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托福写作话题词汇

教育

学校教育schooling

家庭教育upbringing; parenting

课程大纲curriculum

教学大纲syllabus

必修课required/compulsory courses,

选修课elective/optional courses

课外活动extra-curricular activities

社团活动club activities

志愿者服务volunteer service

社区工作community work

实习internship

学生会student union

男生/女生联谊会fraternity & sorority

校园生活school/campus life

学校是社会的缩影a school is society in miniature

文科liberal arts/ liberal studies

理科sciences

工科engineering

人文学科humanities

社会学科social science

艺术arts

学科subject/discipline

基础科学basic sciences

应用科学applied sciences

小学教育primary-level education; elementary education

中学教育secondary-level education

大学教育tertiary-level education; higher education

职业教育vocational education/training

接受教育enter/get access to schools/ education

学位degree (bachelor, master, doctor/PhD)

文凭diploma,

证书certificate

青少年teenagers/adolescents/the young generation/the youths

学生students (fresh man, sophomore, junior, senior)

上课attend classes

逃课skip class, be absent from class

老师/学生为中心的课堂teacher-centered/ student-centered/ classroom

有能力的/有资格的/有经验的/良好培训的老师

competent/qualified/experienced/well-trained teachers

无能力的/不够格的/欠经验的老师

incompetent/disqualified/inexperienced/poorly-trained teachers

well-equipped/ well-appointed/ well-decorated classrooms 设施良好的/装修良好的教室先进的教学设施up-to-date teaching facilities

laboratory, library, multimedia resources (computer, projector, speaker, microphone, database, printer, photocopier)

传授理论知识impart /inculcate theoretical knowledge

教授职业技能instruct professional/practical skills

灌输高尚的道德观instill/advocate high moral values and principles

激励学生追求梦想give students the motivation to pursue their dreams

motivate students to fulfill their life goals

唤起学生对文理知识的好奇心arouse students’ curiosity about arts and science

激发学生的创新思维inspire/stimulate students’ innovative thoughts

鼓励学生批判/辩证/独立思维encourage students to think critically/dialectically/independently 告诉学生各学科间的联系inform students of the correlation between different disciplines

塑造学生的人生目标和价值观念shape students’ life goals and philosophy

促进学生身体/心理/智力/情感的发展

promote students’ physical/mental/intellectual/emotional development

保持身心健康maintain physical/psychological health/soundness

适应逆境的能力adapt to adversity/adverse circumstances

在理解的基础上学习learn things through understanding

塑造某人的性格mould/build one’s character

培养责任感cultivate a sense of responsibility

按时完成作业

complete/accomplish assignment(presentation/report/essay/paper/thesis/dissertation) on time

填鸭式教学force-feed/spoon-feed the knowledge to the students

死记硬背learn things by rote, spit back predigested ideas, cram for exams

机械记忆概念、方程式、公式、定理和定律

mechanically memorize concepts, equations, formulas, theorems and laws

盲从…的指令follow someone’s order blindly/indiscriminately (advs)

限制创造力的发展extinguish/stifle/constrain creativity

打击学生的学生积极性dampen/sap student’s enthusiasm for learning

frustrate the students

激起不必要的同辈压力beget/intensify undue peer pressure

基于智力差异/学业成绩/社会背景对学生进行分离教育

segregate students on basis of their intellectual disparity/academic performance/social background 评价老师的教学appraise/evaluate/assess teachers’ performance

从学生中获得建设性反馈/建议gain constructive feedbacks/suggestions from students

使学生对教学过程有更大的发言权give students a greater say in the teaching-learning process 对授课进行监督provide an oversight over lectures

改善教学方法improve teaching methodology/pedagogical methodology

减少教职员工的懈怠态度minimize slack attitude among teaching faculty

损害老师在课堂中的权威性impair the authority of teachers in the classroom

对课程/老师持有偏见/不负责的评论

hold biased opinions/ irresponsible comments on a course/teacher

导致学生不守纪律/行为不端breed indiscipline/misbehaviors among students

小组学习有助于学生们了解团队工作的重要性和提高他们的社会技能。

Studying in a group helps students to understand the importance of team-work and improve their

social skills.

