2006-2013CATTI二级笔译实务真题及答案汉译英

2013年5月二级笔译真题

1. 英译汉第一篇：

For more than a decade, archaeologists and historians have been studying the contents of a ninth-century Arab dhow that was discovered in 1998 off Indonesia’s Belitung Island.

十多年来，考古学家和历史学家一直在精心研究1998年在印度尼西亚我勿里洞岛附近发现的一膄19世纪单桅三角帆船残骸。

The sea-cucumber divers who found the wreck had no idea it eventually would be considered one of the most important maritime discoveries of the late 20th century.

发现这些残骸的深海潜水员们根本不会想到这终将成为20世纪末最重要的海洋发现之一。

The dhow was carrying a rich cargo — 60,000 ceramic pieces and an array of gold and silver works —and its discovery has confirmed how significant trade was along a maritime silk road between Tang Dynasty China and Abbasid Iraq.

由发现的60,000块瓷器碎片与大量金银器可见，这膄三角帆船当时运载着沉重的货物。这一发现还证实了海上丝绸之路对古中国唐朝与伊拉克阿巴斯王朝之间的双边贸易往来发挥的重要作用。

It also has revealed how China was mass-producing trade goods even then and customizing them to suit the tastes of clients in West Asia.

同时也揭示了中国当时已经开始大批量生产贸易物资，并可订购满足西亚消费者需求的产品。

“Ship wrecked :Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds,” at the new, lot us-shaped Art Science Museum designed by Moshe Safdie, presents items from the Belitung wreck.

勿里洞岛沉船残骸在莫什·萨菲德设计的莲花状新型科学艺术博物馆中展出，这一展览名为“唐代珍宝与季风产物：沉船残骸”。

Curated by the Asian Civilisations Museum here and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in Washington, the show is expected to travel to museums around the world over thenext five to six years.

由亚洲文明博物馆与华盛顿亚瑟·麦·萨克雷美术馆共同举办的展览将有望于在今后五到六年内环游世界，到他国进行展览。

“This exhibition tells us a story about an extraordinary moment in globalization,” said Julian Raby, director of t he Smithsonian’s Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M.

“这一展览述说了一个在全球化进程中伟大时刻的故事”，史密森尼博物馆中的弗利尔美术馆与亚瑟· 麦· 萨克雷美术馆的馆长朱莉安·拉比这样说道。

Sackler Gallery.

“It brings to life the tale of Sinbad sailing to China to make his fortune.

这一展览把我们带入了辛巴航行来到中国寻找财宝的生活中。

It shows us that the world in the ninth century was not as fragmented as we assumed.

也向我们证明了19世纪的世界并不如我们想象中的那样支离破碎。

There were two great export powers: the Tang in the east and the Abbasid based in Baghdad.”

当时就已经存在两个出口大国，即东方的唐朝与巴格达的阿巴斯王朝。

Untilthe Belitung find, historians had thought that Tang China traded primarily through the land routes of Central Asia, mainly on the Silk Road.

直到勿里洞残骸被发现，历史学家们才知道古中国唐朝时期主要是通过陆路与中亚国家进行贸易往来，尤其是通过丝绸之路。

Ancient records told of Persian fleets sailing the Southeast Asian seas but no wrecks had been found, until the Belitung dhow.

古代记录表明，曾有波斯舰队航行到东南亚海域，但直到勿里洞岛三角帆船被发现时，才发现一些沉船残骸。

Its cargo confirmed that a huge volume of trade was taking place along a maritime route, said Heidi Tan, a curator at the Asian Civilisations Museum and a curator of the exhibition.

船上装载的货物可以证实，通过海上丝绸之路，当时正在进行大量的贸易往来，亚洲文明博物馆馆长兼展览负责人海蒂·唐说道。

汉译英沪江版3. 汉译英第一篇：

稀土是不可再生的重要自然资源，在经济社会发展中的用途日益广泛，如光学、电子信息、航空航天、核工业等尖端科技领域。目前我国的稀土储量占世界的30%，却长期以来供应了国际97%的市场需求。

我国的稀土储量全球最高。2010年，中国稀土储量达到3600万吨，占到全球稀土储量的36.4%。同时中国也是全球最大的稀土生产国，中国稀土矿产量达到12.9万吨，占到全球产量的97%。

中国稀土行业的快速发展，为全球稀土供应作出了重要贡献。但同时也为此付出了巨大代价。由于稀土资源的稀缺性和开采高污染性，全球稀土储量国许多厂都关闭了，直接从中国进口稀土。

目前，我国稀土私采乱挖、浪费资源等情况依然猖獗。一些私采乱挖的矿山，稀土开采的吨回收率甚至只有5%，稀土资源被大量浪费，并由此引发巨大环境问题。我们需要制定相关政策，减少稀土资源的过度开采。在稀土的开采、生产、出口等环节综合采取措施，加大资源和环境保护的力度，努力促进稀土行业持续健康发展。

4. 汉译英第二篇：

节选自2011年全国人大常委会工作报告

中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成，总体上解决了有法可依的问题。在这种情况下，有法必依、执法必严、违法必究的问题就显得更突出、更紧迫。这也是广大人民群众和社会各方面普遍关注的问题。因此，我们要采取以下措施，切实保障宪法和法律的有效实施。

The formation of socialism law system with Chinese characteristics has generally solved the problem of making laws to be observed. Under such a circumstance, the problems of obeying the law strictly, enforcing the law stringently and punishing the law violation strongly seems more important and urgent.

