’m believing you now.）
3.如果想要表现得特别礼貌或友好，尤其是在不确定对方对某事是何感觉或会对我们所说的话有何反应时，可使用动词wonder的现在（或过去）进行时，而不用一般现在（或过去）时：
You said that there were only 50 books in the boxes. I’m just wondering/ I was just wondering whether you counted them all?(比I just wonder...?更礼貌)
一般过去时和现在完成时
1.在after, when, until, as soon as, once, by the time和the minute/ second/ moment等引导的时间状语从句中，一般过去时指过去已经完成的事件，而现在完成时指将来要发生的事件。试比较：
After she left hospital（过去）, she had a long holiday.
After Dominic has left school（将来）, he will be spending six months in India.
The minute I got the news about Sue（过去）I telephoned my parents.
I’ll contact you the minute I’ve got my exam results.（将来）
过去进行时和一般过去时
1.描述过去某个时间先后发生的两个或两个以上的动作或事件时，都用一般过去时，不用过去进行时：
She got up when the alarm clock went off.
He jumped out of bed and ran to see who the parcel was for.
现在完成进行时和现在完成时
1.持续不变的状态的动词，如belong, know, (dis)like, understand等，不用现在完成进行时：Have you known each other long? (而不用Have you been knowing...)
I haven’t liked ice cream since I ate too much and was sick.(而不用I haven’t been liking...)
2.对所看到的、所听到的事情等做出结论时，用现在完成进行时而不用现在完成时。这种形式经常用来表示抱怨或批评：
Who’s been messing around with my papers? They’re all over the place.
You’ve been eating chocolate, haven’t you? There’s some on your shirt.
3.讨论情况或行为对现在的影响或已经取得的结果时，经常使用现在完成时而不是现在完成进行时。如果强调过程，既可以用现在完成时，也可以用现在完成进行时。试比较：Prices have decreased by 7%. (而不用Prices have been decreasing by 7%.)
Prices have been decreasing recently. (或Prices have decreased...)
I’ve used three tins of paint on the kitchen walls. (而不用I’ve been using three tins of paint on the kitchen walls.)
I’ve been using a new kind of paint on the kitchen walls. (或I’ve used...)
4.现在完成进行时可用来强调行为正在进行或重复发生，而现在完成时表示行为只发生过一次或特定多次：
Joseph has been kicking a football against the wall all day.(比...has kicked...更常见)
He has played for the national team in 65 matches so far.(而不用He has been playing for the national team in 65 matches so far.)
试比较：
The workers have been calling for the chairman’s resignation.(强调多次，可能持续很长的时间) Workers have called for management to begin negotiations on pay.(也许多次，也许只一次)
过去完成进行时和过去完成时
1.过去完成进行时用来表示某件事一直持续到过去某个特定的时间，或之前不久。过去完成时用来表示在过去某个时间点之前完成的动作：
I’d been finishing some work in the garden when Sue arrived, so I didn’t hear her come in.(而不用I’d finished some work in the garden when Sue arrived, so I didn’t hear her come in. )
I’d finished all the ironing so I started cleaning the windows.(而不用I’d been finishing all the ironing so I started cleaning the windows.)
2.如果表示某件事到过去某个特定时间为止发生了多少次，用过去完成时，不用过去完成进行时：
How many times had you met him before yesterday?(而不用How many times had you been meeting...)
I had stayed in the hotel twice in the 1980s.(而不用I had been staying in the hotel twice...)
3.过去完成进行时主要用于书面文章，在口语中很少用。以下是过去完成进行时用在新闻报道中的两个例子：
The body of a climber who went missing in the Alps was finally found yesterday. Carl Sims had been climbing alone in the dangerous area of Harz Waterfall, which has claimed many lives in the past.
A spokesman for the company said Morgan hadn’t been working for them long and wasn’t familiar with safety procedures: ‘It was an unfortunate incident...’
Lecture 13
will和be going to
1.Will和be going to都可用来表示对未来的计划或认为在将来可能发生的事情，但在非正式文体中经常使用be going to。
2.根据自己的主观意见或过去的经验做出预测，用will，而不用be going to。
Why not come over at the weekend? The children will enjoy seeing you again.
‘Shall I ask Sandra?’‘No, she won’t want to be disturbed.’
