英文科技文献及翻译
外文翻译
DC GENENRATORS
1. INTRODUCTION
For all practical purposes, the direct-current generator is only used for special applications and local dc power generation. This limitation is due to the commutator required to rectify the internal generated ac voltage, thereby making largescale dc power generators not feasible.
Consequently, all electrical energy produced commercially is generated and distributed in the form of three-phase ac power. The use of solid state converters nowadays makes conversion to dc economical. However, the operating characteristics of dc generators are still important, because most concepts can be applied to all other machines.
2. FIELD WINDING CONNECTIONS
The general arrangement of brushes and field winding for a four-pole machine is as shown in Fig.1. The four brushes ride on the commutator. The positive brusher are connected to terminal A1 while the negative brushes are connected to terminal A2 of the machine. As indicated in the sketch, the brushes are positioned approximately midway under the poles. They make contact with coils that have little or no EMF induced in them, since their sides are situated between poles.
Figure 1 Sketch of four-pole dc matchine
The four excitation or field poles are usually joined in series and their ends brought out to terminals marked F1 and F2. They are connected such that they produce north and south poles alternately.
The type of dc generator is characterized by the manner in which the field
excitation is provided. In general, the method employed to connect the field and armature windings falls into the following groups (see Fig.2):
Figure2 Field connections for dc generators:(a)separately excited generator;(b)self-excited,shunt generator;(c)series generator;(d)compound generator;short-shunt connection;(e)compound
generator,long-shunt connection.
The shunt field contains many turns of relatively fine wire and carries a comparatively small current, only a few percent of rated current. The series field winding, on the other hand, has few turns of heavy wire since it is in series with the armature and therefore carries the load current.
Before discussing the dc generator terminal characteristics, let us examine the relationship between the generated voltage and excitation current of a generator on no load. The generated EMF is proportional to both the flux per pole and the speed at which the generator is driven, EG=kn. By holding the speed constant it can be shown the EG depends directly on the flux. To test this dependency on actual generators is not very practical, as it involves a magnetic flux measurement. The flux is produced by the ampere-turns of the field coils: in turn, the flux must depend on the amount of field current flowing since the number of turns on the field winding is constant. This relationship is not linear because of magnetic saturation after the field current reaches a certain value. The variation of EG versus the field current If may be shown by a curve known as the magnetization curve or open-circuit characteristic. For this a given generator is driven at a constant speed, is not delivering load current, and has its field
winding separately excited.
The value of EG appearing at the machine terminals is measured as If is progressively increased from zero to a value well above rated voltage of that machine. The resulting curve is shown is Fig.3. When Ij=0, that is, with the field circuit open circuited, a small voltage Et is measured, due to residual magnetism. As the field current increases, the generated EMF increases linearly up to the knee of the magnetization curve. Beyond this point, increasing the field current still further causes saturation of the magnetic structure to set in.
Figure 3 Magnetization curve or open-circuit characteristic of a separately excited dc machine
The means that a larger increase in field current is required to produce a given increase in voltage.
Since the generated voltage EG is also directly proportional to the speed, a magnetization curve can be drawn for any other speed once the curve is determined. This merely requires an adjustment of all points on the curve according to
n n x E E G G ''
where the quantities values at the various speeds.
3. VOLTAGE REGULATION
Let us next consider adding a load on generator. The terminal voltage will then decrease (because the armature winding ha resistance) unless some provision is made to keep it constant. A curve that shows the value of terminal voltage for various load currents is called the load or characteristic of the generator.
Figure 4 (a) directs current it to urge the generator load characteristics; (b) circuit diagram
Fig.4 shows the external characteristic of a separately excited generator. The decrease in the terminal voltage is due mainly to the armature circuit resistance RA. In general,
A A G t R I E V -=
where Vt is the terminal voltage and IA is the armature current (or load current IL) supplied by the generator to the load.
Another factor that contributes to the decrease in terminal voltage is the decrease in flux due to armature reaction. The armature current established an MMF that distorts the main flux, resulting in a weakened flux, especially in noninterpole machines. This effect is called armature reaction. As Fig.4 shows, the terminal voltage versus load current curve does not drop off linearly since the iron behaves nonlinear. Because armature reaction depends on the armature current it gives the curve its drooping characteristic.