学生们在合作学习中获得不同的观点和经验。

Students gain/obtain a variety of perceptions and experience in cooperative learning.

休闲/生活

业余时间free time/leisure time/ spare time

娱乐entertainment/recreation/amusement

保持健康keep fit/healthy/in shape

保持身体柔韧性keep the body soft and supple

强壮体魄build one’s muscle

提升免疫功能enhance immune function

消耗多余脂肪/热量burn off extra fat/calories

防止人们变胖prevent people from getting overweight

预防重大疾病guard…against fatal diseases

改善血液循环improve blood circulation

增强耐力build up one’s stamina

训练自制力train self-discipline

磨砺意志build one’s character

丰富知识enrich one’s knowledge

开阔视野broaden one’s mind/horizon

陶冶情操culti vate one’s minds

净化心灵purify one’s soul

发展特长develop one’s specialties

增强自信和自尊boost one’s confidence and self-esteem

消除忧虑free/liberate oneself from daily trouble/worldly concerns

缓解压力relieve/ease/alleviate/release one’s work pressure/mental stress

娱乐自我amuse/entertain/recreate/ oneself

劳逸结合keep/strike/maintain a balance between work and leisure

丰富人生经历enrich life experience

欣赏自然景观admire/appreciate/experience the scenery/landscape of Mother Nature

扩大社交圈子widen social circle

增进友谊/人际关系strengthen friendship/interpersonal relations

体验精神上的享受experience mental amusement and enjoyment

获得他人的支持/安慰/鼓励/忠告/建议/建设性批评

get support/comfort/encouragement/advice/ suggestion/ constructive criticism from others

工作

体面的/理想的/收入好的工作decent/ideal/well-paid jobs

卑微的/无价值的/收入低的工作menial/valueless/under-paid jobs

脑力/体力劳动mental/labor work; white-collar/ blue-collar

申请兼职/临时/实习职位apply for part-time/temporary jobs/internships

获得全职/永久职位get/land/secure a full-time/permanent job position

有灵活的/紧凑的工作时间have a flexible/ tight schedule

提供晋升空间provide a good chance of promotion

提供有前途的未来offer a promising future

为长期职业目标奠定基础pave the way for long-term career plan

感到归属感feel a sense of belonging

承认某人的公司的努力/地位recognize one’s efforts/status in the company

参与决策过程participate in decision-making process

充分发挥潜能/才华realize one’s full potential/talents

学会合作和妥协learn to cooperate and compromise

自信面对激烈竞争face the fierce/stiff competition with confidence/self-assurance

获得颇丰的收入get fat/high/generous salary/income/remuneration

更新专业知识和技能update one’s expertise and skills

建立和谐的工作关系establish harmonious working relationship

在员工/部门间形成协同作用create a great synergy between different employees/departments 改善人际/交流能力improve interpersonal/communicative skills

掌握解决问题/管理/学历的能力master problem-solving/managerial/learning skills

提供稳定感和满足感afford stability and satisfaction

培养责任感develop a sense of responsibility

获得个人成就attain personal achievement/accomplishment

出人头地make it to the top of in the society

形成团队合作和相互尊重的氛围create an atmosphere of team spirit and mutual respect

理论付诸实践put theories into practice;

utilize book knowledge in reality;

apply the theories learned in school to the resolution of practical problems.

