牛津初中英语语法结构图

牛津初中英语语法网络图

6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect 。

五．介词

I. 介词分类：

1 简单介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at,

below, beyond, during, in, on

2 合成介词 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon,

within, without

3 短语介词 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to,

owing to, thanks to

4 双重介词 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in

between

5 分词转化成的介词

considering(就而论), including

6 形容词转化成的介词

like, unlike, near, next, opposite

II. 常用介词区别：

1 表示时间的in, on, at at 表示片刻的时间，in 表示一段的时间，on 总是与日子有关

2 表示时间的since, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from 指从时间的某一点开始

3 表示时间的in, after in 指在一段时间之后，after 表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中

4 表示地理位置的in, on, to in 表示在某范围内，on 指与什么毗邻，to 指在某环境范围之外

5 表示“在…上”的on, in

on 只表示在某物的表面上，in 表示占去某物一部分 6 表示“穿过”的through, across through 表示从内部通过，与in 有关，across 表示在表面上通过，与on 有关

7 表示“关于”的about, on

about 指涉及到，on 指专门论述 8 between 与among 的区别 between 表示在两者之间，among 用于三者或三者以上的中间

9 besides 与except 的区别 besides 指“除了…还有再加上”，except 指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首

10 表示“用”的in, with with 表示具体的工具，in 表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音

11 as 与like 的区别 as 意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like 为“象…一样”，指情形相似

12 in 与into 区别 in 通常表示位置（静态），into 表示动向，不表示目的地或位置

六．动词

I. 动词的时态：

1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask 为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：

现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask 进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be

asking

完成 have/has asked h ad asked shall/will have asked should/would have

asked

完成进行 have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been asking should/would have been asking

2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：

1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：

I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)

2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：

I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）

3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：

两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。

I have read that book.我读过那本书了。

I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。

4. 一般将来时的表达方式：

将来时

用法 例句 1 will/shall+动词原形 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 My sister will be ten next year.

2 be going to+动词原形 含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事 It ’s going to clear up. We ’re going to have a party tonight.

3 be + doing 进行时表示将来 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive 等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe?

4 be about to + 动词原形 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状I was about to leave when the bell rang.

语The meeting is about to

close.

5 be to + 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.

6 一般现在时表示

将来

时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好

的事情，可用一般现在时表示将

来

The meeting starts at

five o’clock.

The plane leaves at ten

this evening.

II. 动词的被动语态：

常用被动语态构成

常用被动语

态

构成

1 一般现在

时

am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时was/were being asked

2 一般过去

时

was/were asked 7 现在完成时have/has been asked 3 一般将来

时

shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时had been asked

4 过去将来

时should/would be asked 9 将来完成时will/would have been

asked

5 现在进行

时am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动

词的

can/must/may be asked

注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be

going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如：

Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.

Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.

汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：

It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that…

It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that…

It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…

下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：

The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.

The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.

The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.

下面词或短语没有被动态：

leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last,

lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart 等等

七．情态动词

I. 情态动词基本用法：

情态动词 用法 否定式 疑问式与简答

can 能力（体力，智力，技能） 允许或许可（口语中常用） 可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）

can not / cannot /can ’t do Can …do …? Yes,…can. No,…can ’t. could couldn ’t do may 可以（问句中表示请求） 可能，或许（表推测） 祝愿（用于倒装句中） may not do May …do …? Yes,…

may. No,…mustn ’t/can ’

t.

might might not do Might …do …? Yes,…

might

No,…might not.

must 必须，应该（表主观要求） 肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测） must not/mustn ’t do Must …do …? Yes,…must. No,…needn ’t/don ’t have to.

have to 只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化） don ’t have to do Do …have to do …? Yes,…do. No,…don ’t.

ought to 应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用should ought not to/oughtn ’t to do Ought …to do …? Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn ’t.

shall 将要，会

用于一三人称征求对方意见 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等

shall not/shan ’t do Shall …do …? Yes,…shall. No,…shan ’t.

should 应当，应该（表义务责任） 本该（含有责备意味） should not/shouldn ’t do

Should …do …? will 意愿，决心 请求，建议，用在问句中would 比较委婉 will not/won ’t do W ill …do …?