4. SHUNT OR SELF-EXCIITED GENRATORS
A shunt generator has its shunt field winding connected in parallel with the armature so that the machine provides its own excitation, as indicated in Fig.5. The question arises whether the machine will generate a voltage and what determines the voltage.
For voltage to “build up ” as it is called, there must be some remanent magnetism in the field poles. Ordinarily, if the generator has been used previously, there will be some remanent magnetism. We have seen in Section 3 that if the field would be disconnected, there will be small voltage Ef generated due to this remanent magnetism, provided that the generator is driven at some speed. Connecting the field for self-excitation, this small voltage will be applied to the shunts field and drive a small current through the field circuit. If this resulting small current in the shunt field is of such a direction that it weakens the residual flux, the voltage remains near zero
and the terminal voltage does not build up. In this situation the weak main pole flux opposes the residual flux.
Figure 5 Shunt generator:(a)circuit;(b)load characteristic
If the connection is such that the weak main pole flux aids the residual flux, the induced voltage increases rapidly to a large, constant value. The build-up process is readily seen to be cumulanve. That is, more voltage increases the field current, which in turn increases the voltage, and so on. The fact that this process terminates at a finite voltage is due to the nonlinear behavior of the magnctic circuit. In steady state the generated voltage is causes a field current to flow that is just sufficient to develop a flux required for the generated EMF that causes the field current to flow.
The circuit carries only dc current, so that the field current depends only on the field circuit resistance, Rf. This may consist of the field circuit resistance Rf, the field current depends on the generated voltage in accordance with Ohm ’s law.
It should be evident that on a new machine or one that has lost its residual flux because of a long idle period, some magnetism must be created. This is usually done by connecting the field winding only to a separate dc source for a few seconds. This procedure is generally known as flashing the field.
Series Generators
As mentioned previously, the field winding of a series generator is in series with the armature. Since it carries the load current the series field winding consists of only a few turns of thick wire. At no load, the generated voltage is small due to residual field flux only. When a load is added, the flux increases, and so does the generated voltage. Fig.7 shows the load characteristic of a series generator driven at a certain speed. The dashed line indicates the generated EMF of the same machine with the armature open-circuited and the field separately excited. The difference between the two curves is simply the IR drop in the series field and armature winding, such that
)(S A A G t R R I E V +-=
where RS is the series field winding resistance.
Figure 7 Series generator: (a)circuit diagram;(b)load characteristicsCompound Generators The compound generator has both a shunt and a series field winding, the latter winding wound on top of the shunt winding. Fig.8 shows the circuit diagram. The two windings are usually connected such that their ampere-turns act in the same direction. As such the generator is said to be cumulatively compounded.
The shunt connection illustrated in Fig.8 is called a long shunt connection. If the shunt field winding is directly connected across the armature terminals, the connection is referred to as a short shunt. In practice the connection used is of little consequence, since the shunt field winding carries a small current compared to the full-load current. Furthermore, the number of turns on the series field winding. This implies it has a low resistance value and the corresponding voltage drop across it at full load is minimal.
Curves in Fig.9 represents the terminal characteristic of the shunt field winding alone. By the addition of a small series field winding the drop in terminal voltage with increased loading is reduced as indicated. Such a generator is said to be undercompounded. By increasing the number of series turns, the no-load and full-load terminal voltage can be made equal; the generator is then said to be flatcompounded. If the number of series turns is more than necessary to compensate for the voltage drop, the generator is overcome pounded. In that case the full-load voltage is higher than the no-load voltage.
Figure 9 Terminal characteristics of compound generators compared with that of the shunt generator
The overcompounded generator may be used in instances where the load is at some distance from the generator. The voltage drops in the feeder lines are the compensated for with increased loading. Reversing the polarity of the series field in relation to the shunt field, the fields will oppose each other more and more as the load current increase. Such a generator is said to be differentially compounded. It is used in applications where feeder lines could occur approaching those of a short circuit. An example would be where feeder lines could break and short circuit the generator. The short-circuit current, however, is then limited to a “safe”value. The terminal characteristic for this type of generator is also shown in Fig.9. Compound generators are used more extensively than the other types because they may be designed to have a wide varity of terminal characteristics.