获得宝贵的工作经验obtain invaluable working experience

强化个人简历/任职能力strengthen one’s resumes/competence ,

在工作面试中占有先机have an edge/advantage in job interviews

与受欢迎的雇主建立联系build important contacts with sought-after employers,

使…熟悉某一产业的最新发展familiarize one with the contemporary state of an industry

迎接挑战Stand up to the challenge / meet the challenge

实现人生价值realize the values of life

丰富一个人的生活阅历enrich/accumulate one’s social experience

培养自己的独立性和坚韧性cultivate one’s independence and toughness

追求个人发展seek for personal development

展示才能和创造力display one’s talent and creativity

获得自我实现感gain a sense of self-fulfillment/ achievement

为机构/社会做出贡献make one’s own contribution to an organization/ the society

确定自己的角色define one’s role

无薪加班work overtime without extra pay

在团队中承担太多压力assume/shoulder excessive responsibilities in the team

赶工作任务的最后期限meet the deadlines for work tasks

应对巨大工作压力face/handle extreme pressure from work

生活

有特殊审美价值的老房子old building of special aesthetic value

有特殊历史意义的老房子building of historic significance

让城市更美观beautify(vt) the cities/better(vt) the cityscape

破旧的（房子）rundown/shabby/ dilapidated

拆除tear down a building/demolish a building/raze…to the ground

高楼high-rise/towering buildings

摩天楼skyscrapers

城市化urbanization

缩小城乡差距narrow/bridge the gap between the city and the countryside

城市city; urban area

大都市metropolis; cosmopolitan city

乡村the countryside; rural area

繁荣发展的developed/prosperous/thriving/ booming

落后贫穷的poor/ needy/underdeveloped/poverty-stricken

居民dweller, residents, inhabitant

城市文明的舒适civilized comforts

田园生活pastoral/idyllic life

节奏快速的生活fast-paced life

生活节奏加速the tempo/pace of living has accelerated

舒缓的生活节奏slow/gentle pace of life

相对高/低的生活水平relatively poor/high living standards

低廉的/飞涨的生活成本low/skyrocketing cost of living

丰富的生活物资abundant life necessities

多种多样的娱乐方式various forms of entertainment

交通堵塞traffic jams/traffic congestions

人口激增Population explosion

拥挤的/人多的crowded/populous

人口稀少have a small/sparse/thinly-scattered population

阶级两极分化Class polarization

贫穷的needy/poverty-stricken/impoverished/ destitute/indigent

富裕的affluent/wealthy/well-off

失业unemployment/joblessness

犯罪率上升a rising crime rate

社会冲突social conflict

社会稳定social stability

提供更多的就业机会/职位offer more job opportunities/openings

现代生活的过大压力overwhelming pressure/stress of modern life

情绪/精神/心理/社会/经济emotional/mental/psychological/social/financial stress 社会福利social welfare

基础设施infrastructure/public facilities/ utilities

便捷的交通工具Convenient transportation means

(airplane/aeroplane; car/automobile; train/ high-speed train / bullet train; bus; subway/underground/tube/metro; ship/ferry/vessel)

公路/铁路网road/railway networks

公共交通public transportation

电网power grid

供水系统water supply

排水系统drainage system

娱乐设施recreational facilities

cafes/bars/pubs/clubs/discos/parks/squares/cinemas/theatres/museums/artgalleries/ aquariums/zoos/funfairs/shopping malls/supermarkets/department stores/restaurants/hotels 体育设施sport facilities