在现有一些证据的基础上做出预测，用be going to，而不用will。
The sky has gone really dark. There’s going to be a storm.
‘What’s the matter with her?’‘It looks like she’s going to faint.’
3.表示在说话时所作的决定用will，在说话之前已经作出的关于未来的决定用be going to。试比较：
I’ll pick him up at 8.00.（提议，现在做出的安排）
I’m going to collect the children at 8.00.（事先安排好的）
但在正式文体中，表示说话之前已经详细安排好的将来的事情时，用will，而不用be going to。试比较：
Are you going to talk tonight?
The meeting will begin at 9.00 a.m. Refreshments will be available from 8.30 onwards.
4.如果一件事逻辑上是另一件事的结果，用will，而不用be going to：
If you don’t switch on the monitor first, the computer won’t come on.
用一般现在时和现在进行时表示将来
1.一般现在时或will常用来表示将要发生的事情，它们通常是计划好的安排或日常工作。但一般现在时常表示确定不变的事情。试比较：
Does the sale finish on Thursday or Friday?(或Will the sale finish...?)
The sun rises at 5.16 tomorrow.(比The sun will rise...更常见)
谈论非正式或非常规的安排或预测时，不用一般现在时，而要用will, be going to或现在进行时：
Are you just staying in to watch TV tonight, or are you coming dancing?(而不用Do you just stay in to watch TV tonight, or do you come...)
It’s only a problem in Britain now, but it will affect the rest of Europe soon.(而不用...but it affects the rest of Europe soon.)
2.以下情况不用现在进行时表示将来：
预测或转述我们无法控制的行为或事件（我们无法安排这些事）：
I think it’s going to rain soon.
Scientists say that the satellite won’t cause any damage when it falls to Earth some time this afternoon.
谈论未来永久性的情况时：
People are going to live/ will live longer in the future.
Her new house is going to have/ will have three floors.
3.通常避免使用be going to + go/ come的结构，而代之以go和come的现在进行时：
I’m going to town on Saturday.(而不用I’m going to go to town...）
Are you coming home for lunch?(而不用Are you going to come...)
be to + 不定式
be to + 不定式通常用在新闻报道中，表示在不远的将来可能发生的事情：
Police officers are to visit every home in the area.
The main Rome to Naples railway line i s to be reopened today.
注意，be to + 不定式主要用在新闻报道和正式语境中，be about to + 不定式经常用在对话中：We’re just about to eat. Do you want to join us?
I was about to go to bed when my brother turned up.
从过去看将来
谈论过去某个时刻看将要发生的行为或事件时，was/ were to + 不定式表示某件事确实发生了，was/ were to have + 过去分词表示某件事预计会发生，但还没有发生：
At the time she was probably the best actor in the theatre company, but in fact some of her colleagues were to become much better known.
He was to find out years later that the car he had bought was stolen.
The boat, which was to have taken them to the island, failed to arrive.
There was to have been a ban on smoking in restaurants, but restaurant owners have forced the council to reconsider.
但是，注意在不那么正式的语境中，使用be supposed to会更自然：
I was supposed to help, but I was ill (比I was to have helped...更自然)
was/ were to + 不定式可作非正式用法，表示没有发生的事情：
We were to see each other that day, but I had to phone and cancel. (或We were to have seen.../ We were supposed to see...)
Lecture 14 & 15
被动句的构成
1.诸如give这样的动词在以下两种句型中可以带直接宾语(DO)和间接宾语(IO)：
V + IO + Do或V + DO +介词+IO。那么相应就有两种被动形式：
Alice gave us that vase.
We were given that vase (by Alice).
Alice gave that vase to us.
That vase was given (to) us (by Alice).
注意，在非正式文体中，第二种被动形式中的to可以省略。类似的动词大多有“giving”的意思。比如award, hand, lend, offer, send, throw，或者有“telling”的意思，比如ask, read, teach。
在主动句中不能跟IO + DO的动词只有一种被动形式：
*He explained me the problem.
*I was explained the problem.
He explained the problem to me.√
The problem was explained to me.√
类似的动词大多有转述所说和所想的意思，包括announce, demonstrate, describe, introduce,
mention, propose, report, suggest。
2. 在主动句中后跟宾语+补足语的动词只有一种被动形式：
They elected her president.