As illustrated, the full-load terminal voltage can be maintained at the no-load value by the proper degree of compounding. Other methods of voltage control are the use of rheostats, for instance, in the field circuit. However, with changing loads it requires a constant adjustment of the field rheostat to maintain the voltage. A more useful arrangement, which is now common practice, is to use an automatic voltage regulator with the generator. In essence, the voltage regulator is a feedback control system. The generator output voltage is sensed and compared to a fixed reference voltage deviation from the reference voltage gives an error signal that is fed to a power amplifier. The power amplifier supplies the field excitation current. If the error signal is positive, for example, the output voltage is larger than desired and the amplifier will reduce its current drive. In doing so the error signal will be reduced to zero.
中文翻译
直流发电机
1.介绍
对于所有实际目的来说，直流发电机仅用于特殊场合和地方性发电厂。这个局限性是由于换向器要把发电机内部的电压整流为直流电压，因此使大规模直流发电不能实行。
结果，所有大规模生产的电能都以三相交流电的形式生产和分配。今天固态转换器的应用使交流变直流成为可能。而且，直流发电机的操作特性一直重要，因为大部分的理论能被应用到所有其它机器上。
2.励磁绕组连接
对于一个有四个电极的机器其电刷和励磁绕组的一般布置如图1所示。四个电刷安在换向器上，正极电刷和A1端子相连，负极电刷和A2端子相连。正如在草图中所示，电刷被放置在电极下接近中间的位置，它们与线圈相接触，这些线圈产生很少或不产生电动势，因为它们边被安在电极之间。
图1 四极发电机模型
四个励磁磁极通常串联在一起，并且它们的末端与标注F1和F2的端子相连。它们这样连接是为了交替产生N,S极。
直流发电机的类型以励磁绕组提供的方式来划分。一般来说，用来连接励磁绕组和电枢绕组的方式可归结为以下几组（看图2）：
图2 直流发电机励磁连接：(a)它励发电机；(b)自励，自并励；(c)串励发电机；(d)复励发电机，短并励连接；(e)复励发电机，长并励连接。
1．它励发电机，励磁绕组被连接到一个独立的直流供电源上。
2．自励发电机，它们可以进一步划分为：
（a）并励发电机，励磁绕组和转子端部相连。
（b）串励发电机，励磁绕组以串联方式和转子绕组相连。
（c）复励发电机，励磁由一个并联和串联的复合绕组提供。
并联绕组包括很多匝相对较细的细线，它们只能承载一个较小的电流，仅为额定电流的很小一个百分比。另一方面，串联绕组有很少匝粗线，因为它和转子串联，因而承载较重的电流。
在讨论直流发电机端部特性之前，让我们测试一下发电机在空载时的电压和励磁电流之间的关系。发电机电动势和每个电极的磁通及发电机给定的转速成正比，即，EG=knφ,通过控制让转速为定值，可以显示出电势EG直接依赖于磁通，在实际的发电机上测试这种依赖关系并不是非常实际的，因为它要牵涉到磁通的测量。磁通由励磁线圈的安培匝数产生；磁通必需依赖于励磁电流的大小，因为励磁线圈的匝数是恒定的。这种关系并不是线性的，因为在励磁电流达到某一个值后将出现磁饱和，EG对励磁电流If的变化关系可以磁化曲线或开路特性曲线来表示，对于这台给定以恒速运转的发电机，没有带负载电流，并且它的励磁是它励方式。
If从0逐渐增大到一个适宜的值，使发电机机端电压达到额定电压以上，并测量相对应If的每个机端电压EG的值，产生的曲线入图3所示，当If=0时，即励磁回路为开路，由于剩磁，测量到一个很小的电压Er，随着励磁电流的增大，产生的电动势线性地增大到磁化曲线的拐点处，过了这个点以后，增大励磁
电流逐渐引起磁路饱和。
图3 它励支直流发电机的磁化曲线或开路特性曲线
这意味着使电压达到一定值时需要一个更大的励磁电流。
因为产生的电压EG也直接与转速成比例，因此一旦这条曲线确定，对于任何其它速度，这条磁化曲线能被描出来，这仅仅要求依照
EG‘=EG*n’/n
在这条曲线上所有点进行调整。
3.电压调整
让我们进一步考虑在发电机上增加一个负载的情况。因为电枢绕组上有电阻，所以机端电压将要下降，除非采取一些措施保持它恒定，显示机端电压随负载电流变化关系的曲线被叫做负载特性曲线或外特性曲线。
图4显示了它励发电机的外特性，机端电压下降主要是因为电枢电阻RA,即Vt=EG-IARA
此处Vt是机端电压，IA是发电机带负载时的电枢电流（或负载电流）。
另一个导致机端电压下降的因素是由于电枢反应而导致磁通的减少。电枢电流建立一个磁动势，这个磁动势使主磁通发生畸变，导致弱磁效应，这种情况尤其在无附加磁极机器上表现更为突出，这种效应叫做电枢反应。正如图4所示，因为铁心的非线形，机端电压对于负载电流并没有成线形下降。由于电枢反应依赖于电枢电流，使得曲线呈下倾特性。
图4 （a）直流它励发电机负载特性；(b)电路图
4.并励或自并励
并励发电机的并励励磁绕组电枢绕组平行连接，以便机器本身提供它的自己的励磁，正如图5所示。