gyms/stadiums/fitness center

公共教育体系public education system

医疗服务medical service/ medical care

技术

电脑personal computer, laptop, notebook, portable computers

网络the Internet, the virtual world, the cyberspace, World Wide Web

搜索引擎search engine

信息和资源的分享传播the sharing and spreading of information and resources

网上学习online learning; Internet-based learning; online courses

电子书籍/期刊e-books/online journals

网络社交online chatting/socializing

社交网站social network websites

网络时讯/天气预报online newsletter/weather broadcast

网络购物online shopping//purchasing/ buying and selling

网络视频和音频节目online video and audio program

网络会议online video and audio meeting; teleconference

网络犯罪cyber crime

网络色情Internet porn

网络诈骗Internet fraud

电子商务E-commerce, E-business

生物技术biotechnology

医学技术medical technology

远程通讯telecommunications

尖端的技术cutting-edge/ up-to-date/ state-of-the-art/advanced technology

信息爆炸information explosion/ an overload of information

信息时代the information age/era

互联网被广泛的应用the proliferation of the Internet

科技创新与发展technological innovations/inventions/advances/progress

接入网络get access to the Internet

打破时空界限break the limits of space and time

打破国与国之间的文化、宗教、意识形态的障碍

break the cultural/religious/ideological barriers of different nations

节省时间、节省体力(能源) time-saving, energy-saving

耗费时间、耗费体力(能源) energy-consuming, energy-consuming

浪费时间、浪费精力time-wasting, energy-wasting

为…牺牲个人时间sacrifice private time for…

高效利用make the best use of; take full advantage of ; utilize efficiently

提高效率augment/enhance/boost efficiency

提高生产效率augment/enhance/boots productivity

减少人力的机器labor-saving machinery

取代人力的机器labor-replacing machinery

自动化automation(n)/ automatic (adj)

彻底变革transform/revolutionize/fundamentally change sth.

以一种史无前例的速度向前发展advance/progress at an unprecedented rate

突发猛进地发展sth is advancing by leaps and bounds

产生深远的影响

create/ profound/far-reaching/pervasive influence/impact/effect

促进文化交流promote cultural exchange

增强国际交流和合作strengthen international communication and cooperation

电脑的使用有助于老师和学生扩宽他们的知识面。

The use of computers can help teachers and students broaden their horizons.

掌握电脑的使用为学生未来的职业发展奠定坚实的基础。

The mastery of computer techniques lays a solid foundation for students’ career development in the future.

一些学生过分沉迷于网络会严重影响学习。

Some of students are obsessed with the Internet, which will negatively affect their study.

过度使用电脑会应影响身体健康。

Excessive use of computer poses a serious threat to health of students.

人们可以通过电脑和因特网在家办公。

People can telecommute through the Internet and computers.

人们需要不断接受职业培训以便赶上新科技的快速发展。

People have to continue vocational training to keep pace with the fast development of technology 电脑和办公自动化使得人们更有效地工作。

Computerization and office automation enable people to work more quickly and effectively.

降低日常开支/租金/文具及设备开支

reduce overheads/rent/expenses on office stationery and equipments

汽车、飞机和铁路的普及大大减少了人们在路途上奔波的时间。

The popularity of automobiles, airplanes and railways greatly reduce people’s commuting tim e.

媒体

新闻界the press/journalism

大众媒体mass media

平面媒体the print media

新闻的机构news outlets

无处不在prevalent/ubiquitous/pervasive

各种各样激动人心的节目various thrilling programs

如实的报道factual accounts

可信的reliable/trustworthy/dependable

客观公正的objective and balanced

及时的up-to-the-minute/up-to-date

信息量大的informative

娱乐性强的entertaining

教育性的educational/instructive

制造交流话题create topics of discussion

加强家庭关系strengthen the family ties/ the emotional bond of family members 唤起社会的良知或者责任感awaken the conscience of society

传播知识与科学spread/diffuse/disseminate knowledge and science

明辨是非distinguish/differentiate right from wrong

揭露事实和真理reveal/disclose truths and facts

低质量节目poor-quality programs

收视率audience ratings

追求最大限度利润pursue maximum profit

狗仔队paparazzi (复数)

名人celebrities/ (TV/sports/political…) personalities

侵犯隐私/私生活violate/intrude on/infringe on someone’s privacy/private life

破坏某人的名誉ruin/damage/smear one’s reputation/prestige

满足心理需要satisfy people’s psychological needs

丑闻scandals

绯闻gossips

充斥着be flooded with/ be saturated with/ be inundated with

过多的暴力与色情内容excessive violent and pornographic contents

媒体炒作media hype

夸大事实exaggerate /overstate /blow things out of all proportions

不公正的报道biased coverage

有误导性的misleading/misrepresented/distorted

诈骗性的fraudulent

虚假的false/bogus

使…丧失了想象力和创造力deprive somebody o f one’s imagination and creativity 不能区别假象和现实fail to tell the difference between illusion and reality