She was elected president.
类似的动词有给某人某个特定职位的意思，比如appoint, declare, make, nominate, vote或者“命名”的意思，比如call, name, title。
3. 主动句中某些后面跟名词短语+ing形式的动词没有被动形式：
I dread him (或his) finding out. (但不用He is dreaded finding out.)
类似的动词包括anticipate, appreciate, dislike, forget, hate, imagine, like, (not) mind, recall, remember。
4. 主动句中某些后面跟宾语+带to的不定式的动词没有被动式：
Susan liked Tom to be there. (但不用Tom was liked to be there.)
类似的动词有“喜欢”和“想”的意思，比如(can’t) bear, hate, love, need, prefer, want, wish。
被动语态的使用
1. 在陈述事实，尤其是描述步骤或过程时，经常使用被动语态以省去施动者：
Nuclear waste will still be radioactive even after 20,000 years, so it must be disposed of very carefully. It can be stored as a liquid in stainless-steel containers which are encased in concrete. The most dangerous nuclear waste can be turned into glass. It is planned to store this glass in deep underground mines.
2. 在非正式文体，尤其是口语中，当不知道施动者是谁时，常用在people, somebody/ someone, something, they, we或you作主语；在较正式的文体中，则多用被动态以避免提及施动者。试比较：
Somebody will give you the questions a week before the exam.
You will be given the questions a week before the exam. (或The questions will be given to you...)（两个都更加正式）
They’re installing the new computer system next month.
The new computer system is being installed next month. (更加正式)
3.为避免用that从句作被动句的主语，通常使用it从句：
Everybody believed (that )the plan would fail. (主动句)
It was believed that the plan would fail. (被动句) 比That the plan would fail was believed by everybody. (被动句)更自然。
用动词的被动式转述和it is said that...
1.转述未加指明的某些人所说的话时，还常用it + 动词被动式+that-从句的句型。这种句型可以把重要的信息放在句末：
It is reported that the damage is extensive.
其他可以用这种句型的动词有：
agree, allege, announce, assume, believe, calculate, claim, consider, decide, demonstrate, discover, establish, estimate, expect, feel, find, hope, intend, know, mention, plan, propose, recommend, reveal, say, show, suggest, suppose, think, understand.
注意，也有许多其他和转述有关的动词不用于这种句型，比如encourage, inform, persuade, reassure, remind, tell, warn。
We have been informed that we have to leave the building. (但不用It has been informed us...)
这些动词的主动形式在that-从句之前需要有人称宾语（比如They have informed us that...)。
2. 当that-从句以that + there...开头时，相应的被动形式为there +动词被动式+to be/ to have been。试比较：
It is thought (that) there are too many obstacles to peace.
There are thought to be too many obstacles to peace.
In 1981 it was believed (that) there were only two experts on the disease in the country.
I 1981 there were believed to be only two experts on the disease in the country.
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第一句问：“你星期天干什么”； 第二句问：“房子怎么样了”； 第三句问：“爸爸是不是下班了”。 为了表达出发问的语气，句子的末尾用了表示疑问语气的“吗”字和“？”，句意更清楚，听的人就更明白了。还有一种表达感情的句子，也是由两个部分组成的。 例三： 1这棵白杨多高啊！ 2我玩儿得多么开心啊！ 第一句讲“白杨高”，第二句讲“我开心”，都是讲“谁”或“什么”“怎么样”。 为了表达对白杨的赞美和“我”的高兴心情，句子的末尾加上了“啊”字和“！”。 1、谁干什么 例：学生写字。 1 农民___________。 2 __________扫地。 3 小鸟__________。 4__________吃害虫。 2、谁是什么