电压的建立正如所说的，在励磁磁极中要有剩磁。通常，假如发电机以前已经用过，将会有剩磁存在。我们已经在第三部分中看到假如励磁没连上的话如果发电机已经以某速度运转，因为有剩磁将要有小的电压Er产生，这个小的电压将提供给并励绕组并驱动一个小的电流从励磁回路中流过，假如在并励绕组中的这个小的电流的方向正好使剩磁减弱，则这个电压将接近于零，机端电压不能建立。这种情况下这个弱化主磁极的磁通与剩磁抵消。
图5 并励发电机：（a）电路；(b)负载特性
假如关系是这样：弱化主磁极的磁通助增了剩磁通，导致电压变的更大，这反过来意味着更大的电压提供给了主励磁，机端电压快速增大一个常值，这个建立的过程易看成是渐增的，然后更大的增大了励磁电流，它反过来又增大了电压，
等。这个过程终止于一个有限的电压值的原因是磁路的非线性。
这个电路仅有直流电流，以致励磁电流仅依赖于励磁回路的电阻Rf,这可能由励磁绕组电阻加上与它相串联的可变电阻Rin组成。对于一给定值的励磁回路电阻Rf ，按照欧姆定律，励磁电流依赖于所产生的电压。
应该是明显的，在一台新机器上或一台闲置了很常时间已经失去剩磁的机器上，必须要建立磁场，通常做法是通过连接励磁绕组到一独立直流电源上几秒钟，这个过程正是快速建立励磁。
总之，阻止电压建立有四种条件，发电机电压极性取决于转动的方向，假如一台发电机在其它条件都满足的情况下不能建立电压，那肯定是电刷的极性反了，可以通过颠倒转动方向来解决，颠倒方向后关于剩磁通的主磁极性也将颠倒，假如现在电压还不能建立，它意味着主励磁和剩磁是对立的。
串励发电机
正如前面提到的，串励发电机的励磁绕组和电枢绕组串联因为它承载负荷电流，因此励磁线圈仅由几匝细导线。空载时，仅有剩磁，机端电压小，当加上负载时，磁通增加，机端电压也增加，图7显示了串励发电机在某转速运转时的负载特性，虚线指示同台机器电枢开路且它励情况下所产生的电动势，这两条曲线的差值简直就是在串励绕组和电枢绕组上的IR的压降，例如，
Vt=EG-IA(RA+RS)
此处，RS是串励绕组电阻
图7 串励发电机：（a）电路图；（b）负载特性
复励发电机有一个并励和一个串励励磁绕组，后者在并励绕组的顶部，图8显示了这个电路图，这两个绕组通常这样连接是为了使它们的安培匝数在相同方向，正因为如此，这种发电机被称作积复励。
图8的并联连接被称作长复励。假如并励绕组直接和电枢端部连接在一块，这种连接被称作短复励，实际中这种连接很少应用，因为和满负荷电流相比，并励绕组承载的电流小，此外串励绕组匝数少，这意味着它的电阻也小，在满负荷时在它上面所对应的电压降是最小的。
图9曲线仅仅反映了并励绕组外特性，正如所示随着一个小串励绕组的增加，机端压降随负荷增加而减小，这样的发电机被称作欠复励，通过增加串励匝数，空载和满载时机端电压能够相等，这种发电机被称作平复励。假如串励匝数比需要的多些以补偿电压降，这种发电机被称作过复励，在这种情况下，满载电
压比空载时还高。
图8复励发电机图9复励发电机外特性与并励发电机外特
性比较
过复励可能被用于负荷与发电机存在一定距离的场合，在馈电线上的电压降随着负载增加而得到补偿。颠倒和并励相对应的串励绕组的极性时，励磁将彼此抵消，且随着负荷电流的增加而尤为突出，这样的发电机被称作差复励，它被用于负荷可能发生或接近短路的场合，例如，馈电线可能断线或短接发电机，不过短路电流仍被限制在一个安全的值，这种类型的发电机的外特性也显示在图9中。因为复励发电机的外特性能被设计的有很广的变化范围，故这种发电机比其他类型的有更广的用途。
正如插图中所示，在复励合适的角度下，满载时机端电压能被保持在空载时的值上。电压控制的其他方法是可变电阻的使用，。例如，装在励磁回路上。不过，随着负荷的变化，要求恒定调节可变电阻来保持电压。
一个更有用的现在普遍使用的东西是用一台发电机电压自动调节装置，在本质上，电压调节器是一个反馈控制系统，发电机输出的电压能够被感知并于一个固定的参考电压相比较，任何输出电压只要偏离参考电压，就将发出一误差信号，并送入功率放大器，而这个功率放大器提供励磁电流，假如误差信号为正，例如，输出电压大于设定电压，则功率放大器蒋减小它的电流驱动，如此，直到偏差信号减小为零。
关于力的外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
五、外文资料翻译 Stress and Strain 1.Introduction to Mechanics of Materials Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that i s known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies”. The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components. Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanics behavior of the body. Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important roles in the study of mechanics of materials . On many occasion we will make logical derivations to obtain formulas and equations for predicting mechanics behavior, but at the same time we must recognize that these formulas cannot be used in a realistic way unless certain properties of the been made in the laboratory. Also , many problems of importance in engineering cannot be handled efficiently by theoretical means, and experimental measurements become a