Yes,…will. No,…won ’t.

would would not/wouldn ’t do dare 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中） dare not/daren ’t do Dare …do …? Yes,…dare. No,…daren ’t.

need 需要 必须（常用于否定句和疑问need not/needn ’t do Need …do …? Yes,…must. No,…

九．定语从句

I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。

关系词先行词从句成分例句备注

关系代词who 人主语

Do you know the man who is

talking with your mother?

whom, which

和that在从

句中做宾语

时，常可以省

略，但介词提

前时后面关

系代词不能

省略，也不可

以用that whom 人宾语

Mr. Smith is the person with whom

I am working

The boy (whom) she loved died in

the war..

whose 人，物定语

I like those books whose topics

are about history.

The boy whose father works

abroad is my deskmate.

that 人，物

主语，宾

语

A plane is a machine that can

fly.

She is the pop star (that) I want

to see very much.

which 物

主语，宾

语

The book (which) I gave you was

worth $10.

The picture which was about the

accident was terrible.

as 人，物

主语，宾

语

He is such a person as is

respected by all of us.

This is the same pen as I lost

yesterday.

as做宾语一

般不省略

关系副词when 时间时间状语

I will never forget the day when

we met there.

可用on

which where 地点地点状语

This is the house where I was

born.

可用in

which why 原因原因状语

I can’t imagine the reason why

he turned down my offer.

可用for

which

II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别：

情况用法说明例句

只用that的情况1．先行词为all, everything,

anything, nothing, little, much,

等不定代词时。

2．先行词被all, any, every,

each, much, little, no, some, few

等修饰时

3．先行词有形容词最高级和序数词

修饰时

4．先行词既指人又指物时

1.He told me everything

that he knows.

2.All the books that you

offered has been given

out.

3.This is the best film

that I have ever read.

4.We talked about the

persons and things that we

强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡Present at the meeting were 1,000 students.

部分倒装never, hardly, scarcely, seldom,

little, not until, not等表示否定

意义的副词放于句首

Hardly did I know what had

happened.

only和修饰的状语放于句首

Only then did he realized the

importance of English.

not only…but also连接并列的句子，

前倒后不倒

Not only does he know French, but

also he is expert at it. neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前

后都倒装

Neither do I know it, nor do I care

about it.

so…that, such…that中的so或such

及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒

So busy is he that he can not go

on a holiday.

as引导的让步状语

Child as he is, he has learned a

lot.

so, neither或nor表示前句内容也适

用于另外的人或事。

He can play the piano. So can i. 用于表示祝愿的祈使句中May you be in good health!

省略if的虚拟条件

Were I you, I would not do it in

this way.

十三。虚拟语气

类别用法例句

If引导的条件从句与现在事实

相反

从句动词：过去式（be用were）

主句动词：should/would/could/might+

动词原形

If he were here,

he would help us.

与过去事实

相反

从句动词：had+过去分词

主句动词：

should/would/could/might+have+过去

分词

If I had been

free, I would have

visited you.

与将来事实

相反

从句动词：过去式 / should+动词原形 /

were+不定式

主句动词：should/would/could/might+

动词原形

If it should rain

tomorrow, we

would not go

camping.

其它状语从句as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成

式

They are talking

as if they had

been friends for

years.

in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词用

can / could / may / might / would等+动词原形

Turn on the light

so that we can see

it clearly.

宾语从句demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动

词为should+动词原形

He suggested that

we not change our

mind.

wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和I wish I could be

should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情

况相反

a pop singer.

主语从句在It is necessary / important / strange that…,

It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested

that…等从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形

It is strange that

such a person

should be our

friends.

其它句型中It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+

动词原形

It’s high time

that we left. would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去

完成式

I would rather you

stayed at home

now.

If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表

示强烈的愿望

If only our dream

had come true!

