2012专八改错模拟题1-5

专八模拟改错(1)

Ancient man attempted to change the weather by using magic. While experience taught him this was impossible, __1__

he tried to forecast weather conditions. Even earlier in __2__

1000 B.C. there were weather seers in Babylon----and priests clever enough to denounce as frauds those predicted __3__

the weather a year in the advance. Some forecasters used __4__

methods that seemed to take no connection with the actual __5__

factors controlled the weather. Chickens and other animals __6__

were sacrificed and their intestines poked to find signs indicating rain and drought. Somewhat more scientific were __7__

predictions based on vegetation:"Onion's skin very thin ,mild weather coming in. Onion's skin thick and tough, coming weather is cold and rough."

Insects and animals were also __8__

favorite weather clues: "Before the glowworm lights his __9__

lamp , then the air is always damp ." "If spiders their cobwebs forsake , the weather will for certain break." "If frogs remained in pools , the weather will be fine . If they were seen on rocks, __10__

rain and cold were due." It's difficult to say whether this rhyme should be taken seriously : " Hark , I hear the asses bray . Me thinks we'll have some rain today ."

答案

1.While—When或After.本句的this指代的是to change the weather by using magic. when/after 引导时间状语

2.in—than.earlier是early的比较级，其后应有than

3.those之后加who.who引导定语从句

4. 删除advance前的the.in advance为习语

5. take—have.have connection with 为习语

6. controlled—controlling或在controlled前加that/which.controlling the weather 或that/which controlled the weather做定语修饰the actual factors

7. and—or.rain和draught只能是二者之一

8. 删除is.与上文平衡，均为省略句

9. before—when/if.条件句

10. will—would.if引导的是条件句用的是remained一般过去时

专八模拟改错(2)

It is difficult to think of a nation as an abstract collection of people living on a patch of territory. It is easier to think of as a person. This is why we sometimes call Great Britain __1__ "Britannia" and the United States "Columbia", and think of it as stately women. We also use masculine symbols in our __2__

personification of nations. In 1712 John Arbuthont, a Scot, wrote a political satire in that the characters were supposed __3__

to be typical members of different nationalities. The Englishman was John Bull. This name, which was sufficient flattering to be __4__

adopted generally, combined the most common English first name with a last name indicated strength. John Bull is usually __5__

pictured as a partly businessman with a Union Jack on his hatband.

After the American War of Independence began in 1783, the United __6__

States was knownfor "Brother Jonathan". Jonathan was a biblical __7__

name associated with simple people from rural areas, and it seemed fitting since the United States is rural and unsophiscated, and since __8__

American considered their type of simplicity a virtue compared to __9__

the wickedness of European cities. It is possible, however, that the name was originated with President George Washington, who would __10__

often say, when faced with a hard problem, "Let us consult Brother Jonathan", referring to his secrectary, Johnathan Trumbull.

答案：

1. of和as之间加上it.代替前文的a nation

2.it—both．指代上文的US和Great Britain

3.that—which

4.sufficient—sufficiently．修饰形容词用副词

5. indicated—indicating

6.began—ended．根据历史知识，美国独立战争开始于1776年7月4日（《独立宣言》发表），直到1783年英国正式承认美国独立才结束。

7. for—as．be known for意为“因......而众所周知”

8. is—was．美国过去曾是一个rural and unsophisticated的国家

9.to—with．compare to 意为“把......比作.......”compare with意为“与......比较，与.......匹敌，与......竞争”

10. 删掉name和originated之间的was

专八模拟改错(3)

About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries could be avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1

pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking University. ____2 The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternal Deaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3

within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4

families to moderate size.