一要维护宪法和法律的权威和尊严。一切国家机关、武装力量、各政党、各社会团体、各企事业单位都必须遵守宪法和法律，任何组织或者个人都不得有超越宪法和法律的特权。

二要坚持依法行政和公正司法。国家行政机关要严格按照法定权限和程序办事，加快建设法治政府。国家审判机关、检察机关要依法独立公正行使审判权、检察权，维护社会公平正义。

三要增强全社会的法律意识和法治观念。让各级领导干部和国家机关工作人员带头遵守宪法和法律，善于运用法律解决现实生活中的实际问题，让广大人民群众懂得依法按程序表达利益诉求、解决矛盾纠纷，用法律武器维护自身的合法权益。

译之灵版汉译英Passage 1

稀土是中国最丰富的战略资源，截止2009年，中国稀土储量达到3600万吨，占到全球稀土储量的36.4%。同时中国也是全球最大的稀土生产国，2009年，中国稀土矿产量达到12.9万吨，占到全球产量的97%，稀土资源的过度开发给中国稀土产业的可持续发展带来严峻挑战。

针对国内稀土资源开发存在的问题，近年来，中国加大了对稀土资源开发政策调控的力度，实行指令性生产和出口配额制度。2010年，中国稀土开采总量控制指标为89200吨，同比增长8.4%；稀土产品出口配额为3. 03万吨，同比下降39.5%。

2009年以来，中国稀土产品出口控制力度的加强，使全球稀土供给趋紧，由此拉动全球稀土产品市场价格进入一轮持续上升期。以金属钕为例，截止2010年9月30日，上海金属钕现货市场价格达到316500元/吨，对比2008年12月份的97500元/吨增长224.6%。

【参考译文】

Rare earth is the richest strategic resource of China. As of 2009，China’s reserves of rare earth have reached 36 million tons，representing 36.4% of the world’s total. China also boasts the largest rare earth output in the world，accounting for 129，000 tons or 97% of the world’s total output in 2009. The overexploitation of rare earth resources has posed a grave challenge to the sustainable development of China’s rare earth industry.

In response to the problem in the exploitation of rare earth resources，the Chinese Government has intensified the policy control in recent years，implementing a mandatory production and export quota system. The rare earth exploitation of China is capped at 89，200 tons in 2010，up 8.4% year-on-year，while the export quota stands at 30，300 tons，down 39.5% year-on-year.

Since 2009，China has strengthened its control over rare earth export，pushing up a new round of price hike of rare earth resource worldwide because of the shortage of supply. A case in point is neodymium，the spot market price of which in Shanghai reached RMB 316，500/ton as of September 30th，2010，an increase of 224.6% compared with the RMB 97，500/ton in December 2008.

汉译英Passage 2

中国特色社会主义法律体系形成，总体解决了有法可依的问题。坚持法律面前人人平等，保证有法必依、执法必严、违法必究。完善中国特色社会主义法律体系，加强重点领域立法，拓展人民有序参与立法途径。推进依法行政，切实做到严格规范公正文明执法。进一步深化司法体制改革，坚持和完善中国特色社会主义司法制度，确保审判机关、检察机关依法独立公正行使审判权、检察权。深入开展法制宣传教育，弘扬社会主义法治精神，树立社会主义法治理念，增强全社会学法尊法守法用法意识。提高领导干部运用法治思维和法治方式深化改革、推动发展、化解矛盾、维护稳定能力。党领导人民制定宪法和法律，党必须在宪法和法律范围内活动。任何组织或者个人都不得有超越宪法和法律的特权，绝不允许以言代法、以权压法、徇私枉法。

【参考译文】

Promote law-based governance of the country in an all-around way

The rule of law is the basic way for running the country. We should make laws in a scientific way，enforce them strictly，administer justice impartially，and ensure that everyone abides by the law. We must make sure that all are equal before the law and that laws are observed and strictly enforced and lawbreakers are prosecuted. We should improve the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics，strengthen legislation in key areas，and expand channels for people's orderly participation in the legislative process. We should exercise government administration in accordance with the law and ensure that law enforcement is conducted in a strict，fair，and civilized way according to due procedures. We should continue to deepen reform of the judicial structure，uphold and improve the socialist judicial system with Chinese characteristics，and ensure that judicial and procuratorial bodies independently and impartially exercise their respective powers pursuant to law. We should carry out intensive publicity and education about the law，foster socialist spirit of the rule of law，and adopt the socialist concept of law-based governance. We should enhance the whole society's awareness of the need to study，respect，observe，and apply the law. We should ensure that leading officials are guided by law in both thinking and action in their effort to deepen reform，promote development，solve problems，and maintain stability. As the Constitution and laws are adopted by the Party and the people under its leadership，the Party must act within the scope prescribed by the Constitution and laws. No organization or individual has the privilege of overstepping the Constitution and laws，and no one in a position of power is allowed in any way to take one's own words as the law，place one's own authority above the law or abuse the law.