盲目追求时尚follow the fashion blindly

疏远家人和朋友alienate oneself from the family and friends

与现实隔绝be detached from reality

模仿暴力/反社会行为imitate violent/anti-social behaviors

激发少年犯罪trigger juvenile crimes

审查censor(vt)/ censorship (n)

监督scrutinize/monitor/oversee

道德/行为准则code of ethics/code of conduct

国家/地区文化特性cultural identity of a nation/region

全球文化同一化过程global cultural homogenization

文化同一性cultural homogeneity/cultural uniformity

地球村the global village

环境

生态系统ecosystem/ecological system

生物多样性biodiversity

打破生态平衡disturb ecological balance/ecological equilibrium

保持生态平衡keep/maintain ecological balance

形成恶性循环form a vicious circle

某一地区的动植物animals and plants/ flora and fauna/ the wildlife in a region

濒危动物Endangered animals

自然栖息地natural habitat

野生保护区wildlife reserve

可持续发展sustainable development

环保主义者environmentalist/conservationists

环境友好的environmentally-friendly

生态友好的eco-friendly

肥沃的土壤fertile soil

贫瘠的土壤infertile soil

耕地arable land/farmland

增加农产品产量boost crop yield

开采自然资源exploit natural resources

消耗consume/deplete/ use up

节约save/ conserve/ economize on

保护preserve/protect/safeguard

再利用reuse/recycle

用尽use up/exhaust

污染pollute/contaminate/dirty

污水effluent/sewage

排放discharge/release

废物处理waste disposal

有毒物质化学材料poisonous/toxic/hazardous substances/ chemicals

农业/工业/家庭废物agricultural/ industrial/ household waste;

车辆尾气vehicle exhaust emission/fumes/gas

化石燃料fossil fuels

(coal, crude oil, petroleum, gasoline, diesel oil, natural gas)

环保型/可再生能源Environmental-friendly/renewable energies

(solar energy, wind power, tidal power, hydro energy, electric power, nuclear energy, biofuel, biogas)

灾害Disasters and catastrophes:

(flood, drought, mudslide, sandstorm, acid rain, oil spill, nuclear leak, air pollution, greenhouse effect, global warming, unstable climate, desertification, land degradation, soil erosion, water contamination, species extinction)

各国携手countries must join forces/makes a concerted effort/unite as one

解决环境问题combat/tackle/resolve/address environmental problems

严厉的措施harsh action/measures

增强公众的意识raise the public awareness of sth

提倡低碳生活advocate a low-carbon life

Man dirties the air with poisonous gas and smoke, poisons the water with chemicals and other

substances, and damages the soil with too many fertilizers and pesticides.

People show an appalling disregard for the environment. They throw away household wastes or takeaways packaging in public places. They operate motor vehicles that fill the air with disturbing noise and hazardous gases. They hunt and kill animals for profit to the point of extinction.

Untreated sewage was poured into rivers and seas. Acid rain was caused by the poisonous gases released from industries and automobiles. Marine life is threatened by oil spills or toxic wastes of which factories dispose.

Scientists believe that if humans do not take measures to control the emission of greenhouse gases, the temperature of the earth will continue to grow. Eventually, this could melt the polar ice caps and cause devastating costal flooding all over the world.

Pollution of soil reduces the amount of arable land available in the world.

Badly polluted air can cause illness, and even death. contaminated water kills fish and other marine life.

Water pollution reduces the amount of pure, fresh water that is available for such necessities as drinking and cleaning, and for such activities as swimming and fishing.

Our government should introduce stronger and harsher laws and regulations to diminish such behaviors as littering and waste-dumping.

Educational activities should be sponsored by the government to promote public awareness of environmental protection.

We should set up dustbins on every street and alley to collect glass, paper, and aluminum that can be converted back into raw materials.