This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternal deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5

the United Nation’s Children’s Fund and the US Centers for Disease Control respectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high risk categories. ____6

The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7

maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8

pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9

mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than two years apart.____10

答案：

1. 将had used 改为used。

因为此句是虚拟语气,表示与现在事实相反,故条件从句中应使用一般过去时。例如:

Many would be wise if they did not think themselves wise. 许多人原本会成为聪明人-如果他们

不自以为聪明的话。

2. 将publishing 改为published

report和publish时逻辑动宾关系,故应使用publish的过去分词短语来修饰report。例如: Any discovery that we may make, however small, will remain acquired knowledge. 任何可能的发现,不管多么微不足道,都将成为知识宝库中的一部分。

3. 将theirs 改为their

4. 将among 改为between

在两次怀孕期间留出足够的间隔时间,故用between。

5. 将过去分词excluded 改为介词excluding

excluding意为“不包括……”

6. 将respectably 改为respectively

respectively 意为“分别地”，符合句子的意思。而respectably意为“可敬的，值得尊敬地”。

7. 将evidences 改为evidence

evidence是不可数名词。

8. 将ill改为illness

9. 将year 改为years

10. 将lesser 改为less

专八模拟改错(4)

"Home, sweet home" is a phrase that express an essential attitude in the United States. Whether the reality of life in the family house is sweet or no sweet, the cherished ideal of home _____1 has great importance for many people.

This ideal is a vital part of the American dream. This dream, dramatized in the history of nineteenth century European settlers of American West, was to find a piece of place, build a house _____2

for one's family, and started a farm. These small households were _____3

portraits of independence: the entire family- mother, father, children,even grandparents-live in a small house and working together to ___4

support each other. Anyone understood the life-and-death importance _____5

of family cooperation and hard work. Although most people in the United States no longer live on farms, but the ideal of home ownership _____6

is just as strong in the twentieth century as it was in the nineteenth.

When U.S soldiers came home before World WarⅡ, for example, _____7

they dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there was _____8

a tremendous boom in home building. The new houses, typically in the suburbs, were often small and more or less identical, but it satisfied _____9

a deep need. Many regarded the single-family house the basis of their way of life._____10

答案:

1. 将no 改为not

2. 将place 改为land

place是可数名词，作“地方”讲,而land意为“土地，田地”是不可数名词。例如:

Solitude is a good place to visit but a poor place to stay.

当你偶尔光顾时，独处是一个美妙的境地，但是如果久留，它却是一个糟糕的地方。There is a vacant piece of land near the house; we can build there.

3. 将started 改为start

start应使用不定式，以和前面的find, build一致。

4. 将working 改为work

work应该用第三人称复数，和live一致。另外，family在这里作“家人”讲，是复数。

5 将anyone 改为everyone

这里是要用everyone 指每个人，而不是要用anyone泛指。

6. 将but 删除

7. 将before 改为after

根据上下文判断，这里要表达的是二战之后。

8. 将But 改为And

根据语意，这里要表达的是递进关系，而不是转折关系。例如：

When I do good, I feel good. When I do bad, I feel bad. And that's my religion.

当我行善事，我感到坦然；当我行恶时，我感到内疚。这就是我的人生之道。

9 将it 改为they

10 在house the中间加入介词as

regard...as 作“把……当作……”讲。

专八模拟改错(5)

We live in a society which there is a lot of talk about science, but I would say _____1

that there are not 5 percent of the people who are equipped with school, including college, to understand scientific reasoning. We are more ignorant of science as people _____2

with comparable education in Western Europe.There are a lot of kids who know everything about computers—how to build

them, how to take them apart, and how to write programs for games. So if you ask _____3

them to explain about the rinciples of physics that have gone into creating the _____4 computer, you d on’t have faintest idea. _____5

The failure to understand science leads to such things like the neglect of human _____6 creative power. It also takes rise to blurring of the distinction between science and _____7 technology. Lots of people don’t differ bet ween the two. Science is the production of _____8 new knowledge that can be applied or not, and technology is the application of knowledge to the production of some products, machinery or the like. The two are really different, and people who have the faculty for one very seldom have a faculty for the others. _____9

Science in itself is harmless, more or less. But as soon as it can provide technology, it’s not necessarily harmful. No society has yet earned to forecast the consequences of new technology, which can be enormous._____10

答案:

1. 在which 前加in，或将which 改为where

在这里which引导限制性从句,修饰先行词the society。in which 在从句中作状语,当然也可以用关系副词where引导定语从句,并在从句中作状语,例如:Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned.