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建立业务关系 Dear Sirs， Through the courtesy of Mr.Freemen,we are given to understand that you are one of the leading exporters of Chinese light industrial products in your area. We now avail ourselves of this opportunity to write to you and see if we can establish business relations with you. We are very well connected with all the major dealers of light industrial products in this area . We are confident that we can sell large quantities of Chinese goods if we receive your offers at competitive prices. Please send to us necessary information regarding your products for export. We look forward to receiving your early reply. Y ours sincerely, XXX Dear Sirs， We acknowledge with thanks the receipt of your letter of September 10 ,2009,informing us of your interest in our products. We look forward to establishing positive business relationship with your corporation. We are a state-owned corporation（国有公司) specializing in the export of Chinese light industrial products. We are convinced that our joint business efforts will be to our mutual benefit. As requested, a booklet including a general introduction , the scope of business and other topics are enclosed for your reference . Should you require any further information,please don't hesitate to let us know. Y ours sincerely, XXX 询盘 United Textiles Ltd. Y ork House , Lawton Street ,
外贸函电重点句型
Warm-up exercises Warm-up exercises One 1.我们无意催促你们作出决定，为你方利益着想，建议你们尽快利用此次报盘We have no intention of urging you to make the decision, thinking about for the interests of you, advise you to utilize this offer as soon as possible 2.将我们的报价与其他公司比较后，相信你们会赞同我们所提供的商品价廉物美。 After comparing our quotation with other companies, it is believed that it is good and cheap that you will agree to the goods that we offer. 3.我方欣然接受你们A103号订单订购1，000件“英雄”牌男式衬衣，请按合同规定的条款开立以我方受益人的即期信用证。 We accept your order No. A103 and order 1,000 " hero " brand shirts in men's style joyfully, the clause that please stipulate according to the contract is opened with our beneficiary's sight letter of credit. 4.依照随函附上的详细情况，我们向贵公司订购中国面料。请注意，货物必须与样品完全相符。如果第一份试购单令人满意，我们将继续大量订购。According with the details enclosed, we purchase the Chinese surface fabric from your company. Please note, the goods must be in full conformity with the samples. If the first trial order is satisfactory, we will continue ordering in a large amount. 5.抱歉，不能接受你们的还盘，因我衬衣的报价与当前市场价格相符。 I am sorry, can't accept your counter offer, because the quotation of my shirt is in conformity with market price at present. Warm-up exercises TWO 1.要求定购我们产品的人越来越多。The demand for our products has kept rising. 2.这些报价比其他任何地方都要低得多。 