2012年5月份CATTI二级笔译汉译英的第一篇

节选自《胡锦涛在金砖国家领导人第三次会晤时的讲话》(2011年4月15日)

原文：

和平稳定是发展的前提和基础。上个世纪，人类经历了两次世界大战，生灵涂炭，经济社会发展遭受严重挫折。第二次世界大战结束以来，世界经济能够快速增长，主要得益于相对和平稳定的国际环境。

我们应该恪守联合国宪章宗旨和原则，充分发挥联合国及其安理会在维护和平、缔造和平、建设和平方面的核心作用。坚持通过对话和协商，以和平方式解决国际争端。

我们应该坚持国家不论大小、强弱、贫富都是国际社会平等一员，以民主、包容、合作、共赢的精神实现共同安全，做到一国内部的事情一国自主办、大家共同的事情大家商量办，坚定不移奉行多边主义和国际合作，推进国际关系民主化。

我们应该营造支持各国根据本国国情实现和平、稳定、繁荣的国际环境。应该本着求同存异的原则，尊重各国主权和选择发展道路和发展模式的权利，尊重文明多样性，在交流互鉴、取长补短中相得益彰、共同进步。

参考译文：

Peace and stability form the prerequisite and foundation for development. The two world wars in the last century caused mankind untold sufferings and world economic and social development severe setbacks. It is mainly due to the relatively peaceful and stable international environment that the world economy has been able to grow at a fast pace in the post-war era. The World Bank statistics show that none of the countries persistently under violent conflict has achieved the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). To maintain world peace and stability so that the people can live a happy and prosperous life is the primary responsibility for governments and leaders of all countries.

We should abide by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and bring into full play the central role of the United Nations and its Security Council in peace keeping, peace making and peace building. We should seek peaceful settlement of international disputes through dialogue and consultation.

All countries, big or small, strong or weak, rich or poor, are equal members of the international community. We should work for common security in a spirit of democracy, inclusiveness, cooperation and win-win progress. Internal affairs of a country should be handled independently by the country itself and international affairs should be managed collectively through consultation by all. We should be committed to multilateralism and international cooperation, and promote democracy in international relations.

We should foster an international environment that supports efforts of countries to achieve peace, stability and prosperity in the light of their national circumstances. We should respect the sovereignty of all countries and their right to choose their development paths and models in keeping with the principle of seeking common ground while shelving differences. And we should respect the diversity of civilizations and pursue common progress through mutual learning and drawing on each other's strength.

第二篇

1882年中国第一盏电灯在上海点亮，这使得中国逐渐告别了油灯和蜡烛照明的历史，当时使用的电灯就是白炽灯，这一用就是130年，中国也成为白炽灯的生产和消费大国。

早在1996年，中国就启动实施了“绿色照明工程”，中国绿色照明工程的实施，推动了照明电器行业结构的优化升级和产品质量的整体提升。经过多年努力，中国节能灯产品质量水平日益提高，一些企业产品质量和工艺水平已达到世界领先水平。高效照明产品及技术的日益成熟为逐步淘汰白炽灯提供了重要保障。

中国节能灯的全球市场占有率由1996年的20%提高到2010年的85%。

2012年11月份CATTI二级笔译英译汉第一篇

英译汉第二篇

In Greenland, Ice and Instability

by Andrew C. Revkin, excerpt from The New York Times January 8, 2008

3. 汉译英第一篇：

节选自《中国的对外援助》白皮书

多年来，中国在致力于自身发展的同时，始终坚持向经济困难的其他发展中国家提供力所能及的援助，承担相应国际义务。

中国的对外援助符合自己的国情和受援国发展的需要，中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，人口多、底子薄、经济发展不平衡。发展仍然是中国长期面临的任务，这决定了中国的对外援助属于南南合作范畴，是发展中国家间的相互帮助。中国在对外援助中，始终坚持平等互利，注重实效，与时俱进，不附带任何政治条件的原则。Over the years, while focusing on its own development, China has been providing aid to the best of its ability to other developing countries with economic difficulties, and fulfilling its due international obligations.

China's foreign aid policy is suited both to China's actual conditions and the needs of the recipient countries. China is the world's largest developing country, with a large population, a poor foundation and uneven economic development.As development remains an arduous and long-standing task, China's foreign aid falls into the category of South-South cooperation and is mutual help between developing countries.(平等互利Remaining realistic while striving for the best与时俱进Keeping pace with the times不附带任何政治条件Imposing no political conditions.)

4. 汉译英第二篇：

节选自中国地域文化介绍《魅力翘楚贺兰山》

作为远古人类留给我们的宝贵文化遗产，岩画堪称是记载人类早期社会生活的百科全书，也是史前人类文化、宗教、民俗以及原始艺术史的见证。

中国是世界上岩画诞生最早、分布最广、内容最丰富的国家之一，而地处中国西北宁夏回族自治区境内的贺兰山又是华夏土地上遗存岩画最集中、题材最广泛、保存最完好的地区之一。

仅在贺兰山口处，就分布着近6000幅岩画，据专家考证，这些岩画大多为北方游牧民族创作，其中包括栩栩如生的各类动物画像和千奇百态的人面像，造型粗犷、稚拙、构图朴实、自然。

有专家认为，贺兰山岩画出现在象形文字之前。那时，通过这种方式，这里的游牧民族艰难地将他们的理想、愿望、欢乐和悲伤凿刻在贺兰山的岩壁上，也给后人留下了一部史前人类“天书”！

参考译文一

As a valuable cultural heritage ancient humans left us , rock art can be recorded documented encyclopedia of early human social life, but also the testimony of prehistoric human culture, religion, folk and original art history.