2. 将as 改为than

3. 将So 改为But 或者However 或者Nevertheless

因为这里上下文是转折关系。

4. 将about 去掉

因为explain是及物动词。

5. 将you 改为they

6. 将like 改为as

因为such as 是固定搭配。

7. 将takes 改为gives

give rise to表示“引起，导致”之意。

8. 将differ 改为distinguish

牵着表示“有区别”。后者表示“区分，找出……的差别”。

9. 将others 改为other

这样the other就和上文的one构成固定搭配，表示在两个中“一个……；另外一个……”

10. 将harmful 改为harmless，只有这样才可以表达上下文的对比关系。

2012年上海高考语文试卷及答案

2012年上海高考语文试卷 一阅读80分 (一) 阅读下文，完成第1—6题。(16分) 应该认真对待文献综述熊易寒 ①在很长一段时间里，国内学术界都不太重视文献综述。近年来随着学术规范的逐步建立，这种情况有所转变，不过大多数综述都是罗列式的，报幕似的把相关研究一个一个列出来，丝毫感觉不到这些文献之间存在任何内在的关联，甚至也感觉不到这些文献与作者本人的研究有何相干。这样的综述机械、突兀，有生拼硬凑之嫌，称之为“伪综述”亦不为过。 ②阅读国际上的顶级学术刊物，有这么几个发现：一、书评以外的论文〔〕有比较翔实的文献综述；二、专门的文献综述性文章〔〕是由该领域的一流学者撰写的；三、对相关著作的征引〔〕采取间接引用的形式，很少直接引用。这与国内的情形很不一样，值得我们思考。 ③为什么必须有文献综述?一篇优秀的文献综述其实就是一幅学术谱系图。写文献综述不仅是为了陈述以往的相关研究，也不仅仅是为了表示对前辈、同行或知识产权的尊重，更是为了“认祖归宗”，对自己的研究进行定位。有时候只有把一篇文献放到学术史的脉络中去，放到学术传统中去，我们才能真正理解这个文本：作者为什么要做这项研究?他的问题是什么?他试图与谁对话?我们在开始一项研究时也同样要有问题意识和对话意识，不能自说自话。对话的前提自然是倾听，如果连别 的过程中，我们发现了“问题”，才需要与对方进人说了什么都不知道，如何进行对话?正是在倾听 ．． 行讨论，否则便无话可说。通过综述的写作，我们就会知道：别人贡献了什么?我打算或者能够贡献什么?我是否在重复劳动?从这个意义上讲，撰写文献综述首先是为了尊重并真正进入一个学术传统，其次才是利他主义功能——为他人提供文献检索的路线图。 ④为什么专门的文献综述性文章多由大家执笔?这类文献综述看似简单，其实是一项高难度的工作。首先，必须熟悉该领域的重要文献，了解最新的研究进展。在“知识大爆炸”的今天，要做到这一点，非有积年之功不可。其次，面对汗牛充栋的文献，必须具备高超的理解能力和概括能力，从宏观上把握总的研究状况，否则就不是你在驾驭文献，而是文献在驾驭你。我们(特别是初学者)在阅读文献的时候，常常淹没在浩如烟海的文献之中，茫然不知所措，有时甚至感觉被人牵着鼻子走，面对不同观点的学术论争，觉得“公说公有理，婆说婆有理”，不免犯糊涂，此乃“段位”不够所致。最后，这类文献综述往往具有一定的导向性和前瞻性，除了要总结现有研究，还需要高屋建瓴，指出现状的不足及其根源所在，为这一领域甚至整个学科的发展方向提出建设性意见。如此看来，专门的文献综述性文章由德高望重、造诣深厚的学术权威撰写也就在情理之中了。 ⑤为什么要尽可能间接引用?间接引用就是作者用自己的语言表述引文的核心观点。这样做至少有两个好处：一是重新表述需要我们先将对方的观点吃透，然后围绕自己的核心问题和行文思路，重新加以组织，这样可以使论述更加紧凑有力。在这个过程中，我们要尽可能找出不同文本之间的内在关联，它们的分歧是什么，共识是什么，然后将众多的观点进行整合、归类。二是间接引用突破了原文的限制，可以用简洁的语言进行概括，有效节省篇幅。 ⑥规范的文献综述，要求学者有严谨、认真的治学态度，也需要学术刊物的大力倡导和支持。因为有了文献综述，论文的篇幅势必扩大，有限的版面会更加紧张，但论文质量将更有保障。因版面限制而砍去综述，实在是削足适履的不智之举。