They are still lower than the quotations you can get elsewhere. 3.我想了解一下贵国的投资环境。 I"d like to know some information about the current investment environment in your country. 4.我们相信双方都有一个光明的前景。We are sure both of us have a brighter future. 5.我们的对外贸易政策一向是以平等互利、互通有无为基础的。 Our foreign trade policy has always been based on equality and mutual benefit and exchange of needed goods. Warm-up exercises 3 我认为你推销时不会有任何困难。I don"t think you"ll have any difficulty in pushing sales. 一般你们报盘的有效期是多长？How long will your offer hold good?
外贸英语函电书写格式要求
外贸英语函电书写格式要求 各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢 篇一：外贸英语函电写作技巧 外贸英语函电写作技巧 英文信函的信头也称信端，其内容包括发件公司的名称、标志、通信地址、电话号码、传真号、电子邮箱等。书写信头的目的是为了方便收件人了解信函来自何处，并为回复提供联系方式。 很多公司都会印制带信头的信纸。一般来说，人们喜欢将简单的信头放在信纸上端居中，将复杂的信头放在信纸的右侧或上下两端。在使用这种信纸打印信函时，一定要注意为信头留出足够的空间。 对于私人商务信函，如求职信等，信头通常写在信纸的右上方。 如果信函的长度超过两页，那么从第2页开始就不再需要信头了，只需写
上页码、收件人姓名及日期。 英文地址的书写和中文地址的书写有很大区别，应遵循从小到大的原则。特别值得注意的是，地址中的标点符号需正确使用。当前的习惯做法是，行末一般不加标点符号，但行中间该加标点的地方，还是不应省略。门牌号码与街道名称之间不加标点，但是在城市与国家名称之间必须用逗号分开。 英文商务信函中称呼的书写有讲究 在英文信函书写中称呼是对收信人的尊称语。一般位于信内地址下方空一行；有Attention时也一样，位于Attention 下面空一行。称呼后面一般用逗号（英式），也可以用冒号（美式）。 如果信是写给公司的，并没有直接的联系人，称呼应为：“Dear Sirs,”（英式）或“Gentlemen:”（美式）。在不能确定收信人性别的情况下，还可以使用To Whom It May Concern或Dear Madam or Sir。不过这两种称呼应尽量避免使用，因为人们觉得它们不能显示足够的友
财务管理系统数据库设计
天津丰源汽车连锁服务有限公司成立于1988年，由最初从事汽车及汽车配件进出口贸易，发展成为现在拥有5家3000～5000 m2汽车用品直营连锁超市、一家3500 m2一类大修资质的汽车修理厂、3家三类快修店、一家二手车交易公司、一个汽车锁业公司、一个爱车俱乐部、一个汽车电子技术培训学校的大型联合企业。2001年引进国外汽车用品连锁超市的经营模式，借鉴正规美式仓储超市的经营理念及国内大型民用超市的管理经验，开办了大型汽车用品连锁超市。2001年～2004年，连续开办了5家直营连锁店。公司计划在2010年前再发展2 0～40家连锁店，除了占领天津市场外，还要进军外埠市场。 4.1.1 用户发展战略 1. 横向发展战略 利用自身的优势，涉足与汽车相关的所有领域，包括汽车销售、汽车进出口贸易、二手车销售、爱车俱乐部、汽车装饰用品加工生产及开办汽车电子学校等。 2. 纵向发展战略 ●依托领先的专业品质和16年的行业经验，构筑天津乃至华北地区汽车用品连锁超市网络。 ●沿袭欧美风尚，创造丰源车居文化，引导有车族的消费观向着更高品味发展。 ●拓展丰源汽车用品经营范围，向“高、精、尖、全”发展；不断开发汽车服务领域，以高质量的服务，力争作汽车行业的“龙头”。 3. 公司发展目标 ●5年之内再开设20～40家连锁超市，占领天津市场。 ●以天津为基地，进军外埠市场，力争10年内在华北地区赢得一定的市场占有率。 4.1.2 项目整体目标 对企业的各个层面进行全面、细致、规范的管理。为实现管理手段的科学化、现代化和规范化建立一套先进的信息管理系统。通过本系统的使用，能够达到以下目标：
●精确、实时地反映和准确处理公司各项业务活动，实现企业商品“进、销、调、耗、存、结”以及汽车维修、美容、加工的一体化管理。 ●对汽车维修、美容、加工等环节进行精细化管理。 ●对商品进行条码管理，从商品入库、出库到盘点，统一通过条码进行管理，从而杜绝人为错误的操作和由此导致的盘点数据不正确的问题。 ●有效控制商品的采购，避免商品短缺或重复进货，提高资金利用率。 ●优化商品结构，减少资金占用。 ●合理控制库存，提高库存周转率。 ●彻底解决信息孤岛问题，将各分店、各部门的信息完全共享，为公司将来的快速扩张提供强有力的支持。 ●利用视窗卡对会员进行智能化、人性化的管理，提高公司的形象。 ●及时、准确地将企业各类信息加工处理后反馈给公司的最高管理层，提供可靠、完整、科学的决策依据。 ●加强对员工管理考核的科学性，提高劳动效率，充分调动员工的积极性和创造性。 ●对于公司组织机构的调整、人员职务的变化、业务流程的重新设计及业务操作细节的调整，系统能够有足够的应变机制和可扩展性，从而快速地适应公司的编号。 财务管理作为企业管理的组成部分，与经济价值或财富的保值增值有关，是关于创造财富的决策，企业生存、发展、获利的总目标离不开财务的筹资、投资以及对资金的运用管理。另一方面，财务管理目标是制定生产目标、销售目标等一系列目标的基础和前提，这使得财务管理在企业管理中处于一个核心地位，财务管理目标将从根本上反映企业的总目标。所以确立一个合理的财务管理目标对企业的长远发展有着极为重要的意义。 4.2.1 财务管理的任务 近来，美国接二连三发生的著名企业财务作假事件，不仅沉重地打击了美国经济和投资者的信心，同时也在全球经济一体化的今天，警示着中国企业的决策
《27种常用英文商务信函》