China is one of the earliest rock art was born, the most widely distributed, the contents of the richest countries in the world, Helan Mountain，located in China's northwest Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region ,is one of remaining rock art most concentrated, the subject matter is the most widely used, and one of the best-preserved areas.

Only in the pass of Helan, nearly 6000 rock paintings are distributed, according to textual research of experts, these rock paintings are mostly created by northern nomadic nationality , including the true to life likeness of various animal portraits and attitudes of thousands of odd human face image, modelling rough, naive, simple, natural composition.

Some experts hold the view that the appearance of Helan Mountain rock paintings is earlier than that of hieroglyfhs. At that time, the nomadic people expressed their ideal,hope,joy and sadness by carving the paintings on the rock, which left the descendants the prehistoric human "mumbo-jumbo"

参考译文二

As a precious cultural heritage left by ancient people, rock-painting can be said as an encyclopedia recording the early social lives of human, which not only transmits the ancient civilization with long times, but also serves a witness of the culture, religion, folk-custom and ancient artistic history of prehistory people.

China is one of the countries whose rock-carvings boast the earliest creation, the widest distribution and the richest content in the world, while Helan Mountain is one of the regions whose rock-carvings boast the most concentrated distribution, the widest theme and the best preserved condition in China. In the depth/hinterland of Helan Mountain, more than 20 relic places with rock-paintings have been discovered, among which, the most representative ones are those at the mouth of Helan Mountain.

There are some 6000 rock-paintings near the mouth of Helan Mountain, among which rare rock-paintings of human faces hits over 70. According to research and study, the rock-paintings at the mouth of Helan Mountain were carved during different periods, and most were created by nomad nationality in north China. These rock-paintings are characterized by rough and adorned sculpt, as well as simple and natural composition, of vivid animals such as cattle, horses, donkeys, deer and tigers, as well as human heads carrying thousands expressions. The rock-paintings are faithfully recorded by ancient people of their pursuits and aspirations for happy life in future as well as their personal experiences and feelings based on understanding and thoughts of then social reality, meanwhile leaving these mysterious and magnificent rock-painting heritages in Helan Mountain.

Some scholars said that Helan Mountain are created by prehistory people as their sacrifice place by virtue of natural charm, while some held that rock-paintings here are drawing writings before pictographs, through which people take paints to express their ideals, wishes, happiness and sadness before the creation of characters. In this way, “Heaven Book”of prehistory people has been written on the everlasting Helan Mountain.

2011年5月份CATTI二级笔译

2011年5月CATTI二级笔译翻译实务中译英

第一篇。

（出处：09年胡锦涛在亚太经合组织工商领导人峰会上题为《坚定合作信心振兴世界经济》演讲）

60年来特别是改革开放30年来，中国取得了举世瞩目的发展成就，经济实力和综合国力显着增强，各项社会事业全面进步，人民生活从温饱不足发展到总体小康，中国社会迸发出前所未有的活力和创造力。

China has achieved remarkable progress in those 60 years, particularly in the last 30 years since reform and opening-up. China’s economy and comprehensive national strength have grown significantly and various social programs have made big strides. The Chinese people, once lacking basic living necessities, are now leading a moderately prosperous life, and the whole society is showing unprecedented dynamism and creativity.

同时，我们清醒地认识到，中国仍然是世界上最大的发展中国家，中国在发展进程中遇到的矛盾和问题无论规模还是复杂性都是世所罕见。要全面建成惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，进而基本实现现代化、实现全体人民共同富裕，还有很长的路要走。

We are keenly aware, however, that China remains the world’s largest developing country. The difficulties and problems that we face in development are rarely seen in any other part of the world in terms of their scale and complexity. We still have a long way to go before we can build, in a comprehensive way, a moderately prosperous society of a higher level that will benefit the more than one billion Chinese people, and then achieve basic modernization and bring common prosperity to all our people.

我们将继续从本国国情出发，坚持中国特色社会主义道路，坚持改革开放，推动科学发展，促进社会和谐，全面推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设，全力做到发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。

We will, in the light of our national conditions, continue to follow the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, persist in reform and opening-up, promote scientific development and social harmony, and achieve all-round progress in the economic, political, cultural, social and environmental fields. We will ensure that our development is for the people and by the people and the fruits of development are shared among the people.

第二篇

（出处：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2d9835083.html,/jrzg/2010-02/16/content_1535844.htm）

非物质文化遗产是民族文化的精华、民族智慧的结晶。我国有56个民族，各民族在长期的历史发展进程中创造了丰富多彩的非物质文化遗产。

改革开放以来，由于工业化和城市化的加速，人们的生产生活方式发生了重大变化，也使非物质文化遗产赖以生存的环境不同程度地遭到破坏。

作为一种鲜活的文化，非物质文化遗产是民众生活的重要组成部分，在当代仍然散发着独特的光彩和魅力，仍然是传承文化、推动社会发展的不竭动力，是文化创新的基础和源泉。

因此，抢救和保护那些处于濒危和生存困境中的非物质文化遗产，已成为时代赋予我们的非常紧迫的历史任务。

文化生态保护区是以保护非物质文化遗产为核心、对历史积淀丰厚、存续状态良好、具有鲜明地域文化特色和价值的文化形态进行整体性保护，以促进经济社会全面协调可持续发展而划定的特定区域。

