语音练习3

English Consonants

English Consonants(28) are classified according to three different principles.

1.the vibration of the vocal cords: voiced and voiceless

2.the place of articulation: bilabial(双唇音), labio-dental（唇齿音）, dental（齿音）, alveolar

（齿龈音）, post-alveolar（后齿龈音）, palato-alveolar（硬腭龈音）, palatal（硬腭音）, velar（软腭音）, glottal（声门音）

3.the manner of articulation: plosives, fricatives, affricates ,nasals ,laterals, semi-vowels

The Plosives(stop consonants) (6)

/p b t d k g/

/p/ voiceless bilabial plosive strong aspirated consonant

/b/ voiced bilabial plosive weak unaspirated consonant

/t/ voiceless alveolar plosive strong aspirated consonant

/d/ voiced alveolar plosive weak unaspirated consonant

/k/ voiceless velar plosive strong aspirated consonant

/g/ voiced velar plosive weak unaspirated consonant

The sounds /p/ is voiceless plosive. It is usually aspirated and strong . But it is not aspirated when preceded by /s/ in a stressed syllable.

spot sport spy spread stand school skirt stool still sky

The plosives have no explosion when followed by another plosive consonant.

kind people sweet potatoes strict parents

lag behind an old doctor a modest professor

castle whistle listen fasten

Pronunciation of –ed

The ending-ed ,added to regular English verbs to form the past tense and past participle, has three different pronunciations: /t/ /d/ id/

1./t/ after all voiceless consonants except /t/

knocked washed helped laughed

2./d/ after all voiced consonants except /d/ and after all the vowel sounds

planned judged played rowed

3.As a separate syllable /id/ after /d/ /t/

protected intended

There is only one type of exception to these rules, namely, a group of adjectives which end in –ed and therefore look like verbs. Contrary to the principles outlined above, the ending of these words is pronounced as a separate syllable /id/.

a naked child a ragged coat a two-legged animal

an aged minister a wicked idea dogged determination a wretched day

Fricatives(10)

/f/: voiceless labio-dental strong aspirated long fricative consonant

/v/: voiced labio-dental weak unaspirated short fricative consonant

/s/: voiceless alveolar strong aspirated long fricative consonant

/z/: voiced alveolar weak unaspirated short fricative consonant

/θ/: voiceless dental strong aspirated long fricative consonant

/〥/: voiced dental weak unaspirated short fricative consonant

/∫/: voiceless palato-alveolar strong aspirated long fricative consonant

/з/: voiced palato-alveolar weak unaspirated short fricative consonant

/h/: voiceless glottal fricative consonant

/r/: voiced post-alveolar fricative

Pronunciation of –s

In English, to make a noun plural or possessive, or to put a verb in the third person singular form of the present tense, we add /s/ or /z/ to the end of the word. This ending is spelt in several different ways: -s, -es, -′s, -s′. However it may be spelt, the ending is pronounced according to strict phonetic principles in one of three ways: /z/ /s/,or /iz/

1./z/ after all voiced consonants except /z/,/З/ and /dЗ/ and after all vowel sounds:

games calls shows Jane’s Lee’s sounds

2./s/ after all voiceless consonants except /s/, /∫/ /t∫/

cups picks sits laughs helps Jack’s Kate’s aunts

3 . As a separate syllable /iz/ after /s/ /z/ /∫/ /з/ /t∫/ and /dз/:

houses dances teaches changes badges washes Marx’s

A tongue twister

She sells seashells on the seashore,

The shells she sells are seashells, I’m sure.

If she sells seashells on the seashore,

Then I’m sure she sells seashore shells.

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