27种常用英文商务信函 1请求建立商业关系 Rogers Chemical Supply Co. 10E.22Street Omaha8,Neb Gentlemen: We have obtained your name and address fro m Aristo Shoes, Milan , and we are writing to enquire whether you would be willing to establish business re lations with us. We have been importers of shoes for many years. At present, We are interested in extending our, range and would appreciate your catalogues and q uotations.If your prices are competitive we would expect to transact a significant volume of business. We look forward to your early reply. Very truly yours 自米兰职权里斯托鞋类公司取得贵公司和地址，特此修函，祈能发展关系。多年来，本公司经营鞋类进口生意，现欲扩展业务范围。盼能惠赐商品目录和报价表。如价格公道，本公司必大额订购。烦请早日赐复。此致 2.回复对方建立商业关系的请求 Thank your for your letter of the 16th of this month. We shall be glad to enter into business relat ions with your company. In compliance with your request, we are sending you, under separate cov er, our latest catalogue and price list covering our export range. Payment should be made by irrevo cable and confirmed letter of credit. Should you wish to place an order, please telex or fax us. 本月16日收到有关商务关系的来函，不胜欣喜。谨遵要求另函奉上最新之出口商品目录和报价单。款项烦请以不可撤销保兑之信用状支付。如欲订货，请电传或传真为盼。此致敬礼 3.请求担任独家代理 We would like to inform you that we act on a sole agency basis fora number of manufacturers. We specialize in finished cotton goods for the Middle eastern market: Our activities cover all types of household linen. Until now , we have been working with your textiles department and our colla boration has proved to be mutually beneficial. Please refer to them for any information regarding o ur company. We are very interested in an exclusive arrangement with your factoryfor the promotio n of your products in Bahrain. We look forward to your early reply. `本公司担任多家厂家的独家代理，专营精制棉织品，包括各灯家用亚麻制品，行销中东。与贵公司向有业务联系，互利互作。贵公司纺织部亦十分了解有关业务合作之情况。盼望能成为贵公司独家代理，促销在巴林市场的货品。上述建议，烦请早日赐复，以便进一步联系合作。此致敬礼
××销售系统财务管理
××销售系统财务管理 一、客户资料建立 1．客户差不多资料建文件: 业务人员应搜集所有经销商差不多资料填立“客户差不多资料表”，审核后归档。 2．客户动态资料记录：应注意及时更新。 财务应注意通过各种渠道把握客户财务状况。 二、客户授信 目的：确保公司债权、货款的安全性，幸免呆帐。 信用治理部门（专门机构或营销、财务组成临时小组）应就客户资料表进行征信调查和信用额度、信用期限的评估； 信用治理应同时包含信用额度和信用期限两项内容，超出任一项，均视为超信用。 凡提供信用必存在风险，必要时需客户提供抵押担保或订金。 营销部门应随时关注客户情形, 深入了解客户的业绩消长、存货状况、资产变化、获利状况及经营者变动等运营情形及业界评判，如发觉客户出现或有专门时，及时采取必要措施，以确保货款安全。 财务部门应每月提供有关客户销售、欠款、存货等变动报表，并对报表数据进行深入分析，提供财务意见。 信用治理部门应每年/半年, 会同业务、财会等有关单位共同就现有客户的收款状况、信用额度及公司授信政策予以检讨、修订。 三、超信用处理 业务出货时，应开立“出货单”，转信用治理部门审查签章后才可转仓库出货。若有超过信用额度情形者，应填制“超信用通知单”；
为达有效监控，一样由商务软件系统治理出货流程，超出核定额度或期限，系统自动不能出货。 超信用由权责人员授权，可依下列方式予以处理： A.增加信用额度：依据有关授信作业规定，申请增加客户信用再行出货。 B.超信用先行出货：必须有相当权限人员授权，作例外处理。 C.先办款再出货：客户先行支付（或多于）此次出货金额后再行出货。 D.暂缓出货：不能依上述情形处理者。 4．超信用的运算公式如下，二者之一者为超信用： A.超信用额度＝核定之信用额度－应收票据－应收帐款－待出货额 B.有逾期欠款（即按帐期应收未收） 四、价格体系 统一价格体系：出厂价、二批供货价、经销商终端供货价、终端建议零售价。 大型/全国性商超由公司统一掌控，价格可单独制定。 客户归口对位，严格执行四级价格，例外处理必须适当授权审批。 五、出货审核 业务销货须开立“出货单”，经财务核对数量、售价，收款条件及信用治理部门信用审核，仓库才可出货。 据公司规定的客户级不和价格体系进行价格审核，若售价低于底限，必须有相当权限人员授权，作例外处理。 A.业务单位的经办人员、主管是否签章；。
