《长亭送别》原文和译文(翻译)

《长亭送别》原文和译文（翻译）

导读：长亭送别

原文：

（夫人、长老上，云）今日送张生赴京，十里长亭，安排下筵席。我和长老先行，不见张生、小姐来到。（旦、末、红同上，旦云）今日送张生上朝取应，早是离人伤感，况值那暮秋天气，好烦恼人也呵！“悲欢聚散一杯酒，南北东西万里程。”（旦唱）

[正宫][端正好]碧云天，黄花地，西风紧，北雁南飞。晓来谁染霜林醉？总是离人泪。

[滚绣球]恨相见得迟，怨归去得疾。柳丝长玉骢难系，恨不倩疏林挂住斜晖。马儿迍迍的行，车儿快快的随，却告了相思回避，破题儿又早别离。听得道一声“去也”，松了金钏；遥望见十里长亭，减了玉肌。此恨谁知！

（红云）姐姐今日怎么不打扮？（旦云）你那知我的心里呵！（旦唱）

[叨叨令]见安排着车儿、马儿，不由人熬熬煎煎的气；有甚么心情花儿、靥儿，打扮得娇娇滴滴的媚；准备着被儿、枕儿，只索昏昏沉沉的睡；从今后衫儿、袖儿，都揾做重重叠叠的泪。兀的不闷杀人也么哥?兀的不闷杀人也么哥？久已后书儿、信儿，索与我恓恓惶惶的寄。

（做到科）（见夫人科）（夫人云）张生和长老坐，小姐这壁坐，红娘将酒来。张生，你向前来，是自家亲眷，不要回避。俺今日将莺

莺与你，到京师休辱末了俺孩儿，挣揣一个状元回来者。（末云）小生托夫人余荫，凭着胸中之才，视官如拾芥耳。（洁云）夫人主见不差，张生不是落后的人。（把酒了，坐）（旦长吁科）（旦唱）[脱布衫]下西风黄叶纷飞，染寒烟衰草萋迷。酒席上斜签着坐的，蹙愁眉死临侵地。

[小梁州]我见他阁泪汪汪不敢垂,恐怕人知。猛然见了把头低,长吁气,推整素罗衣。

[幺篇]虽然久后成佳配，奈时间怎不悲啼。意似痴，心如醉，昨宵今日，清减了小腰围。

（夫人云）小姐把盏者！（红递酒，旦把盏长吁科，云）请吃酒！（旦唱）

[上小楼]合欢未已，离愁相继。想着俺前暮私情，昨夜成亲，今日别离。我谂知这几日相思滋味，却原来比别离情更增十倍。

[幺篇]年少呵轻远别，情薄呵易弃掷。全不想腿儿相挨，脸儿相偎，手儿相携。你与俺崔相国做女婿，妻荣夫贵，但得一个并头莲，煞强如状元及第。

（夫人云）红娘把盏者！（红把酒科）（旦唱）

[满庭芳]供食太急，须臾对面，顷刻别离。若不是酒席间子母每当回避，有心待与他举案齐眉。虽然是厮守得一时半刻，也合着俺夫妻每共桌而食。眼底空留意，寻思起就里，险化做望夫石。

（红云）姐姐不曾吃早饭，饮一口儿汤水。（旦云）红娘，甚么汤水咽得下！（唱）

[快活三]将来的酒共食，尝着似土和泥。假若便是土和泥，也有些土气息、泥滋味。

[朝天子]暖溶溶玉醅，白泠泠似水，多半是相思泪。眼面前茶饭怕不待要吃，恨塞满愁肠胃。蜗角虚名，蝇头微利，拆鸳鸯在两下里。一个这壁，一个那壁，一递一声长吁气。

（夫人云）辆起车儿，俺先回去，小姐随后和红娘来。（下）（末辞洁科）（洁云）此一行别无话儿，贫僧准备买登科录看，做亲的茶饭少不得贫僧的。先生在意，鞍马上保重者！“从今经忏无心礼，专听春雷第一声。”（下）（旦唱）

[四边静]霎时间杯盘狼藉，车儿投东，马儿向西，两意徘徊，落日山横翠。知他今宵宿在那里？有梦也难寻觅。

（旦云）张生，此一行得官不得官，疾早便回来。（末云）小生这一去白夺一个状元，正是“青霄有路终须到，金榜无名誓不归”。（旦云）君行别无所赠，口占一绝，为君送行：“弃掷今何在，当时且自亲。还将旧来意，怜取眼前人。”（末云）小姐之意差矣，张珙更敢怜谁？谨赓一绝，以剖寸心：“人生长远别，孰与最关亲？不遇知音者，谁怜长叹人？”（旦唱）