2011年11月CATTI二级笔译

汉译英真题第一篇：（回忆贴）

来源地址：新浪财经（2009年）王庆(摩根士丹利大中华区首席经济学家)

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2d9835083.html,/review/20091124/131********.shtml

最新情况：2007年下半年以来，中国经济的发展确实非同寻常。随着全球金融危机的爆发，中国经济从2008年一季度“过热”的结束到四季度“硬着陆” 的开始，经历了一个为期6个月的短周期。中国通过前所未有的强力政策，终于成为第一个从“大衰退”中复苏的主要经济体。面对当前的强劲复苏，越来越多的人开始关注这些“超级宽松”的货币和财政政策的潜在后果以及相关的退出战略。

结论：我们认为，高储蓄率对于理解中国经济的各种现象的演化和内在联系起着极为重要的作用。高储蓄率主要是中国人口政策下的人口结构、经济快速增长背景下家庭消费习惯改变缓慢等长期因素作用的结果。在“过度储蓄优点”的影响下，中国已经并可能继续保持高增长、低通胀，而且只要继续保持高储蓄率，就足以抵御来自外部的冲击。在这一背景下，挥之不去的资产价格上涨压力可能成为中国经济的一个常态现象，而非特例，从而成为政策制定者面临的最大、也是经常化的宏观经济挑战，而为了最大限度地防范资产价格破裂所造成的系统性风险，“降低杠杆率”很可能成为经济政策的一个重点。

因此，中国将有必要实施严格的房贷抵押制度，限制股票市场的保证金交易，严格执行银行资本充足率要求，非对称开放外部资本账户管制，引导资本流出，控制资本流入，防止对人民币汇率的单边下注导致热钱的涌入。

近期政策影响：我们认为，当前的政策态势在年底之前当基本保持不变，并在2010年初随着银行新增贷款增长率的正常化(从2009年的9.5万－10万亿元降至2010年的7万－8万亿元)，而转向中性。在明年年中之前，不大可能出现上调存款准备金率及基准利率以及人民币升值等紧缩政策。

中国的高储蓄率实际上是一个资产配置的问题

中国的国民储蓄约占GDP的55%，其中19%为家庭储蓄，11%为政府储蓄，25%为企业储蓄。国民储蓄只能用于三种用途：境内有形资产、境外有形资产和境外金融资产。境内有形资产主要通过国内固定资产投资的方式形成；境外有形资产的形成途径为中国居民的境外直接投资，或以并购方式获得现有境外有形资产的所有权；境外金融资产的形成途径为中央银行的官方外汇储备积累，或跨境自由流动机制(即无资本账户控制)下的私人投资。

一个反复出现的宏观主题：高投资、高增长、低通胀

高储蓄为促进国内投资的快速增长提供了充足的资金，而高投资反过来又促进了经济的快速增长。在其他条件不变的情况下，国内高储蓄支撑的高增长通常会导致紧缩压力，而非通胀压力。具体而言，实施初期的投资项目是总体需求的一部分(即需求曲线向右平移)，因而通常会增长价格上涨的压力，但是投资最终将导致产能的扩大，从而大幅增长供给(即供给曲线向右平移)。

在一个高储蓄的环境中，任何通胀压力都不可能持续很久。因为高储蓄率造成充裕的资金供应，从而使通过投资产生的供给面反应变得极为迅速。

境外金融资产的主要表现形式是外汇储备

中国的境外金融资产的主要表现形式为中央银行的外汇储备，约占中国境外总资产的70%。这主要是因为资本账户的管制导致国内居民不能自由进行境外投资。不过，以官方外汇储备形式体现的境外金融资产并不真正反映国内私人储蓄在境外使用的情况，因为国内的流动性(即如果没有资本账户管制，则可能已由私营部门投资于境外有形资产或金融资产所对应的那部分储蓄)正是由央行的外汇储备积累而创造的，但却被限制在中国国内。

挥之不去的资产价格上涨压力

一方面，央行外汇储备的积累创造了大量的国内流动性，同时金融投资的需求又很强劲。另一方面，国内资本市场不够发达，证券化投资产品不足。在中国，85% 的金融中介是通过银行系统完成的，证券市场只占10%，而债券市场基本就不存在。

资本市场供需不平衡的趋势是中国股市估值偏高的一个重要原因。作为一个贴现机制，目前规模尚小的中国股市背负了为整个经济的“光明未来”进行定价的“沉重包袱”，因此很容易在短期内滋生泡沫，尤其是在投资者的情绪变得亢奋之时。

中国的高储蓄是一个人口代际现象

高储蓄率主要是中国的计划生育政策下的人口结构、经济快速增长背景下家庭消费习惯改变缓慢等长期因素作用的结果。

“计划生育政策”以人为的形式在较短时间内大幅降低了中国的人口抚养比。在其他国家，老龄化是一个自然过程。尽管家庭收入随着整体经济增长而迅速增加，但个人消费习惯可能需要好几年甚至好几十年才能改变。这是为什么“文化因素”常常被认为是高储蓄率的原因。

国有企业缺乏社会保障和公司治理等其他结构性因素，虽然对中国的高储蓄率也有所贡献，但它们要么影响甚微，要么只是上述长期影响因素的间接反应。例如，私人企业占中国工业企业利润的70%以上，而私人企业的储蓄行为实际上是个人储蓄行为的一种延伸。

