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语言学期末复习资料整理版

语言学期末复习资料整理版
语言学期末复习资料整理版

Chapter one Introduction

一、定义

1.语言学Linguistics

Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

2.普通语言学General Linguistics

The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.

3.语言language

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design Features

It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.

语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性

Productivity多产性

Duality双重性

Displacement移位性

Cultural transmission文化传递

⑴arbitrariness

There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.

P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions

⑵Productivity

Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.

⑶Duality

Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.

⑷Displacement

Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.

⑸Cultural transmission

Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.

5.语言能力Competence

Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.

6.语言运用performance

Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.

语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics

The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period

of time.

8.共时语言学Synchronical linguistics

The study of a given language at a given time.

9.语言langue

The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10.言语parole

The realization of langue in actual use.

11.规定性Prescriptive

It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.

12.描述性Descriptive

A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.

二、知识点

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2a12754112.html,nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a social activity carried out in

a certain social environment by human beings.

语言不是一种孤立的现象,而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。

2.几种观点和现象的提出者:

⑴瑞士语言学家F.de Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue和parole的区别

⑵U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomsky

in1950针对Saussure’s langue&parole提出Competence和performance

⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家

Sapir---language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.

Hall----language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols. Chomsky---from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.

⑷U.S.A Linguist Charles Hockett美国语言学家Charles Hockett

提出了语言的识别特征design features

3.the word ’language’ preceded by the zero-article ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language.

Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。

4.in order to discover the nature of the underlying language system ,what the linguists has to do first if to study language facts.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2a12754112.html,nguage is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so it's hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判断题

6.Frist drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in languages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。

三、问答题

1.what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study?

Phonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concer ned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.

Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.

Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language.

Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words.

Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.

2.why do we say language is arbitrary?

Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.

The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it’s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance.

A typic al example to illustrate the ‘arbitrariness’ of language is ‘a rose by any other name would smell as sweet’.

3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?

Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的,其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。

traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on’ high’ written language. 传统语法是规定性的,研究‘高级’书面语。

4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why

Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view.

现代语言学主要是共时性的,重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究,否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。

5.which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings?

Speech enjoys for the following reasons:

⑴Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution.

⑵A large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing.

⑶speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language.

6.how is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s ? Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study

Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.

6.the distinction between langue and parole?

⑴langue is abstract, relatively stable ⑵parole is concrete, varies from person to person, from situation to situation.

1/ What is linguistics?

什么是语言学?

Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general.

2/ The scope of linguistics

语言学的研究畴

The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通语言学)

The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.(语音学)

The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. (音系学)

The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. (形态学)

The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax (句法学)

The study of meaning in language is called semantics. (语义学)

The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. (语用学)

The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics. (社会语言学)

The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycho-linguistics. (心理语言学)

The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics. (应用语言学) But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language.

Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, (人类语言学)neurological linguistics, (神经语言学) mathematical linguistics, (数字语言学)and computational linguistics. (计算机语言学)

3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics

语言学研究中的几对基本概念

Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写

If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.

Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is “correct” or not.

Synchronic and diachronic 共时和历时

The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important.

Speech and writing 口头语与书面语

Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written.

Langue and parole 语言和言语

The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century.

Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.

Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用

Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.

He defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.

Chapter Two Phonology

一、定义

1.宽式音标Broad transcription

The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only.

2.窄式音标Narrow transcription

The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.

3.清音Voiceless

When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds.

4.浊音Voicing

Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. 5.元音Vowel

The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels.

6.辅音Consonants

The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at

some point of the vocal tract are called consonants.

7.音位Phoneme

The basic unit in phonology, it’s a collection of distinctive phonetic features.

8.音位变体Allophones

Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.

9.音素phone

A phonetic unit or segment. it doesnot necessarily distinguish meaning, it’s a speech sound we use when speaking a language.

10.最小对立对Minimal pair

When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.

11.超切分特征Suprasegmental

The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone.

12.互补分布complementary distribution P35

Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.

13.语言的语音媒介Phonic medium of language

The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language.