[耍孩儿]淋漓襟袖啼红泪，比司马青衫更湿。伯劳东去燕西飞，未登程先问归期。虽然眼底人千里，且尽生前酒一杯。未饮心先醉，眼中流血，心内成灰。

[五煞]到京师服水土，趁程途节饮食，顺时自保揣身体。荒村雨露宜眠早，野店风霜要起迟！鞍马秋风里，最难调护，最要扶持。

[四煞]这忧愁诉与谁？相思只自知，老天不管人憔悴。泪添九曲黄河溢，恨压三峰华岳低。到晚来闷把西楼倚，见了些夕阳古道，衰柳长堤。

[三煞]笑吟吟一处来，哭啼啼独自归。归家若到罗帏里，昨宵个绣衾香暖留春住，今夜个翠被生寒有梦知。留恋你别无意，见据鞍上马，阁不住泪眼愁眉。

（末云）有甚言语嘱付小生咱？（旦唱）

[二煞]你休忧文齐福不齐，我只怕你停妻再娶妻。休要一春鱼雁无消息！我这里青鸾有信频须寄，你却休“金榜无名誓不归”。此一节君须记：若见了那异乡花草，再休似此处栖迟。

（末云）再谁似小姐？小生又生此念。（旦唱）

[一煞]青山隔送行，疏林不做美，淡烟暮霭相遮蔽。夕阳古道无人语，禾黍秋风听马嘶。我为甚么懒上车儿内，来时甚急，去后何迟？

（红云）夫人去好一会，姐姐，咱家去！（旦唱）

[收尾]四围山色中，一鞭残照里。遍人间烦恼填胸臆，量这些大小车儿如何载得起？

（旦、红下）（末云）仆童赶早行一程儿，早寻个宿处。泪随流水急，愁逐野云飞。（下）

译文：

（夫人、长老上场，说）今天送张生进京赶考，在这十里长亭，准备了送别酒宴；我和长老先行动身来到了长亭，只是还没见张生和小姐到来。（莺莺、张生、红娘一同上场）（莺莺说）今天送张生进

京赶考，本就是使离别的人伤感，何况又碰上这深秋季节，多么烦恼人呀！“悲欢离合都在这一杯酒，从此就要各分东西相隔万里。”

【正宫】【端正好】碧蓝的天空，开满了菊花的大地，西风猛烈吹，大雁从北往南飞。清晨，是谁把经霜的枫林染红了？那总是离人的眼泪。

【滚绣球】恨相见得太迟，怨离别得太快。柳丝虽长，却难系住远行人的马，恨不能使疏林一直挂住那斜阳。张生的马慢慢地走我和车紧紧地跟随，刚刚结束了相思之苦，却又早开始了别离之愁。听他说“要走了”，人顿时消瘦下来；远远地望见十里长亭，人更消瘦了：这离愁别恨有谁能理解？

（红娘说）姐姐今天怎么不打扮？（莺莺说）你哪里知道我的心里呵！（莺莺唱）

【叨叨令】看见准备着离去的车和马，不由得我难过生气；还有什么心情去插花儿、贴靥儿，打扮得娇娇滴滴的妩媚；准备好被子、枕头，只要昏昏沉沉地闷睡，从今后，那衫儿、袖儿，只会揩满流不断的泪。怎么不愁煞人呀？怎么不愁煞人呀？从今往后，张生你要书信给我赶紧寄。

（到达长亭，拜见夫人）（夫人说）张生跟长老坐，小姐这边坐，红娘拿酒来。张生，你也上前来，都是自家的亲眷，不要回避。我今天把莺莺许配给了你，到了京城后不要辱没了我孩儿，努力争取一个状元回来。（张生说）小生我托夫人洪福，凭着胸中的才气，把考个功名看得就像拾根小草一样。（长老说）夫人的见识不会错，张生不

是个落后的人。（斟酒后，坐下）（莺莺长叹）

【脱布衫】西风吹来，黄叶乱飞，染上了寒霜之后的枯草满地都是。酒席上斜偏着身子坐的张生，紧锁着愁眉，没精打采，呆呆发愣。

【小梁州】我看见他强忍着泪水而不敢任其流出，恐怕被人发觉;猛然间又看见他把头低下，长长地吁气，假装着整理着自己素色的绸衣。

【幺篇】虽然久后终成美好姻缘，无奈眼前这个时候，怎么不让人伤心悲泣！心意好象痴迷，心情如同醉酒，从昨夜到今天，细腰儿更加瘦减。

（夫人说）小姐斟酒！（红娘递酒壶，莺莺端着酒杯长吁叹，说）请喝酒！

【上小楼】团圆欢聚没多久，离情别绪相跟而来。想着我前天晚上私下订情，昨天晚上结为夫妻，今日却要分开。

我深切休会了这几天相思的滋味，却原来比别离的愁苦还要深十倍。

【幺篇】青春年少呵，把别离看得很轻，情意淡薄呵，容易遗弃对方。全不想过去腿儿相挨，脸儿相依，手儿相携的情形与甜蜜。你给我崔相国家做女婿，算得上妻荣夫贵，只求像并蒂莲似的永不分离，远胜过状元及第。