总体情况：资产价格上涨压力成为常态

我们认为，在“过度储蓄优点”的影响下，中国已经并可能继续保持高增长、低通胀，而且只要继续保持高储蓄率，就足以抵御来自外部的冲击。在这一背景下，挥之不去的资产价格上涨压力可能成为中国经济的一个常态，而非特例，从而成为未来几年政策制定者面临的最大、也是经常化的宏观经济挑战。

首要政策重点：降低杠杆率同时着眼于最大限度地防范系统性风险

在中国这样“过度储蓄”的经济体，管理资产价格的持续上涨压力，可能在未来几年内成为比控制传统的CPI上涨或促进经济增长更重要的政策目标。不过，由于传统的货币政策工具并非最合适的资产价格上涨管理工具，所以当前的紧迫任务是最大限度地防范资产价格破裂带来的系统性风险。在低杠杆率下，资产价格破裂造成的损失要小得多。

“降低杠杆率”很可能成为经济系统的一个重要政策目标。因此，将有必要实施严格的房贷抵押制度，严格限制股票市场的保证金交易，严格执行银行资本充足率要求。

此外，防止对人民币汇率的单边下注也十分重要，因为强烈的人民币升值预期将导致热钱的涌入，这是境外投机者使用的另一种杠杆形式。同样，有必要非对称开放资本账户控制，引导资本流出，控制资本流入。

通过合格国内机构投资者(QDII)以及合格国内散户投资者(QDRI)的投资活动，开放对外资本账户，当有助于满足国内储蓄者直接拥有境外金融资产的需求，从而放缓中央银行外汇储备积累及国内流动性创造的速度。不过，对资本流入(特别是短期投资)的控制应当继续维持或逐步取消。否则资本的流入将会对国内储蓄导致的严重资产价格上涨压力起到推波助澜的作用，并使政策博弈进一步复杂化。

结构性改革日程：放松价格管制，发展资本市场

在宏观风险和系统性风险得到控制之后，应重点采取有助于提升投资质量的结构性改革措施。尽管“过度储蓄”有助于产生高增长、低通胀等重要数据，但“过度储蓄”所创造的资本应当得到有效的配置。因此，放松对利率、能源价格及其他重要自然资源商品价格的管制已经不容拖延了。

同时，政府应进一步加快国内资本市场(包括股市和固定收益证券市场)，增加证券化产品的供应以满足不断增长的投资机会需求，缓解资产价格上涨的压力。

促进消费措施效果如何？

自从危机爆发以来，通过降低储蓄率促进国内消费已经成为一个政策重点。不过，如果中国的高储蓄率是一个人口代际现象，在我们看来，实质降低国民储蓄率的政策空间将十分有限。尤其是加强社会保障系统以及国有企业的公司治理可能有助于降低家庭储蓄率，但不会有效降低国民储蓄率。

任何旨在促进消费的结构性改革可能都会比较温和，效果也将十分有限。如果采取激进的政策措施强行降低储蓄率，而无视其人口代际本质，则将适得其反，使得福利体系过于慷慨，超过中国这样人均收入仍然很低的国家的承受能力。

事实上，我们认为，就这一问题讨论的任何相关政策建议都应被视为针对收入差距而采取的措施，而非着眼于增加整体消费水平。

汉译英2（回忆贴）

我国控烟禁烟形势严峻：吸烟成病死亡率世界第一

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2d9835083.html,/news/env/2009-05/23/content_17824023_2.htm

我国控烟和禁烟形势依然严峻

尽管我们在控烟和禁烟方面做了大量工作，取得了一定成效，但控烟和禁烟形势依然严峻。

一、普遍对烟草烟雾危害性认识存在四大误区。禁烟难、难禁烟，主要是对烟草烟雾的危害不认识或认识不足，甚至把吸烟说成好处多、贡献大、危害小、不伤害他人。

这些错误的认识包括:

吸烟“好处多”。很多烟民认为，吸烟可以消除疲劳、解除烦闷、振奋精神、刺激情绪；吸烟可以防止虫叮蚊咬，以毒攻毒消除某些病害；吸烟可以社交联谊、广交朋友、潇洒浪漫；吸烟可以帮助大脑启发思考、写作带来灵气等。

吸烟“贡献大”。吸烟是为国家做贡献、创造财富、增加税收、脱贫致富、解决就业。没有烟民，国家哪能每年收入几千个亿元税收，解决上千万人的就业，国家应感谢烟民，从而为吸烟找到所谓正当理由。

吸烟“无大害”。许多烟民和社会公众认为吸烟有点害但无大害。主要是尼古丁的毒害，这种毒害也是轻微的、漫长的、潜移默化的，只要自己身体好无大害，你看某位亲人一辈子吸烟活到九十九，不影响健康长寿。

吸烟“不伤害他人”。这是在公共场所和工作场所禁烟难的一个重要原因。

烟民错误地认为，吸烟是自己的权利，自己的自由，不受他人干涉。对于烟雾污染环境、污染空气质量，对二手烟、三手烟、主动吸烟、被动吸烟造成对他人健康侵害和享有清新空气的环境权的侵害不认知、不支持，我行我素。有的认为有点影响问题也不大，缺乏共同营造文明环境的思想和道德素质。

文章来源: 中国环境报

沪江网站的点评

二级笔译英译汉的主题是：

（1）海洋生态学家与渔业管理学家共同研究鱼类的维系和管理问题

Can we have our fish and eat it too? An unusual collaboration of marine ecologists and fisheries management scientists says the answer may be yes.