practical necessity. The historical development of mechanics of materials is a fascinating blend of both theory and experiment, with experiments pointing the way to useful results in some instances and with theory doing so in others①. Such famous men as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made experiments to adequate to determine the strength of wires , bars , and beams , although they did not develop any adequate theo ries (by today’s standards ) to explain their test results . By contrast , the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler(1707-1783) developed the mathematical theory any of columns and calculated the critical load of a column in 1744 , long before any experimental evidence existed to show the significance of his results ②. Thus , Euler’s theoretical results remained unused for many years, although today they form the basis of column theory. The importance of combining theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident as we proceed with
科技外文文献译文
流动的：一个快速的，多平台的开放源码的同步化多媒体整合语言唱机Dick C.A. Bulterman, Jack Jansen, Kleanthis Kleanthous, Kees Blom and Daniel Benden CWI: Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica Kruislaan 413 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands +31 20 592 43 00 Dick.Bulterman@cwi.nl 摘要： 本文概述了一个出现在早期的流动性的同步化多媒体唱机。不同于其它同步化的实现，早期的播放器是一个可重组的同步化引擎，可以定制作为一个实验媒体播放器的核心。同步化唱机是一个引用了同步化多媒体引擎并可以集成在一个广泛的媒体播放器的项目。本文是以我们要创造一个新的同步化引擎为动机的综述开始的。然后论述的是早期媒体播放器的核心架构（包括可扩展性，播放器自定义的集成装置）。我们以一个关于我们在windows，Mac，Linux版本应用于台式机以及PDA设备上实施流动性例子的体验的讨论结束。 类别和主题描述符： H.5.2 多媒体的信息系统。 H.5.4 超级文本/超级媒体。 一般词汇： 试验，性能，验证。 关键词： 同步化多媒体整合语言，唱机，公开源代码，演示。 1.动机： 早期公开的同步化媒体播放器是一个非常有特色的公开源代码的同步化 2.0播放器，它以研究团体的意图被使用（在我们的研究团体内外）目的是为了研究项目的团体在需要源代码的时候可以访问生产特性的同步化播放器的网站。它也被用作一个独立的不需要专有的媒体格式的同步化播放器使用，播放器支持一系列同步化2.0配置文件（包括台式机和移动的配置）可以被分配利用在Linux，Macintosh，windows系统的台式机，PDA设备和掌上电脑。 同时现存的几个同步化播放器，包括网络视频播放软件,IE浏览器,小型同步化播放器, GRiNS ,X- GRiNS ，以及各种各样专有移动设备，我们发展流动性唱机有三个原因： 准许制作数字以及个人或者课堂使用中的的全部硬拷贝即时没有提供拷贝权限或者商业性的利益分摊，而且在第一页有这种拷贝的注意事项。服务器上有关于复制以及翻版的分发列表的通知。需要事先明确具体的许可权以及费用。 'MM’04, October 10-16, 2004, New Y ork, New Y ork, USA. Copyright 2004 ACM 1-58113-893-8/04/0010...$5.00. 现有的同步化播放器没有提供一个完整同步化2.0播放器的正确实现。早期的播放器所有的同步化工具，是以同步化2.0语言的属性为基础加上扩展功能能够支持高级的动画以及规范可移动设备以3GPP/PSS-6同步化使用. 所有的同步化播放器都是针对商业SMIL表达专有媒介。早期的播发器使用开源的媒体解码器和开源的网络传输协议,以便播放器可以轻松定制广泛的使用范围的研究计划。 我们的目标是建立一个鼓励发展类似的多媒体研究输出的平台,，我们期望的是一个标准的基线播放器的供给,其他研究人员和开发机构可以集中精力到基线播放器的集成扩展(从新媒体的解码器或新的网络控制算法任何一个中)。这些扩展可以在其它的平台上被共享。 在2004年中期，与螺旋形客户机对照，同时移动到一个GPL核心，早期的播放器支持一个广阔的范围的同步化应用指标构架，它提供了一个准确实现的更完整的同步化语言，它在低资源配置下提供了更好的性能，提供了更多可扩展的媒体播放器架构。它也提供了一个包含所有媒体解码作为部分开放的客户基础。
科技文本的翻译