十四。重要句型

1. It was not until midnight that he finished his task.

2. Not until he came back from abroad was I able to see him again.

3. The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.

4. He walked around the house, gun in hand.

5. May you be in good health!

6. Wish you a pleasant journey back home!

7. The professor was a humorous man with big nose and deep-set eyes.

8. What surprised me most was his imagination and patience.

9. He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under his head.

10. Sitting under the tree are Mr. Green and his first teacher.

11. On the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists.

12. Looking back upon those past years, he couldn’t help feeling very proud.

13. No sooner(Hardly) had he arrived at the theatre than(when) the play started.

14. Young as he is, he has learned advanced mathematics.

15. How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields!

16. There stands a beautiful vase in the corner of the room.

17. Ten miles north of the town lies a paper factory.

18. There goes the bell.

19. Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here.

20. It is no use crying for help.

21. If only I had been your student in the middle school!

22. It is believed that such a thing will not happen again.

23. Only when he explained did I realize the reason for this.

24.“He works particularly hard.”“So he does, and so do you.”

25. Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one

examination after another.

26. Such was Albert Einstein, a simple person of great achievements. 十五。动词搭配

1. add to增加，增进

add … to把…加进…

add up相加

add up to总计，所有这一切说明

1) I don't think these facts will ________ anything.

2) Fifty new books have been ________ the library.

3) The music _________ our enjoyment of the film.

4) You must have made a mistake when you _______ the bill ________. ( add up to, added to, add to, added…up )

2. break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉

break down出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开

break off暂停，中断

break in强行进入，插话

break into闯入

break into pieces成为碎片

break out爆发

break up捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散

break through突破

1) The criminal managed to break _______ ______ the police and ran into the woods.

2) When he heard the news, he broke _______ and cried.

3) Don't break ________ while others are speaking.

4) Why don't you break ________ for a few minutes and have some coffee?

5) When does school break ________?

6) After harvest we break _________ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen.

( away from, down, in, off, up, up )

3. bring up抚养，呕吐，提出

bring about造成

bring out拿出，出版

bring in引入，引进，挣钱

bring back使回想起

bring down使下降，使倒下

1) The shopkeeper brought his price _________ to only five dollars.

2) The school has brought _________ new foreign teachers to teach oral English.

3) The song brought ___________ happy memories of our schooldays.

4) Do you know what brought ___________ this misunderstanding?

5) The kind old man agreed to bring __________ the young orphan.

6) We decided to bring the matter ___ at the next meeting.

7) The wind brought _______ a lot of trees last night.

8) Next month they will bring ________ a new edition of the book. ( down, in, back, about, up, up, down, out )

4. call on号召，拜访（某人）

call at拜访、参观（某地）

call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要

call up使回忆起, 征召入伍

call in召集，请某人来

call out大喊，高叫

call off取消，不举行

1) Doctors are often called _____ in the middle of the war.

2) Please wait for me at home. I'll call _______ you at your house at seven tonight.

3) The trains calls _______ several big cities between Beijing and Guangzhou.

4) He called her name __________, but she didn't answer.

5) The sports meet was called ____ on account of the rain.

( in, for, at, out, off)

5. come about发生，出现

come down下跌，落，降，传下来

come in进来

come into (sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)

come on来临/ 快点

come out出版，结果是

come along一道来，赶快

come to达到 (an end/an agreement/a stop)苏醒，合计，总共是

come over走过来

come up发芽，走近

come across偶然碰到

come back回想起

come from来自，源自

1) I come _________ the book I lent you last month.

2) How did it come _________ that you both got lost? I thought you had

a map.

3) It suddenly came _________ to me where I had seen the boy before.

4) Come __________ now, or else we shall be late.

5) He came __________ me like a tiger.

6) The price of petrol has come _________ since the beginning of this year.

7) The word came __________ use many years ago.