我们能否二者兼得，既有鱼可吃同时还能维系鱼类继续生存呢？由海洋生态学家与渔业管理学家进行的一项非同寻常的合作项目表明，这一答案也许是肯定的。

第一句原本可以译成汉语的一句习语：鱼与熊掌不可兼得。但是，根据该篇的上下文，如果按汉语习语来译，就显得很不妥当，因此，在翻译该句时应适当对含义做出调整，使之符合文章的要求。

Their conclusions are at once gloomy — overfishing continues to threaten many species —and upbeat: a combination of steps can turn things around.

两组科学家的结论喜忧掺半：忧的是过度捕捞将继续威胁着许多鱼类，喜的是若采取综合措施将会扭转事态。

该句的翻译考点是：采用“总分结构”还是“分总结构”翻译该句。如按照原句的顺序来译，就不太符合汉语的表达习惯，因为原句的表达形式是采用“分总结构”，而汉语则习惯于“总分结构”。

They sought and received financing and began organizing workshops at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, an organization sponsored by the National Science Foundation and based at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

他们获得了研究资助并开始在国家生态综合分析中心组织研讨会。该中心是国家科学基金会资助的一个研究机构，位于圣巴巴拉市加利福尼亚大学。

在翻译此句时，要注意将同位语译成一个独立的句子，以使汉语表达更为通顺。

（2）野火与植物强劲的生命力

Perhaps naively, I had expected to find that many trees had been killed. They hadn’t. They had blackened bark, but were otherwise looking rather well.

也许处于幼稚，我本料想会看到许多烧死的树木。但它们并没有被大火烧死，只有被烧黑的树皮，要不是这场大火，它们本来长势良好。

But unlike a normal animal, it’s a shape-shifter.

然而火并不像一个普通的动物，它是一个可以使物体改变形状的动物。

“a shape-shifter”名词转动词。词性的转换在翻译中是一个常用的手法，这是由英汉两种语言表达方式的差异所决定的。

汉译英部分对考生使用句式的熟练程度，词语内涵的把握都有较高的要求。

例句：

1. 尽管中国在禁烟和控烟方面做了大量的工作，但中国控烟形势依然严峻。

Considerable work as China has done in its campaign to control smoking and use of tobacco, the situation of smoking control still remains grim.

该句使用了一个“让步状语从句”的特殊句式。

2. 中国的烟草和烟制品的生产和消费占世界第一。

China ranks first in the world for its production and consumption of tobacco and tobacco products.

该句的主语应该如何确定，到底是“生产与消费”作主语，还是“中国”作主语？该句考察了考生对汉英语中的表达习惯不同的认知。

3. 许多烟民认为，吸烟可以消除疲劳、解除烦闷、振奋精神、刺激情绪；吸烟可以社交联谊、广交朋友等。

Many smokers believe that smoking can help eliminate one’s fatique, relieve one’s boredom, height en one’s spirit and stimulate one’s mood. Moreover, smoking can help socialize oneself with others, extend one’s circle of friends.

汉语中习惯用四字词组，译成英语时也应尽力选择字数相等形式来译。

4.高储蓄为促进国内投资的快速增长提供了充足的资金，而高投资反过来又促进了经济的快速增长。The high rate of savings provides sufficient funds for the rapid growth of domestic investment and the high investment in turn greatly facilitates the fast growth of economy.

5. 高储蓄率主要是中国的计划生育政策下的人口结构、经济快速增长背景下家庭消费习惯改变缓慢等长期因素作用的结果。

The high rate of savings can be chiefly attributed to the long-term factors that the population structure is formed under China’s one-child policy and household consumption habits change very slowly under the circumstances of the rapid economic growth.

6. 尽管家庭收入随着整体经济增长而迅速增加，但个人消费习惯可能需要好几年甚至好几十年才能改变。

Although the family income has quickly increased with the overall economic growth, it may take years or even decades before the personal consumption habits will change.

7. 在“过度储蓄优点”的影响下，中国已经并可能继续保持高增长、低通胀，而且只要继续保持高储蓄率，就足以抵御来自外部的冲击。

Under the effects of the “excess savings advantages”, China has and will continue to maintain a situation of high growth and low inflation. And so long as China continues to maintain a high rate of savings, it will be able to withstand external impact

2010年5月CATTI二级笔译

实务英译汉－必译题

参考译文

In the European Union, carrots must be firm but not woody, cucumbers must not be too curved and celery has to be free of any type of cavity. This was the law, one that banned overly curved, extra-knobbly or oddly shaped produce from supermarket shelves.

在欧盟，市场出售的胡萝卜必须脆而不糠，黄瓜也不能太弯，芹菜一点空心都不能有。因为过去法规禁止超市出售外形过弯、疙疙瘩瘩或者外形奇怪的农产品。

But in a victory for opponents of European regulation, 100 pages of legislation determining the size, shape and texture of fruit and vegetables have been torn up. On Wednesday, EU officials agreed to axe rules laying down standards for 26 products, from peas to plums.