在人类交际中有着一定意义、对语言学研究来说举足轻重。有限的声音是语音媒介。

14.爆破音stops

When a obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive.

they are[b] [p] [t] [d] [k] [g]

二、知识点

1.statistics resulting from careful investigations show that there have been over5,000languages in the world, about two thirds of which have not had written form.

2. of the two media of language,speech is more basic than writing.

3.Phonetic 组成

⑴Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学longest established, mostly developed

⑵Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学

⑶Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学

4.articulatoryApparatus /Organs of Speech

Pharyngeal cavity–咽腔

Oral ...–口腔greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal …–鼻腔

5.The tongue is the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other, the extreme back of the tongue can be raised towards the uvula and a speech sound can be thus produced as is used in Arabic and French.

《语言学纲要》考研复习资料全

语言学纲要》练习题参考答案 导言部分 (一)名词解释 1 ?语言:语言是一个音义结合的符号系统,是人类独有的、最重要的交际工具,同时也是思维工具。 2 ?语言学:语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科,研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展 及其在社会生活中的运用以及语言研究成果的应用问题,等等。分理论语言学和应用语言 学两个领域。 3 ?语文学:人类最早的语言研究是从解释古代文献开始的,是为了研究哲学、历史和文学 而研究语言的。我们把这种依附于其他学科存在的语言研究成为语文学。 4?小学”:在中国古代,小学先从教授字的形(六书)、音、义开始,就把研究文字、训诂、音韵方面的学问统称为小学。小学一直是经学的一部分,包括音韵学、训诂学、文字学三个分支学科。5?理论语言学:普通语言学的一个部分,与应用语言学相对。主要以语言系统的描写、语言运用机制、语言能力以及语言发展的历史为主要的研究对象。 (二)填空 1 ?古印度、古代中国、古希腊具有悠久的历史文化传统,是语言学的三大发源地。 2?文言是我国古代的书面语,用它写成的文章称为文言文。 3 ?文字学、音韵学、训诂学是我国传统的语文学。 4 ?研究语言的结构,主要是研究语音、词汇、语法三个部分。 5 ?运用语言传递信息的过程,可以分为编码、发送、传递、接收、解码五个阶段。 第一章语言的社会功能

一、名词解释 1. 语言的两个有限 任何一种语言都是一个音义结合的符号系统,其中作为基本符号的语素和词在数量上是有 限的,把语素或词组合起来构成词组或句子的规则也是有限的。语言的这两个有限性是区 别言语活动的基本特征。 2. 言语活动的两个无限 言语活动是以语言为工具展开的交际或思维活动,其中作为这个活动的最基本的单位一- 句子,在理论上可以是无限长的,在数量上可以是是无限多的。 3. 大脑左右半球分工 人类大脑左右半球分工不同,左脑主管语言、逻辑、书写及右侧肢体运动,而右脑主管色彩、空间感、节奏和左侧肢体运动。大脑两半球分工是人类特有的,但出生婴儿大脑两半球没有分工。 4. 非语言交际工具或副语言交际工具 人们在运用语言进行交际的时候,不但动嘴,而且脸部的表情、手的动作、乃至整个躯体的姿态等非语言的东西也都参加进来。我们这些非语言的交际工具称为副语言交际工具。副语言交际工具的使用范围非常有限,只能起辅助性的交际作用,以补充语言交际的某些 不足。 5. 辅助性交际工具 指的文字、旗语、电报代码等在语言的基础上产生的交际工具。这些交际工具若离开语言 就不能独立存在。其特点是:都有特殊的服务领域,使用的范围相当狭窄。