推销产品信函中英文对照
推销产品信函中英文对照 Gentlemen：Last year we achieved a 25％ increase in the sales of our businessmen’s suits．we believed that this happy state of affairs can be attributed to two causes．First，we managed to avoid passing on any part of our increased manufacturing costs．Second，we believe ours are products of the finest materials and the highest techniques and are second to none in design and reliability．And so we are happy to be able to tell you that our new season’s suits are，if anything，more attractive than last year’s and our prices will pare very favorably with those of any of our petitors．We believe that you will agree that our samples prove the truth of our claims．We look forward to an even larger order than the one you favored with last year．Yours truly，中文对照敬启者：我公司的男装销售额去年增加25％，我们认为这有两种原因。第一、我们制作成本虽然增加，但售价未增；第二、本公司的产品原料好、技术高，而且在设计和可靠性方面，是独一无二的。能有机会把我公司季节性服装介绍给贵方，至感欣慰。有的同行产品可能比去年更具诱惑性，但我公司的价格比较便宜。我们确信阁下会同意，我方的样品可以证明我们所说的真实性。我方盼接到贵方比去年更多的订单。×××敬上
外贸函电第四章答案
Unit 4 Exercises 1. Complete the following sentences by translating the part in Chinese into English. (1) establishing business relations with your company （与贵公司建立业务关系） (2) On the recommendation of Dalian Trading Company (承蒙大连贸易公司介绍) (3) have the pleasure to introduce ourselves to you （有幸自荐） (4) As requested (根据你方要求) (5) We are looking forward to (我方期盼) 2. Read the following sentences and try to find out the mistakes and make corrections. There is one mistake in each sentence. (1) to →from (2) on →for (3) trading with →handling (4) enter →enter into / enter →establish (5) by separate cover →under separate cover Or by separate cover →by separate mail 3. Translate the following sentences. Part I T ranslate the following sentences into English. (1) We are one of the leading importers dealing in electronic products in the area, and take this opportunity to approach you in the hope of establishing business relations. (2) We have been engaged in handling importing and exporting of machinery and equipment for many years, and our products have enjoyed great popularity in many countries. (3) We owe your name and address to the Commercial Counselor’s Office of our Embassy in Beijing. (4) We are given to understand that you are a manufacturer of daily chemicals. One of our clients intends to buy cosmetics from your country. We will appreciate it highly if you airmail the catalogue and price list of the goods available at present. (5)For our credit standing, please refer to the Bank of China, Shanghai Branch.
句子训练三怎样把句子写具体