（夫人说）红娘倒酒吧！（红娘倒酒）（莺莺唱）

【满庭芳】斟酒上菜太快，相对片刻，马上又要分离。如果不是酒席上母子间需要回避，真想和他叙叙夫妻之情。虽然只能相守得一

时半会儿，也算是我们夫妻同桌共食了。眼里空留着深意，回想起其中的波折，差一点化成望夫石。

（红娘说）姐姐不曾吃过早饭，就喝一口汤吧。（莺莺说）红娘，什么汤儿咽得下去呢！

【快活三】拿来的酒和食，吃着就象土和泥。假若就是真的土和泥，也有些土的气息，泥的滋味。

【朝天子】暖溶溶的美酒，清淡得如同水一样，这里边多半是相思的泪水。眼面前的茶饭难道不想吃，只是愁恨塞满了肠胃。为了一些“微不足道的虚名小利”，却把一对夫妻拆开在两处。一个在这边，一个在那里，一声接着一声长长地叹气。

（夫人说）套上车儿，我先回去，小姐随后和红娘一起回来。（夫人下场）（张生和长老辞别）（长老说）你这一走我没有别的话要说，我准备买科举后的录取名册看，你结婚酒的茶饭还少不得我的。先生当心，一路上多保重！从今往后我无心诵习佛经，专听你高中状元的捷报。（长老下场）（莺茑唱）

【四边静】一会儿送别的筵席已经结束，我的车往东，张生的马儿向西，两情依依难别离，夕阳的余辉照在绿色的山岗上。不知他今晚住在哪里？即使在梦中也难寻觅。

（莺莺说）张生，这一去不管得官不得官，早早地回来。（张生说）我这一去一定不费力地考取一个状元。正是“青天有路终会到，金榜无名誓不回。”（莺莺说）你这一次赴考我没有什么相送，吟诗一首，为你送行：“抛弃我的人现在何处？想当初对我那么亲热。

【耍孩儿】湿淋淋的衣袖上沾满眼泪，比白居易的青衫更湿。伯劳鸟向东飞去燕子向西飞，还没有启程倒先问归期。虽然眼前人要远别千里，姑且先干了面前的这一杯酒。没有喝酒心却先醉，眼里流血，内心如同死灰。

【五煞】到京城望你适应水土，及时赶路，节制饮食，顺应时节，保重自己的身体。荒村野店应早点休息，风霜雨雪天气应起得迟！在秋风中远行，身体最难调护，也就最要照顾好自己。

【四煞】这忧愁向谁去诉说？想思之苦只有自己心里明白，老天爷不管人是否憔悴。相思的泪水使九曲黄河都泛滥起来，怨恨能将华岳三峰都压低。到黄昏独自闷倚西楼，只见那夕阳古道，依依杨柳，千里长堤。

【三煞】笑嘻嘻一道来，哭啼啼独自回。回家后若是入罗帏，昨夜绣花被里又香又暖春意迷人，今夜里绣被冰冷难成梦。留恋你不为别的，只是见你攀鞍上马，忍不住泪水横流，紧锁眉头。

（张生说）有什么话要嘱咐我吗？（莺莺唱）

【二煞】你不要担心“有文才而没有福气”，我只怕你“撇下前妻再娶妻”。你不要“一去就杳无音讯”！我这里有信经常寄给你，你千万不要“考不中就坚决不回来”。这一点你必须记住：如果遇上那他乡女子，不要像在这里似的逗留迷恋。

（张生说）还有谁能比得上小姐？我又怎么会产生这种念头。（莺莺唱）

【一煞】青山阻隔我送行，疏林挡住我目光，淡淡炊烟和那傍晚

的雾气相互掩映。残阳斜照的古道没有人声，秋风吹过庄稼传来马的嘶鸣。我为什么懒得上车呢，来的时候多么急切，别离独回却又多么迟缓？

（红娘说）夫人回去好一会儿了，姐姐，咱们回家去！（莺莺唱）【收尾】四周群山中，一马远去残阳里。整个人间的烦恼都填在我胸中，估量这样大的小车子怎么能载得起呢？

（莺莺、红娘下场）（张生说）仆童趁早赶一路程，早些找个住处。泪水随着流水更加多了，忧愁追逐着野云四处飘飞。（张生下场）

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毕业设计外文翻译附原文

外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华

外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文

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毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