语言学概论期末考试范围

语言学概论期末复习 1. diachronic linguistics Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present. 2. arbitrariness Language is arbitrary for the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural resemblance to their meaning. The link between the linguistic signs and their meanings is a matter of convention, and conventions differ radically across languages. 3. langue According to Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic systems shared by all the members of a speech community. It can be thought of as the generalized rules of the language that members of a speech community seem to abide by. 4. competence Chomsky defines competence as the abstract ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language. According to him, anyone who knows a language has internalized a set of rules about the sequences permitted in his language. This internalized set of rules is termed as a person's competence. 5. morpheme The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. The “morpheme' is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which can not be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning. 6. Morphology Morphology studies morphemes and their different forms and the way they combine in word formation. So it refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed 7. Semantic triangle According to Ogden and Richard's semantic triangle, there is no direct link between language and the world, or between the symbol ( the linguistic elements, the word, the sentence) and referent ( the object in the world of experience). The link is via thought or reference, the concepts of our minds. 8. Lingua franca Lingua franca is the general term for a language that serves as a means of communication between different groups of speakers. 9. componential analysis Componential analysis is a way to analyze lexical meaning, and it defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components. 10. Cooperative Principle Cooperative Principle (CP) was proposed by Paul Grice, under which there are four maxims: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the

语言学复习资料 精整版

1、历史比较语言学:是运用历史和比较两种方法,发现几种语言在历史演变中的对应规律从而确定语言的亲属关系,构拟产生这些亲属语言的原始母语。 2、组合关系:语言符号与符号之间组成的言语链条关系叫组合关系。组合关系是一种现实的、有顺序的、可数的横向关系。 3、聚合关系:在链条某一环节上能够互相替换的,具有相同作用的符号聚积成类的关系叫聚合关系。聚合关系是一种联想的、无顺序、不易精确数出来的纵向关系。 4、语言的融合:一种语言战胜另一种语言或一种语言被另一种语言吞噬的现象,叫做语言的融合。 5、语言的层级性:语言系统是一套层级装置,底层是一套音位装置,上层分为语素、词、句子三层。 6、音素:音素是人类语言在一次发音中从音质角度切分出来的最小的语音单位。 7、音位:音位是具体语言在一类发音中从能否区别词或语素的角度划分或归并出来的最小的语音形式。 8、国际音标:国际音标是国际语音协会于1888年公布的一套记音符号。大部分符号采用拉丁字母,少数用希腊字母,还有的采用大小写、正反写、合体写或添加符号与改变符号等方法。国际音标可分为宽式音标和严式音标两种。它的优点是形体简便,记音准确、灵活、完备。 9、音位变体:可归并为同一个音位的各个音素,我们称之为音位变体。 10、非音质音位:利用音高、音长、音强这些非音质要素形成的音位叫非音质音位。 11、语义:指语音形式表现出来的语言和言语的全部内容,它包括语言意义和言语意义两大类。 12、义素:义素是对某个义位的语义特征进行分析后得到的最小的语义单位。 13、语义场:语义场就是归属于一个总称之下的在意义上紧密联系的一组词的义位的聚合体。 14、语境:语言环境简称语境,指人们用语言进行交际时的具体环境。 15、词:词是语言中可以独立运用的最小音义结合单位。 16、语素:语素是语言中不能独立运用的最小的音义结合单位。 17、词缀:词缀指附着在词根之上的语素,它对词义的构成起附加作用。 18、复合词:复合词由两个或两个以上的词根复合构成。例:汉语中的“火车”、“心疼”,英语中的“black-board(黑板)”、“rail-way(铁路)”。 19、重叠词:是由相同的词根相叠构成。如:看看、试试、多多等。 20、语法:语法是音义结合的各结构单位之间的组织规则的汇集,它包括词的构词、构形的规则和组词成句的规则。 21、词组:词组是实词与实词的有机组合。词组在句子中具有相当于词的作用,但它是比词大的语法单位。 22、语法范畴:是把同一性质的语法意义进一步综合概括所形成的语法意义的类别,如词形范畴与词类范畴等。 23、语法手段:对语法形式再概括所得出的类别就是语法手段,也叫语法方式,一般包括内部屈折法、附加法、重叠法、异根法、重音法、词序、虚词、语调、冠词、前置词和后置词、助动词等。 24、直接成分分析法:指从句法结构的外部形式,特别是隐形形式入手,对句子的直接组成成分进行分析的方法。由于句子的直接成分与句子的层次性一致,所以也叫层次分析法。 25、意音文字:一部分字符是义符,一部分字符是音符的文字是意音文字。 26、字符:字符也就是文字符号,是文字的最基本的单位,也就是直接跟某种语言单位相联系的符号。

语言学期末考试

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