初中英语语法结构图示

初中英语常用语法结构图示 一、词法： 单数 普通名词可数名词复数，复数变化规则 名词不规则名词复数形式 不可数名词及量的表示 专有名词: 人名、地名、国家名。大写，不加冠词 名词的格’s 多用于有生命的事物 of 多用于无生命的事物 人称代词：主格与宾格：人称代词的排序； 物主代词：形容词性物主代词；名词性物主代词 反身代词：构成；Own 的用法 that, this, these, those的用法； 指示代词such, so 的用法,the same as.的用法； so+（助）动词＋主语与so+主语＋（助）动词的区别。 代词one, another, the other, others, other等词的用法; one与it的区别; both,与all的区别; some, any的用法区别. 不定代词every与each的用法 either，neither，none的用法 -body,-one-thing-where与some, any, every，no的组合； any，many ，a few，few，much，a little，little等词的用法。 疑问代词：who, what, which, whose, whom It的用法表示天气、气候、季节、时间、阴暗、距离、状况等做主语； 作形式主语与形式宾语； 定冠词的用法：特指 冠词：（a, an, the）不定冠词的用法：不特指 不用冠词的情况 作用:定语和表语及其位置. The＋形容词＝复数名词 用法 单音节词 形容词构成双音节词 多音节词 比较级与最高级不规则词 as+原级+as ；not as(so)＋原级+ as 比较级＋比较级 The＋比较级+范围 The＋比较级，the +比较级 序数词+最高级 副词与形容词的用法区别及相互转换 级别方面用法与形容词相同 already, yet; ago, before, since; now, just now; sometime. Some time, sometimes;频度副词； 副词几个副词的用法so that, so…that; too…to; too, either, everyday, every day, every other day; enough;

初中英语语法：句子结构

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初中英语语法知识—动词的解析(1)

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(最新版)初中英语语法八大时态总结

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3 她（是）在教室里。She is in the classroom. 主语系表语主语系表语（介词短 语） ▲定语只修饰名词，不破坏句子的基本结构。通常 由形容词和介词短语充当，形容词放在所修饰的名 词之前，而介词短语放在所修饰的名词之后，请注 意英语与汉语词序的不同。看懂中文的定语是翻译 好定语的关键。 介词短语 ---英国法学家波洛克 介词短语 Happiness is a station -----------Pollock, British jurist 形容词介词短语 5

形容词介词短语 man is a teacher 介词短语形容词 6.教室里。 形容词介词短语 The teacher is handsome. My book is 表语（介词短语）定语（介词短语） She is

介词短语即可以做表语也可以做定语，虽然它们词性相同，但由于词序不同，它们所起到的作用也不同，当在is的后面是表语,跟在名词的后面它就起到定语的作用。 课堂练习 1 1是 2不是我的。 3．我的家乡hometown 峡谷valley里。 4那个贼 面behind。 1. 是 is 2钱不是我的。

(精心整理)英语语法结构图完整

初中英语语法网络图 一．名词 I. 名词的种类： 专有名词普通名词 国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词 个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词 II. 名词的数： 1. 规则名词的复数形式： 名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： 规则例词 1一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3 以-f或-fe结尾 的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加 -es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词 以y结尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6以辅音字母加 -o结尾的名词 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2. 不规则名词复数： 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词 1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff 5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也 可以作复数（成员） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)

英语语法图解(超级详细版)

语法网络图（超级详细版）

一．名词 专有名词普通名词 国名地名人名，团体机构 名称 可数名词不可数名词 个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词 1. 规则名词的复数形式： 规则例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3 以-f或-fe结尾 的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结 尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys

可数与不可数可以让学生理解字面意思数的清和数不清，brainstorm将可以想到的不可数名词讲出来 2. 不规则名词复数： 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。

初中英语语法---时态归纳

初中英语语法---时态归纳 动词时态的句子结构及关键词 动词时态的句子结构及关键词: 一般现在时: 句子结构: 肯定句主语+be (am, is, are ) + 其他 否定句主语+be not +其他 疑问句Be+主语+其他 或: 肯定句主语+动词原型+其他( 第三人称单数作主语动词要加"s" ) 否定句主语+don't+动词原型+其他(第三人称单数作主语don't改为doesn't) 疑问句DO+主语+动词原型+其他(第三人称单数作主语do改为doess) 关键词: sometimes, often, usually, always, every day, on Sunday afternoon, at 10 o'clockin the morning, five days a week, three times a month等. 注:在时间壮语从句,条件壮语从句中,常用一般现在时表示将来时,这时一般从句用一般现在时,主句用将来时

现在进行时: 句子结构:肯定句主语+be +动词的现在分词+其他 否定句主语+be not+动词的现在分词+其他 疑问句Be +主语+动词的现在分词+其他 关键词:now, right now, at the moment, It's+几点钟等的句子.或look, listen, keep quiet等提示语. 一般将来时: 句子结构: 肯定句主语+will+动词原型+其他 否定句主语+will not +动词原型+其他 疑问句Will +主语+动词原型+其他 (will 可改为be going to ,当主语是第一人称时will可用shall) 关键词:tomorrow, tomorrow morning, at seven o'clock tomorrow evening, next year, at ten o'clock next Sunday, this year, at the end of this term, from now on, in the year 2008, soon, in a few days' time, in the future 等.