怎样把句子写具体 把句子写具体，就是在句子主要成分的前后，加上一些恰当的修饰或补充说明的词语，使句子表达的意思更加清楚明白，更加生动形象。 例如：1．翠鸟掠过湖面。 2．机灵的翠鸟掠过波光粼粼的湖面。 第2句加上一些修饰词语以后，就具体多了。它告诉了我们“是什么样的”翠鸟，掠过的湖面“是什么样的”。如果把第2句再修饰一下：“一只机灵的翠鸟轻轻地掠过波光粼粼的湖面。”表达的意思就更具体了。但要注意一点，把句子写具体并不是堆砌很多词语，只能根据表达的需要，该修饰的就修饰，不该修饰的就不要画蛇添足，以免造成重复、累赘。 例如：1．我们高兴。 2．我们高兴得跳起来。 第2句加上了“跳起来”，就把“高兴”的结果、程度具体地描绘出来，强化了表达的感染力。练习把句子写具体的方法很多，在小学语文课中学过的，有下列三种基本方法： 1．加定语。 例：队旗在空中飘扬。 “（鲜艳的）队旗在（蔚蓝色的）空中飘扬。”括号里的词语我们就叫它定语。加上这些定语后，就知道了是什么样的队旗，在怎样的空中飘扬。表达的意思更明白具体了。 这种练习同学们在语文作业里做过很多。 如；给下面的句子加上词语，使句子表达得更具体。 ①演员们的表演，受到了大家的欢迎。 演员们（）的表演，受到了大家的欢迎。 ②人群热烈欢呼起来。 （）的人群热烈欢呼起来。 上面句子中括号里要加的词语就是定语。加上什么样的定语，能使这两个句子的意思表达得更具体呢 根据句子的内容，第①句可以加下列一些词语： “昨天”——说明表演的时间 “在百花剧院”——说明表演的地点 “精彩”——说明什么样的表演 “昨天在百花剧院精彩”的表演——说明了表演的时间、地点和水平。
外贸函电常见名词英译汉
1. 申请人applicant 2. 实盘firm offer 3. 装运日期Time of shipment/delivery(date of shipment/delivery) 4. 航空货运单air waybill 5. 即期汇票sight draft 6. 合法持有人bona fide holder 7. 通知银行advising bank 8. 检验报告survey report 9. 到岸价CIF/cost, insurance and freight 10. 信用证修改书amendment to letter of credit 11. 中国对外贸易运输公司China National Foreign Trade Transportation Corporation 12. 代收银行，汇付行collecting bank 13. 订舱book shipping space 14. 运费率Freight rate 15.钩损险Hook Damage Risk 16.包装不良Improper packing 17. 支付条款Payment terms/terms of payment 18. 汇票draft 19. 装运港port of loading 20. 品质检验证书Inspection Certificate of Quality 21. 资信状况credit standing 22 信用证letter of credit
23. 销售确认书sales confirmation 24. 电汇telegraphic transfer 25. 仲裁Arbitration 26. 付款交单document(s) against payment 27. 水渍险With particular average/WPA 28. 提单bill of lading 29. 离岸价FOB/free on board 30. 贸易条款terms and conditions 31. 装箱单packing list 32. 原产地证明certificate of origin 33. 开证行Issuing/opening bank 34. 装运单据shipping documents 35. 综合险All Risks 36. 有关信用证the relevant letter of credit 37. 销售合同Sales Contract 38. 保险单Insurance Policy 39. 租船契约Charter Party 40. 索赔Lodge a claim (againt)…/claim 41.商业发票Commercial Invoice 42. 中国商检局China Commodity Inspection Bureau 43. 装船通知shipping advice/notice 44.目的港port of destination
小学生作文基本功训练：怎么把句子写完整
小学生作文基本功训练：怎么把句子写完整怎样把句子写完整？ 一个完整的句子，要符合两个要求：一是表达的意思要完整；二是结构要完整。结构完整的句子一般有两个部分。前一部分主要讲“谁”或“什么”，后一部分主要讲“干什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”。要告诉别人一件事，或表达一个完整的意思，一定要把句子的两个部分都写出来，意思才能表达清楚。 如下面例句： 1 姐姐 2 妈妈 3 菊花学打字。是优秀教师。真好看。 这三个句子各表达了一个完整的意思。第一句告诉我们“谁干什么——姐姐学打字”；第二句告诉我们“谁是什么——妈妈是优秀教师”；第三句讲“什么怎么样——菊花真好看”。如果少了一个部分，句子就不完整，意思就不清楚了。 又如： 1 你 2 房子 3 爸爸星期天去图书馆吗？建好了吗？下班了吗？ 这三个句子是向别人发问的。都表达出了完整的意思，也是由两个部分组成。第一句问：“你星期天干什么”；第二句问：“房子怎么样了”；第三句问：“爸爸是不是下班了”。为了表达出发问的语气，句
子的末尾用了表示疑问语气的“吗”字和“？”，句意更清楚，听的人就更明白了。 还有一种表达感情的句子，也是由两个部分组成的。 例三： 1 这棵白杨多高啊！ 2 我玩儿得多么开心啊！ 第一句讲“白杨高”，第二句讲“我开心”，都是讲“谁”或“什么”“怎么样”，都有两部分，意思完整。为了表达对白杨的赞美和“我”的高兴心情，句子的末尾加上了“啊”字和“！”。 把句子写完整，最重要的是掌握好我们在语文课中学过的单句的三种基本句式。 想一想，练一练： 1．按三种基本句式写句子，回答问题。①______ ______ 谁干什么？②______ 什么 ④______ 什么 ⑥______ 什么 ______ 干什么？ ______ 是什么？ ______ 怎么样？③______ ______ 谁是什么？⑤______ ______ 谁怎么样？ 2．把下列句子补充完整。①同学们（）②小猴子（）③太阳（）