外研版高中英语必修四高二下学期期中考试英语精读试题(1班,无答案)

注意：本试卷分测试卷和答题卷两部分，共5页。满分100分，考试用时90分钟。考试结束后，只交答题卷，测试卷请自主保存。

请用0.5毫米签字笔做答。

Ⅰ. Words Translation (pay attention to the part of speech and the initials)

Ⅲ. Find out mistakes and correct following sentences. (0.5*10=5)

1.( )_______I’ve never heard of the people and things which you talked about just now.

A B C D

2.( )_______ Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a

A B

category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) has internal clocks

C D

3. ( )_______ Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seem to originate

A B C D

from organic matter in marine sediment.

4.( )_______ I’m going to work in the hospital where needs me.

A B C D

5.( )_______ The man whom is speaking at the meeting is a worker.

A B C D

Ⅳ. Translate following sentences into English in accordance with the requirements. （2.5*10=25）

1. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.

倒装句还原.

释义：

2. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.

主干：

释义：

3. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.

主干：

释义：

4.Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity—sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example—are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms.

主干：

翻译：

5. The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth as meteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact.

主干：

翻译

7. The relations (between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms),

have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged.

主干：

翻译：

8. 由原油和天然气组成的石油似乎发源于海洋沉积物中的有机物质。

（A，consisting of ..., seems to...)

9. 由于石油的密度与其下层水的密度不同，或者由于石油上方气体扩张形成了压力，当钻井探至油床时，石油便会上升至井内。

( when ...., oil usually rises up the well because of ..... or because of ....)

10. 各种试图解释白垩纪后期灭绝的各种假说中的一个，是首先由Luis和Walter Alvarez提出的小行星碰撞假说。(Of the......, the one that....is ...... First ..... By ....)

Ⅵ. Reading comprehension.（1-13:2 14:3 总结题：6分共35分）

The Evolutionary Origin of Plants

The evolutionary history of plants has been marked by a series of adaptations. The ancestors of plants were photosynthetic single-celled organisms probably similar to today’s algae. Like modern algae, the organisms that gave rise to plants presumably lacked true roots, stems, leaves, and complex reproductive structures such as flowers. All of these features appeared later in the evolutionary history of plants. Of today’s different groups of algae, green algae are probably the most similar to ancestral plants. This supposition stems from the close phylogenetic (natural evolutionary) relationship between the two groups. DNA comparisons have shown that green algae are plants’ closest living relatives. In addition, other lines of evidence support the hypothesis that land plants evolved from ancestral e green algae: green algae used the same type of chlorophyll and accessory pigments in photosynthesis as do land plants. This would not be true of red or brown algae. Green algae store food as starch, as do land plants and have cell walls made of cellulose, similar in composition to those of land plants. Again, the food storage and cell wall molecules of red and brown algae are different.

Today green algae live mainly in freshwater, suggesting that their early evolutionary history may have occurred in freshwater habitats. If so, the green algae would have been subjected to environmental pressures that resulted in adaptations that enhanced their potential to give rise to land-dwelling organisms.

The environmental conditions of freshwater habitats, unlike those of ocean habitats, are highly variable. Water temperature can fluctuate seasonally or even daily, and changing levels of rainfall can lead to fluctuations in the concentration of chemicals in the water or even to periods in which the aquatic habitat dries up. Ancient freshwater green algae must

have evolved features that enabled the m to withstand extremes of temperature and periods of dryness. These adaptations served their descendants well as they invaded land.

The terrestrial world is green now, but it did not start out that way. When plants first made the transition ashore more than 400 million years ago, the land was barren and desolate, inhospitable to life. From a plant’s evolutionary viewpoint, however, it was also a land of opportunity, free of competitors and predators and full of carbon dioxide and sunlight (the raw materials for photosynthesis, which are present in far higher concentrations in air than in water). So once natural selection had shaped the adaptations that helped plants overcome the obstacles to terrestrial living, plants prospered and diversified.

When plants pi oneered the land, they faced a range of challenges posed by terrestrial environments. On land, the supportive buoyancy of water is missing, the plant is no longer bathed in a nutrient solution, and the air tends to dry things out. These conditions favored the evolution of structures that support the body, vessels that transport water and nutrients to all parts of the plant, and structures that conserve water. The resulting adaptations to dry land include some structural features that arose early in plant evolution; now these features are common to virtually all land plants. They include roots or rootlike structures, a waxy cuticle that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water, and pores called stomata in leaves and stems that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss. Other adaptations occurred later in the transition to terrestrial life and are now widespread but not universal among plants. These include conducting vessels that transport water and minerals upward from the roots and that move photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin, which supports the plant body, helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.

These adaptations allowed an increasing diversity of plant forms to exploit dry land. Life on land, however, also required new m ethods of transporting sperm to eggs. Unlike aquatic and marine forms, land plants cannot always rely on water currents to carry their sex cells and disperse their fertilized eggs. So the most successful groups of land plants are those that evolved methods of fertilized sex cell dispersal that are independent of water and structures that protect developing embryos from drying out. Protected embryos and waterless dispersal of sex cells were achieved with the origin of seed plants and the key evolutionary innovations that they introduced: pollen, seeds, and, later, flowers and fruits.