初中英语语法重点汇总

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3、形容词原级表示比较级含义： 约翰不象迈克那么苯。 John is not so stupid as Mike. John is less stupid than Mike. John is cleverer than Mike. 4、用比较级表示最高级：约翰是班里最高的男生。 John is taller than any other boy in the class. John is the tallest boy in the class. 5、the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”: The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is. The more food you eat, the fatter you are. 6、 more and more….表示“越来……越……”: More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.

初中英语语法大全现在完成时的结构和用法(练习附答案)

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She has ever been to France. They have visited the Summer Palace many times. （三）动词的过去分词 1、规则变化 其变化规则与动词的一般过去时基本相同，主要是在词尾加-ed或-d。具体的有： 1）直接加-ed。如：worked、played。 2）以不发音的e结尾的动词后加-d。如：lived、danced。 3）以辅音字母加y结尾的动词后改y为i，再加-ed。如：studied、cried。4）以重读闭音节结尾的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母再加-ed。如：stopped、patted。 2、不规则变化 如果结合动词的过去式，动词的过去分词的不规则变化中，又有一些相对的规则现象。如： 1）AAA型。如：put put put；read read read。其中，read的过去式和过去分词虽然拼写时一样的，但其发音与原形不同，ea不再读作[i?]，而是[e]。 2）AAB型。如：beat beat beaten 3）ABB型。如：keep kept kept；sit sat sat 4）ABC型。如：lie lay lain；drink drank drunk

英语语法 并列结构

并列结构的定义 两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能相同、由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的语法结构序列叫做“并列结构” (Coordinate Construction), 或者“平行结构”(Parallel Construction)。 1.并列结构的各种形式 １）词与词的并列you and me buy and sell ２）词组与词组的并列 a teacher and a student walking down the street or running through an alley ３）分句与分句的并列you can go or you can stay with us. The children can go with us or they can stay at home. Compound Sentence 并列句/复合句 2. 并列结构的连接手段 １）并列连词 ２）标点符号 ３）并列结构的插入语 在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语，使这个项目处于更加突出的地位。 ４）并列结构的对称组合 成对组合的办法使整个结构更加紧凑。 并列结构 一、表示平行、递进关系的连词1.A and B:A和B And连接两个并列成分。and也常位于句首，使上下文联系更紧密。 The fabric is light and strong. I like reading and fishing in my spare time.This model of the computer is powerf ul,and the price is competitive. It was a severe winter.And we had not enough food for ourselves. 2.both A and B:A和B都这一结构是and的强化形式，连接的两个成分必须在结构上等同。不能连接句子。The new tax policy benefits both workers and farmers. Bothe she and I are interested in English literature. 3.not only…but(also)…不仅……而且……not only…but…as well不仅……而且……也 as well as和…and…as well和 *not only…but(also)…结构侧重在后者，而as well as侧重在前者。 Not only George but also his wife did a lot for us. It is said that he can fly a plane as well as drive a car. She can play pop music and classical music as well.

初中英语语法结构图

初中英语语法结构图 篇一：初中英语语法结构图示 初中英语常用语法结构图示 一、词法： 单数 普通名词可数名词复数，复数变化规则 名词不规则名词复数形式 不可数名词及量的表示 专有名词: 人名、地名、国家名。大写，不加冠词 名词的格’s 多用于有生命的事物 of 多用于无生命的事物 人称代词：主格与宾格：人称代词的排序； 物主代词：形容词性物主代词；名词性物主代词 反身代词：构成；Own 的用法 that, this, these, those的用法； 指示代词such, so 的用法,the same as.的用法； so+（助）动词＋主语与so+主语＋（助）动词的区别。代词one, another, the other, others, other等词的用法; one与it的区别; both,与all的区别;