但是最终反对这条欧盟法规的人士取得了胜利，这意味着约100页规定果蔬尺寸、外形和质地的相关法规得以废除。周三，欧盟有关领导人同意废除对部分农产品的强制性标准，范围涉及豌豆、李子等26个品种。

In doing so, the authorities hope they have killed off regulations routinely used by critics - most notably in the British media - to ridicule the meddling tendencies of the EU.

以英国媒体为首，各界批评家常就这一法规对欧盟动辄插手干涉的作风冷嘲热讽。有关部门希望此举能息事宁人/ 正是基于这一现状促使有关部门将其废除。

With the cost of the weekly supermarket visit on the rise, it has become increasingly hard to defend the act of throwing away food just because it looks strange.

老百姓去超市购物的花费每周都在上涨，在这种情况下，就因为蔬菜水果长得不够标准就扔掉，实在说不过去。

Beginning in July next year, when the changes go into force, standards on the 26 products will disappear altogether. Shoppers will then be able to chose their produce whatever its appearance. 明年七月开始，这些法规将被正式废除。届时，26种产品的标准将会一齐消失。消费者将能够随心所欲地挑选商品，无论它们的摸样是好是坏。

Under a compromise reached with national governments, many of which opposed the changes, standards will remain for 10 types of fruit and vegetables, including apples, citrus fruit, peaches,

pears, strawberries and tomatoes.

因为不少欧盟国家政府反对废除这一法规。作为妥协，包括苹果、柑橘类、桃子、梨、草莓和番茄等10种蔬菜水果的相关标准将予以保留。

But those in this category that do not meet European norms will still be allowed onto the market, providing they are marked as being substandard or intended for cooking or processing.

不过就算上述这类果蔬达不到欧盟的标准，只要注明非达标产品或专为烹饪及加工使用，仍然允许其上市销售。

"This marks a new dawn for the curvy cucumber and the knobbly carrot," said Mariann Fischer Boel, European commissioner for agriculture, who argued that regulations were better left to market operators.

欧盟委员会农业委员玛丽安?菲舍尔?伯尔表示：“这标志着弯黄瓜和坑坑洼洼的胡萝卜能重回市场了”，并提倡这类法规应由市场上的经营者说了算。

"In these days of high food prices and general economic difficulties," Fischer Boel added, "consumers should be able to choose from the widest range of products possible. It makes no sense to throw perfectly good products away, just because they are the 'wrong' shape."

菲舍尔?伯尔补充道：“在食品价格居高、经济普遍堪忧的境况下，应该为消费者提供尽可能多的产品来选择。只因为外形不符合标准就把质量上乘的产品扔掉，这种做法毫无道理”。

Such restrictions will disappear next year, and about 100 pages of rules and regulations will go as well, a move welcomed by Neil Parish, chairman of the European Parliament's agriculture committee.

到明年这些限制将会取消，同时约100页相关法律法规也会一并失效。对于这一举措，欧洲议会农业委员会主席Neil Parish表示赞同。

"Food is food, no matter what it looks like," Parish said. "To stop stores selling perfectly decent food during a food crisis is morally unjustifiable. Credit should be given to the EU agriculture commissioner for pushing through these proposals. Consumers care about the taste and quality of food, not how it looks."

“不管长的怎么样，食品毕竟只是食品。在粮食危机的当下还禁止商家出售质量尚好的农产品，这从道德层面说不过去。欧盟委员会农业委员推动这些提案通过的做法值得称赞。毕竟，消费者关心的是食品味道和品质，而不是长得什么样”。

英译汉－

选译题一

Ask mothers why babies are constantly picking things up from the floor or ground and putting them in their mouths, and chances are they'll say that it's instinctive - that that's how babies explore the world. But why the mouth, when sight, hearing, touch and even scent are far better at identifying things?

如果你问妈妈们，为什么宝宝们总是不停地从地板上或地面上捡东西放进嘴里，她们很有可能回答这是一种天性--是宝宝们探索世界的方式。但是，在分辨物品的时候，视觉、听觉、触觉甚至嗅觉都要好的多，为什么要选择用嘴巴呢？

Since all instinctive behaviors have an evolutionary advantage or they would not have been retained for millions of years, chances are that this one too has helped us survive as a species. And, indeed, accumulating evidence strongly suggests that eating dirt is good for you.

从进化的角度上讲，所有天生的行为都有其好处，否则它们就不会存在几百万年了。正因为如此，把物品放进嘴里的这种行为很可能也对人类作为一种物种存活下来有所帮组。而且有越来越多的证据强烈表明吃进脏的东西对我们有好处。

In studies of what is called the hygiene hypothesis, researchers are concluding that organisms like the millions of bacteria, viruses and especially worms that enter the body along with "dirt" spur the development of a healthy immune system. Several continuing studies suggest that worms may help to redirect an immune system that has gone awry and resulted in autoimmune disorders, allergies and asthma.

在被称作卫生假说的研究中，研究人员得出结论：随同“脏东西”进入人体的数以百万计的细菌、病毒，尤其是寄生虫等微生物可以刺激健康的免疫系统。几项后续的研究则显示，寄生虫可以帮助出现问题并且导致自身紊乱，过敏和哮喘的免疫系统回到正轨。

One leading researcher, Dr. Joel Weinstock, the director of gastroenterology and hepatology at