1.The word “presumably” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A)originally

B)supposedly

C)obviously

D)usually

2. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of ancestral plants EXCEPT:

A) They had cellulose-based cell walls.

B)They were closely related to green algae.

C)They were able to store nutrients.

D)They had a sophisticated multicellular structure

3. The p hrase “subjected to” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A)restricted by

B)distant from

C)exposed to

D)combined with

4. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about ancient green algae?

A)They lived in a generally wet environment that was sometimes dry.

B)They adapted better to changes in water temperature than they did to other

changes in the environment.

C)They inhabited areas that were close to the ocean.

D)They lived primarily on land.

5. The word “desolate” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A)dusty

B)hardened

C) deserted

D) dried out

6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted

sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A)Terrestrial plants had the advantages of not having rivals and having easy access

to photosynthetic material.

B)The abundance of photosynthetic material made life on land easier for pioneering

plants.

C)Once plants had eliminated their competitors and their predators, their

evolutionary process proceeded smoothly.

D)Plant evolution eliminated competitors and made the process of photosynthesis

more efficient.

7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the terrestrial world at the

time it was colonized by plants?

A)It was exposed to high levels of solar radiation.

B)It contained a limited supply of carbon dioxide.

C)It had developed 400 million years earlier.

D)It lacked the presence of any organisms.

8. The word “posed” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A)shared

B)presented

C)strengthened

D)concealed

9. According to paragraph 5, all of the following are problems that early terrestrial plants

had to overcome EXCEPT:

A) a tendency to become dry

B)the inability to limit surface sunlight

C)the absence of a structure to support the body of the plant

D)the inability to transport water and minerals through the plant

10. What purpose does paragraph 5 serve in the larger discussion of the origins of terrestrial

plants?

A)To emphasize how long it took for ancestral plants to adjust to life on l and

B)To disprove the argument that land plants adapted easily to their new terrestrial

environment

C)To explain how plant colonization changed the physical environment of the

terrestrial world

D)To describe how ancestral plants solved the problems they confronted in

colonizing land

11. According to paragraph 6, the adaptations made by terrestrial plants had which of the

following effects?

A)Plants developed reproductive strategies usable in both land and water

environments.

B)The plant diversity achieved in water environments diminished on land.

C)Seed plants became the dominant species among plants.

D) A greater range of plants was able to develop.

12. Which of the following best describes the au thor’s presentation of the information about

land plants?

A)The author provides an overview of the evolutionary relationships between

specific species of algae and land plants.

B)The author discusses the transformations plants underwent in the process of

changing from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment.

C)The author establishes a pattern of similarity between major land and water plant

groups.

D)The author presents evidence to support the hypothesis that plants first fully

evolved in water before finding their way on to land.

13. Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to

the passage.

Scientists believe that chemical changes and a thicker exterior, among other things, may have helped ancient algae overcome the conditions in their environment.

Where does the sentence best fit?

14. Prose Summary

In moving from water to land, ancestral plants overcame many obstacles in order to survive.

Answer Choices:

A)Neither brown nor red algae are likely to be ancestors of plants because of their

difference in pigmentation.

B)The instability of freshwater habitats caused marine algae to develop adaptations

to their harsh environment.

C)The colonization of land by plants was a major revolution in the history of Earth.

D)Terrestrial plants adjusted to life on land by undergoing structural changes that

enabled them to support themselves, resist drying, and exchange gases.

E)To colonize new terrestrial habitats, plants needed to create a way of reproducing

without water.

F)Once plants had overcome the challenges posed by terrestrial life, they prosper ed

by becoming less diverse.

总结没段落的段意：

1.____________________________________________________________

2.____________________________________________________________

3.____________________________________________________________

4.____________________________________________________________

5.____________________________________________________________

6.____________________________________________________________

青岛格兰德中学2013—2014学年度第二学期高二年级精读

中美一班答题卷

注意：本试卷分测试卷和答题卷两部分，共5页。满分100分，考试用时90分钟。考试结束后，只交答题卷，测试卷请自主保存。

请用0.5毫米签字笔做答。

Ⅰ. Words Translation (pay attention to the part of speech and the initials)

Ⅲ. Find out mistakes and correct following sentences.(0.5*10=5)

1.( )_______

2.( )_______

3.( )_______

4.( )_______

5.( )_______

Ⅳ. Translate following sentences into English in accordance with the requirements. （2.5*10=25）

1. 倒装句还原.________________________________________________________________________

释义：

______________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________

2. 主干：____________________________________________________________________

释义：

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

3.主干：____________________________________________________________________

释义：

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

4.主干：____________________________________________________________________

释义：

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

5. 主干：____________________________________________________________________

释义：

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

6.主干：____________________________________________________________________

释义：

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

7. 主干：____________________________________________________________________

释义：

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

8.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

9.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______10.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______

总结没段落的段意：

1. ____________________________________________________________

2.___________________________________________________________

3.____________________________________________________________

4.____________________________________________________________

5.____________________________________________________________

6.____________________________________________________________

Common Progress Please Criticize