some, any的用法区别. 不定代词every与each的用法 either，neither，none的用法 -body,-one-thing-where与some, any, every，no的组合；any，many ，a few，few，much，a little，little等词的用法。 疑问代词：who, what, which, whose, whom It的用法表示天气、气候、季节、时间、阴暗、距离、状况等做主语； 作形式主语与形式宾语； 特指 冠词：（a, an, the 作用:定语和表语及其位置. The＋形容词＝复数名词 用法 单音节词 形容词构成双音节词 多音节词 比较级与最高级不规则词 as+原级+as ；not as(so)＋原级+ as 比较级＋比较级 The＋比较级+范围

英语语法知识体系表

英语语法知识体系表 第一章名词 一、考纲解读 二、名词分类 三、名词数的变化 四、可数名词与不可数名词 （一）可数名词与不可数名词的辨别 （二）不可数名词的“五种计量方式” （三）不可数名词与可数名词的“五种转换” （四）常用名词复数形式的短语 五、名词所有格的“三种形式” 六、名词所有格与普通格做定语的“四点”区别 七、名词中的“六大易混点” 八、名词的常考方式 第二章冠词 一、考纲解读 二、不定冠词的用法 三、定冠词的用法 四、不用冠词的情况 五、冠词的“九大易错点” 第三章代词 一、考纲解读 二、代词的分类 三、代词的用法 （一）人称代词的“七点用法” （二）物主代词的“三点用法” （三）反身代词的“三种用法” （四）指示代词的“四点注意” （五）相互代词 （六）六组常见的不定代词的用法 四、代词中的“三大热点” 第四章it的用法 一、考纲解读 二、it的用法 （一）代词it的“六种用法” （二）引导词it的“四种用法” （三）it做无具体意义的主语时的常见结构 三、it用法中的“三大重点” （一）强调结构与定语从句、状语从句的区别 （二）It／This is／was／will be+the first／second／third

（三）It is（high／about）time+that从句 第五章数词 一、考纲解读 二、基数词与序数词的构成 三、基数词和序数词的“六大特点” 四、倍数词的“四类表达方式” （一）用half表示“一半”，可用作名词、形容词、副词 （二）用double表示“两倍”，可用作名词、形容词、副词、动词 （三）用times表示倍数的四种方法 （四）在中心词为名词的结构前，表示“量”的倍数的三种方法 五、分数与百分数的表达方式 六、日期的表达方式 七、约数的“六种表达方式” 八、数词中的“五大注意问题” 第六章形容词副词 一、考纲解读 二、形容词 （一）形容词的句法功能 （二）形容词在句中的位置 （三）与形容词有关的“四种句型” 1．主语+be+形容词+不定式 2．主语+be+形容词+介词短语 3．主语+be+形容词+that从旬 4．主语+be+形容词+wh—从句 （四）“22组常见同根或同义的形容词”的词义辨析 三、副词 （一）副词的分类 （二）“三种同根副词”的词义辨析 1．不加—ly表示具体概念，加—ly表示抽象概念 2．两种形式词义接近 3．两种形式词义迥然不同 （三）副词的“五种句法功能” （四）“十组常见副词”的用法 四、形容词、副词的比较等级 （一）比较等级中的“三种常见句型” 1．表示二者在性质和程度上相同时，用“as+aaj．／adv．原级+as”结构2．表示二者在性质和程度上不同时的四种结构 3．表示三者或三者以上比较时，用“the+最高级+表示范围的短语或从句” （二）比较等级中的“十种常见特殊用法” （三）比较等级中的“八项注意”

英语语法图解(超级详细版)

语法网络图（超级详细版）一．名词 1. 规则名词的复数形式： 可数与不可数可以让学生理解字面意思数的清和数不清，brainstorm将可以想到的不可数名词讲出来 2. 不规则名词复数： 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成：