（一）科技英语特点和翻译原则 科技文本：科学专着、科学论文、科学报道、试验报告、技术规范、工程技术说明、科技文献以及科普读物等。 科技文本的特点：用词非常严谨，行文规范，注重客观；描述平易，一般不带感情色彩；准确，正式，逻辑严密。 1. 科技英语的词汇。 i. 普通词汇 ii．半专业词汇 半专业词所表达的意义根据不同的学科内容而定 .：1. pencil 光学中：光纤锥，射束 机械中：metal pencil 焊条 2. concentration
1）Electrode potential depends on the concentration of the irons.（浓度） 2) A concentration process is important now that the depletion of high grade ores is possible. (富集) iii．专业词汇 i.词义专一，构成呈多样化，前后词缀，如：auto-, a-, semi-,micro-等。 ii.外来词多 2.科技英语中长句较多, 汉译英时注意拆分 科技英语重表示某些复杂概念时用的长复合句大大多于一般英 语。长句特点是从句和短语多，同时兼有并列结构或省略，倒装顺序，结构显得复杂。但其所表达的科技内容严密性、准确性和逻辑性较强。 见4. . 3.科技英语专业术语性强，汉译英是强调术语翻译的正确性。 专业术语语义具有严谨性和单一性 平时阅读与所译材料同类的英文材料 给概念以约定俗成的译名 .：药品的“保存期”是“shelf life”而不是“storage period” 肺活量是“vital capacity”而不是“lung capacity” 科技英语重缩略语情况也比较多，需勤查相关专业词典或参考书，采用公认的缩略形式。
10kV小区供配电英文文献及中文翻译
在广州甚至广东的住宅小区电气设计中,一般都会涉及到小区的高低压供配电系统的设计.如10kV高压配电系统图,低压配电系统图等等图纸一大堆.然而在真正实施过程中,供电部门(尤其是供电公司指定的所谓电力设计小公司)根本将这些图纸作为一回事,按其电脑里原有的电子档图纸将数据稍作改动以及断路器按其所好换个厂家名称便美其名曰设计(可笑不?),拿出来的图纸根本无法满足电气设计的设计意图,致使严重存在以下问题:(也不知道是职业道德问题还是根本一窍不通) 1.跟原设计的电气系统货不对板,存在与低压开关柜后出线回路严重冲突,对实际施工造成严重阻碍,经常要求设计单位改动原有电气系统图才能满足它的要求(垄断的没话说). 2.对消防负荷和非消防负荷的供电(主要在高层建筑里)应严格分回路(从母线段)都不清楚,将消防负荷和非消防负荷按一个回路出线(尤其是将电梯和消防电梯,地下室的动力合在一起等等,有的甚至将楼顶消防风机和梯间照明合在一个回路,以一个表计量). 3.系统接地保护接地型式由原设计的TN-S系统竟曲解成"TN-S-C-S"系统(室内的还需要做TN-C,好玩吧?),严格的按照所谓的"三相四线制"再做重复接地来实施,导致后续施工中存在重复浪费资源以及安全隐患等等问题.. ............................(违反建筑电气设计规范等等问题实在不好意思一一例举,给那帮人留点混饭吃的面子算了) 总之吧,在通过图纸审查后的电气设计图纸在这帮人的眼里根本不知何物,经常是完工后的高低压供配电系统已是面目全非了,能有百分之五十的保留已经是谢天谢地了. 所以.我觉得:住宅建筑电气设计,让供电部门走!大不了留点位置,让他供几个必需回路的电,爱怎么折腾让他自个怎么折腾去.. Guangzhou, Guangdong, even in the electrical design of residential quarters, generally involving high-low cell power supply system design. 10kV power distribution systems, such as maps, drawings, etc. low-voltage distribution system map a lot. But in the real implementation of the process, the power sector (especially the so-called power supply design company appointed a small company) did these drawings for one thing, according to computer drawings of the original electronic file data to make a little change, and circuit breakers by their the name of another manufacturer will be sounding good design (ridiculously?), drawing out the design simply can not meet the electrical design intent, resulting in a serious following problems: (do not know or not know nothing about ethical issues) 1. With the original design of the electrical system not meeting board, the existence and low voltage switchgear circuit after qualifying serious conflicts seriously hinder the actual construction, often require changes to the original design unit plans to meet its electrical system requirements (monopoly impress ). 2. On the fire load and fire load of non-supply (mainly in high-rise building in) should be strictly sub-loop (from the bus segment) are not clear, the fire load and fire load of non-qualifying press of a circuit (especially the elevator and fire elevator, basement, etc.