专八改错题技巧

专八改错题技巧+经验 改错题采取的避实就虚的原则，应该从根本上解决问题，大量做题未必是件好事，所谓的基本是指语法概念，我们称之为虚的概念，如主谓一致、代词、冠词、副词、分词、逻辑关系、固定搭配、等是最容易出题的地方，学生应该作一写针对语言点、基本功的练习，推荐宫玉波《语言点必备》达到对语言点的敏感程度。改错不难，关键是对语言点的把握，改错就是以一种比较复杂的结构靠一些比较基础的语言点知识。 对于改错这一题型与其他一些形式不同，它需要考生对英语具备相当高的综合运用能力。无论是语法、词汇还是惯用法都能成为改错的对象。考生必须在全面理解短文内容的基础上指出并改正错误，使句子和短文的意思以及句、段的结构正确、完整。这种改错要求考生具有语篇水平（Discourse level）。故此可以说，在某种程度上，它能较清晰地反映出考生的总体英文水平。 另外，该题型的主要特点是，一改传统的句子单位改错，代之以篇章单位的短文形式。这一改革不仅要求考生有更高的阅读理解能力，而且迫使考生摆脱原先较为孤立片面的思维定势，以一种连贯的思路整体的眼光去适应这一新题型。 做题时千万不要拿起来就改。正确的做法是先从头到尾通读全文，在正确理解或大致正确理解甚至在猜想原文的前提下，再仔细推敲需要改正或增添的内容。此时，考生必须充分调动所掌握的语法和词汇两方面的知识，发挥自身领会、推理，判断乃至猜想的能力，并利用以往的学习经验.做起题来才能游刃有余。 找出错误并改正后，还要注意通读全文。从词汇和语法两方面来检查被改正后的短文的意思是否通顺，逻辑概念是否严密合理，结构是否正确，完整。 总而言之，这一题型对于中国考生来讲，难度很大，因为要求考生指出和改正的错误往往是考生在英语学习中常犯和易犯的错误，不易察觉。这就要求考生在学习时不能'知半解、似是而非，而必须十分仔细、认真并多做这类改错练习，而且每次练习都要遵照正确的方法和步骤.久而久之就能容易地发现和改正语病，答对率也会逐步提高，从而会增强信心，考出最佳成绩。 为了能使考生较为彻底地把握解决错误、识别语病的钥匙，为了避免“知其然而不知其所以然”的现象，我们首先从错误类型归类着手，介绍易于记忆的、起关键作用的要点、标记，并以此作为钥匙去开启识别、改正短文的语病之大门。具体地讲，错误类型有以下几种：1.主谓一致；2.动词时态；3.动词语态：主动／被动语态；4.连接词／并列句／从句；5.比较级；6.虚拟语气；7.非谓语动词；8.代词与先行词的一致；9.倒装句语序；10.赘述；11.增添词；12.易混淆的词。

高考英语各地短文改错汇编试题与解析

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2011年专八真题 部分解析

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