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A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated，the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds，which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design，construction and

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外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much

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【原文】 古之欲明明德于天下者，先治其国。欲治其国者，先齐其家。欲齐其家者，先修其身。欲修其身者，先正其心。欲正其心者，先诚其意。欲诚其意者，先致其知；致知在格物。物格而后知至，知至而后意诚，意诚而后心正，心正而后身修，身修而后家齐，家齐而后国治，国治而后天下平。 【译文】 古代那些要想在天下弘扬光明正大品德的人，先要治理好自己的国家；要想治理好自己的国家，先要管理好自己的家庭和家族；要想管理好自己的家庭和家族，先要修养自身的品性；要想修养自身的品性，先要端正自己的心思；要想端正自己的心思，先要使自己的意念真诚；要想使自己的意念真诚，先要使自己获得知识；获得知识的途径在于认识、研究万事万物。 通过对万事万物的认识，研究后才能获得知识；获得知识后意念才能真诚；意念真诚后心思才能端正；心思端正后才能修养品性；品性修养后才能管理好家庭和家族；管理好家庭和家族后才能治理好国家；治理好国家后天下才能太平。 【原文】 自天子以至于庶人，壹是皆以修身为本。其本乱而末治者，否矣。其所厚者薄，而其所薄者厚，未之有也! 【译文】 上自国家君王，下至平民百姓，人人都要以修养品性为根本。若这个根本被扰乱了，家庭、家族、国家、天下要治理好是不可能的。不分轻重缓急、本末倒置却想做好事情，这也同样是不可能的! 【原文】 《康诰》曰：“克明德。”《太甲》曰：“顾是天之明命。”《帝典》曰：“克

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英文翻译与英文原文.陈--

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外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2717550354.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

污水处理外文翻译(带原文)

提高塔式复合人工湿地处理农村生活污水的 脱氮效率1 摘要： 努力保护水源，尤其是在乡镇地区的饮用水源，是中国污水处理当前面临的主要问题。氮元素在水体富营养化和对水生物的潜在毒害方面的重要作用，目前废水脱氮已成为首要关注的焦点。人工湿地作为一种小型的，处理费用较低的方法被用于处理乡镇生活污水。比起活性炭在脱氮方面显示出的广阔前景，人工湿地系统由于溶解氧的缺乏而在脱氮方面存在一定的制约。为了提高脱氮效率，一种新型三阶段塔式混合湿地结构----人工湿地（thcw）应运而生。它的第一部分和第三部分是水平流矩形湿地结构，第二部分分三层，呈圆形，呈紊流状态。塔式结构中水流由顶层进入第二层及底层，形成瀑布溢流，因此水中溶解氧浓度增加，从而提高了硝化反应效率，反硝化效率也由于有另外的有机物的加入而得到了改善，增加反硝化速率的另一个原因是直接通过旁路进入第二部分的废水中带入的足量有机物。常绿植物池柏（Taxodium ascendens），经济作物蔺草（Schoenoplectus trigueter），野茭白（Zizania aquatica），有装饰性的多花植物睡莲（Nymphaea tetragona），香蒲（Typha angustifolia）被种植在湿地中。该系统对总悬浮物、化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为89%、85%、83%、83% 和64%。高水力负荷和低水力负荷（16 cm/d 和32 cm/d）对于塔式复合人工湿地结构的性能没有显著的影响。通过硝化活性和硝化速率的测定，发现硝化和反硝化是湿地脱氮的主要机理。塔式复合人工湿地结构同样具有观赏的价值。 关键词： 人工湿地；硝化作用；反硝化作用；生活污水；脱氮；硝化细菌；反硝化细菌 １. 前言 对于提高水源水质的广泛需求，尤其是提高饮用水水源水质的需求是目前废水深度处理的技术发展指向。在中国的乡镇地区，生活污水是直接排入湖泊、河流、土壤、海洋等水源中。这些缺乏处理的污水排放对于很多水库、湖泊不能达到水质标准是有责任的。许多位于中国的乡镇地区的社区缺乏足够的生活污水处理设备。由于山区地形、人口分散、经济基础差等原因，废水的收集和处理是很成问题的。由于资源短缺，经济欠发达地区所采取的废水处理技术必须低价高效，并且要便于施用，能量输入及维护费用较低，而且要保证出水能达标。建造在城市中基于活性污泥床的废水集中处理厂，对于小乡镇缺乏经济适用性，主要是由于污水收集结构的建造费用高。 1Ecological Engineering，Fen xia ，Ying Li。