论文翻译网站
开题报告、文献检索账号、文献综述、外文翻译、抄袭检测软件、论文目录，都在这了都在这了，有备无患，拿去吧！！ 开题报告、文献综述、外文翻译、论文反抄袭软件、论文目录，就差论文正文了，其他都全了！！ 开题报告主要包括以下几个方面： （一）论文名称 论文名称就是课题的名字 第一，名称要准确、规范。准确就是论文的名称要把论文研究的问题是什么，研究的对象是什么交待清楚，论文的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致，不能太大，也不能太小，要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。 第二，名称要简洁，不能太长。不管是论文或者课题，名称都不能太长，能不要的字就尽量不要，一般不要超过20个字。 （二）论文研究的目的、意义 研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值。这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述，指出现实当中存在这个问题，需要去研究，去解决，本论文的研究有什么实际作用，然后，再写论文的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体一点，有针对性一点，不能漫无边际地空喊口号。主要内容包括：⑴研究的有关背景(课题的提出)：即根据什么、受什么启发而搞这项研究。⑵通过分析本地（校）的教育教学实际，指出为什么要研究该课题，研究的价值，要解决的问题。 （三）本论文国内外研究的历史和现状（文献综述）。 规范些应该有，如果是小课题可以省略。一般包括：掌握其研究的广度、深度、已取得的成果；寻找有待进一步研究的问题，从而确定本课题研究的平台(起点)、研究的特色或突破点。 （四）论文研究的指导思想 指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向，符合什么要求等，这个方向或要求可以是哲学、政治理论，也可以是政府的教育发展规划，也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。 （五）论文写作的目标 论文写作的目标也就是课题最后要达到的具体目的,要解决哪些具体问题，也就是本论文研究要达到的预定目标：即本论文写作的目标定位，确定目标时要紧扣课题,用词要准确、精练、明了。
小议科技英语翻译技巧
小议科技英语翻译技巧 科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末，科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下： 一、大量使用名词化结构 大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。 Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。 二、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。 We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads. 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，
英文科技文献及翻译
外文翻译 DC GENENRATORS 1. INTRODUCTION For all practical purposes, the direct-current generator is only used for special applications and local dc power generation. This limitation is due to the commutator required to rectify the internal generated ac voltage, thereby making largescale dc power generators not feasible. Consequently, all electrical energy produced commercially is generated and distributed in the form of three-phase ac power. The use of solid state converters nowadays makes conversion to dc economical. However, the operating characteristics of dc generators are still important, because most concepts can be applied to all other machines. 