用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 简单说所有格就是：Of用于无生命，长定语，其余情况用s 对于名词的教授：不能只是简单地罗列这些知识点，可以加入英汉两种语言的不同来解释，让学生不那么反感记这些知识点： 总体上讲，英语讲究形式，汉语讲究语义。英语是百炼钢，汉语是绕指柔。好比西餐与中餐，西餐需要各种工具，量杯都有十几种，各种刀具，烹饪时也基本依据菜谱，菜谱上对各种材料有严格的标准，盐5克，鸡蛋45克，一只打出来超过45克剩下的宁愿扔掉。全世界的麦当劳都可以是一个味。而中餐呢？我们的菜谱常常是盐少许，醋适量，每个厨师做出来的回锅肉都不同，只要味道正了，管他盐是5克还是50克呢。 词法讲究形式体现在每一类词都有很明显的特征。如形容词ful、al等结尾、副词ly结尾,tion多半是名词。词的不同类别有不同形式。而汉语也有某一类词有相同特征，但这种相同的特征是指的意义。意义相近才可能有相近的形。如跟草相关的有草字头。这就引申出汉语语义的重要。 句法讲究形式体现在动词的变位、代词的人称变化、形容词副词的级、名词有数有格等。形式上要求的，要严格遵守。汉语大多的变化体现在语义上。你去，我也去（将来时）你去过了（过去式）。单音节词可以随意转化为双音节词，加上缩略的高使用频率，让汉语的柔性突显。我们要学习语法就必须理解英语里形式规则的重要。汉语是意思到位了，形式可以忽略不计，而英语非也，形式十分考究，分的很细致。不能理解此点的在学英语时很容易受汉语思维的负迁移。Negative language transfer 这其中的缘由大概要追溯到中西文化上，西方文化源于希腊文明，这是一种期待将世界用一种最直观、能用数学表达的最注重个体的文明。所以他们发明了几何学，并认为可以用几何来解释一切。几何是研究空间结构的学问，所以基于这种文化的语言都非常讲究结构、形式。三角形和圆形坚决不可以混淆，所以学习英语的朋友一定要重点掌握结构和形式。而中国传统文化是注重实用的，关注现实生活，不做纯抽象的思辨。我们不讨论先有鸡还是先有蛋，我们只关注鸡蛋有营养，鸡肉很美味。我们最早的理论——阴阳学说也是基于对世界的观察得出的结论。所以汉字是有意义的文字，每个字的创造都基于现实生活。日月就是天上太阳月亮的形状，看就是手放在额头的姿势。所以汉语没有特别的结构，语言嘛本是用来交流的，大家能听懂就行了。汉语的语法基本是用意思来表达的。所以按照我们的思维会说出这样的句子he love dog大家都明白意义但是这是一个犯了很多语法错误的句子。 二．冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。

大学英语语法结构分析

大学英语第三册语法结构分析 (译部分) 1.发言人明确表示总统在任何情况下都不会取消这次旅行。 The spokesman made it clear that the president would not 主谓语 Cancel (the trip) under any circumstances. 介状 2. 我们相信他所说的，因为他受过良好的教育，出身于受人尊敬的家庭，更重 要的是他为人可靠。 We believ e what he has said , because he is well-educated , comes 主谓主 from a respectable familly and what’s more , he is reliable. 3. 随后后发生的那些事件证明了我的猜疑是对的。 The subsequent events confirmed my suspicions once again. 谓 4. 在赛后举行的记者招待会上，这位足教练因该队表现不佳而向球迷们致歉。 At the press conference held after the game , the football coach apologized to the fans for his team’s poor performance. 5. 令我们吃惊的是，这位常被赞为十分正直的州长竟然是一个贪官。 To our surprise, the governor who had often been praised for his honesty tur ned out to be a corrupt official. 谓语 6. 有少数人得到了提升，在这同时却有数万个人被解雇。 A few workers were promoted , but meanwhile hundreds of workers were dismissed. 7. 如果有机会，约翰也许已成为一位杰出的画家。 Given the chance , John might have become an outstanding painter.

英语语法网络图

语法网络图 一．名词 I. 名词的种类： II. 名词的数： 1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：

2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下： III. 名词的所有格： 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成：

2. ’s所有格的用法： 3. of所有格的用法： 用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed

二．冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法： II. 定冠词的用法：

III. 零冠词的用法： 三．代词： I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：

II. 不定代词用法注意点： 1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every: each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no： no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.