2. FIELD WINDING CONNECTIONS The general arrangement of brushes and field winding for a four-pole machine is as shown in Fig.1. The four brushes ride on the commutator. The positive brusher are connected to terminal A1 while the negative brushes are connected to terminal A2 of the machine. As indicated in the sketch, the brushes are positioned approximately midway under the poles. They make contact with coils that have little or no EMF induced in them, since their sides are situated between poles. Figure 1 Sketch of four-pole dc matchine The four excitation or field poles are usually joined in series and their ends brought out to terminals marked F1 and F2. They are connected such that they produce north and south poles alternately. The type of dc generator is characterized by the manner in which the field
PLC论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
PLC论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 外文资料: PLC technique discussion and future development Along with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise. The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best path We come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only;And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide. The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculationses of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the
英文论文及中文翻译
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/273845668.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材
电子 电流 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 高度稳压直流电源
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图1 电源输入级 图2 等效的齐纳参考电路 假设该阶段的输出是e3，提供额外的差分放大器，在稳定状态下e3为零，任何参数的变化都会引起输出的漂移；对于其他阶段来说也是一样的，其影响是减少了以前所有阶段的增益。因此，其他阶段的影响将被忽略。以下讨论的内容涵盖了对于TC整体的无论是主要的还是次要的影响。 R3的影响 CR1-R3分支的等效的电路如图2所示，将齐纳替换成了它的等效电压源E'和内部阻抗R2。对于高增益调节器，其中R3的变化对差分放大器的输入来说可以忽略不计，所以前后的变化由R3决定。 如果进一步假定IB << Iz;从（1）可以得到 同时，
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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科技文献翻译电子档答案
科技文献翻译电子档答案
科技文献翻译考试试题 1.大型飞机自动化装配技术 摘要：本文简述了大型飞机及其结构特点，通过比较人与机器两种装配系统的特性，分析装配自动化水平与装配成本等诸多因素的关系曲线，指出了自动化装配技术在保证大型飞机长寿命、高效率、低成本研制和生产等方面的意义；对外国大型飞机的装配自动化发展状况进行了综述，简要分析了国外发展的几种主要自动化装配系统，总结了国外大型飞机的自动化装配水平；对西方国家在大型飞机自动化装配中采用的先进的装配理念和方法，如决定性装配方法等进行了概述。最后针对国内自动化装配水平低的现状和大型飞机研制和生产的需求，提出了发展模块化结构的自动化装配系统、贯彻并行工程理念实现面向制造和面向装配的设计等发展建议。 关键词：自动化装配；大型飞机；长寿命；柔性装配；模块化；决定性装配 1. Automatic Assembly Technology for Large Aircraft Abstract: This paper aims at the large
assembly system, carrying out the means of concurrent engineering and realizing the designs for manufacturing and assembly. Key words: automatic assembly; large aircraft; long life; flexible assembly; modularization; determinant assembly 2.基于SAT的快速电路时延计算 摘要：针对现有的基于时间展开电路求解时延算法在电路规模较大或者时延模型精度较高时效率较低的问题，提出一种基于子电路抽取的电路时延计算方法。基于展开电路，通过分析输出端约束找到相关的输出端，利用回溯抽取与这些输出端相关的逻辑锥子电路，并在子电路而不是在展开电路上进行求解。由于抽取的子电路的规模远小于展开电路的规模，加速r求解过程；同时提出了抽象电路的概念，并分析了抽取子电路的同构特性。通过在抽象电路上进行预处理得到学习子句，从而可以利用学习子句加速每一次的SAT求解过程。在ISCA85和ISCA89电路上的实验结果表明，采用文中方法使得电路时延的求解效率平均提高了约8倍。