The rubbish should be classified scientifically so that the recycling procedure can achieve high efficiency.

In order to reduce the amount of toxic gases and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, governments at all levels may adopt the rule that odd-numbered vehicles are allowed to run only on odd dates and even-numbered cars on even dates.

健康

An overabundance of TV-viewing, as many scientist point out, may lead to an increase in obesity among kids. As children spend most of their free time watching TV programmes, they seldom do exercises in the open air and thus, get used to a sedentary lifestyle.

overabundance过多，过量obesity肥胖症sedentary久坐的

Some forms of air pollution might be a slight annoyance to a health person but life-threatening to someone with emphysema or another respiratory disorder.

annoyance烦恼，扰人之事emphysema肺气肿respiratory 呼吸的

Exposure to noise may result in a range of possible physical effects including: headaches, nausea, increased blood pressure, other cardiovascular changes and general fatigue.

exposure暴露a range of 一系列nausea恶心cardiovascular 心血管的fatigue疲劳

Smoking is the main cause of not only lung cancer but also many other diseases such as core throat, heart attacks, etc. In addition, smoking also speeds up the process of aging and brings about wrinkles on people’s faces.

lung cancer 肺癌sore throat 咽喉痛heart attacks 心脏病aging 衰老wrinkle 皱纹

In order to make their food more tasty, restaurants often serve dishes with excessive oil, sugar and

other additives. As a consequence, people who often eat such food may suffer from diseases like obesity, diabetes, and food poisoning.

excessive 过量的additive添加剂suffer from 遭受，患diabetes 糖尿病

政府/建设

当局governments/authorities(n)

民主与进步的政府a democratic and progressive government

老百姓citizens/ the common/the public/ the grassroots

规范，管理regulate/administer/oversee (vt)

实施implement(vt)/put… into effect

严格的规章制度stringent/strict rules and regulations

立法make laws/legislation

对…实施限制impose restrictions on…

严禁strictly prohibit/ban

为…拨款allocate/dedicate money to sth.

invest/pour money in sth

finance(vt)/fund(vt)/ money to sth.

预算budget

税收tax revenue(n)

政府开支government spending/expenditure on sth.

削减cut/axe/reduce/slash

增加increase/augment/raise

当务之急（n）priority

把…作为当务之急give priority to sth.

太空竞赛space race(n)

太空探索space exploration

巩固国防reinforce national defense

领土扩张territorial expansion

谋求霸权seek/pursue hegemony

民族自豪感a sense of national pride

支柱产业a pillar industry

促进经济发展boost the economic development

传统建筑是历史和社会习俗的标志，所以保护老建筑实际上是保护文化。

Traditional buildings are the symbols of history and social conventions, so to preserve old buildings is to conserve the civilization of a nation.

老建筑有助于维持建筑风格的多样性。

Time-honored buildings help to maintain the diversity of architectural styles.

许多老建筑既没有经济价值也不具备实用价值。

A vast number of old buildings have neither economic values nor practical values

保护老建筑需要花费大量的时间和金钱。

It takes commitment of money and time to protect historic sites.

艺术形式

Literature

myth, parable, folktale, novel, short story, poetry, drama, essay, biography, blog…

Music

classical, folk, jazz, soul, country, rock & roll, pop, rap, blues, R&B, techno, opera

Movies

comedy, tragedy, social drama, romance, musical, epic, costume, cartoon, animation, science fiction, action; martial arts; documentary, disaster, horror, thriller, suspense…

TV Programmes

talk/game/talent/dating/reality show; cartoon series; soap opera (sitcom; drama);

news/interview/sports/music/nature/science/history programme;

Dance

ballet 芭蕾舞folk dance 民族舞tap dance 踢踏舞break dance 霹雳舞popping dance 机械舞mambo 曼波舞jazz dance 爵士舞street dance 街舞International style of ballroom dance 国标舞

性格&人品词汇

外向直言型：outspoken, straightforward, frank, candid, open-minded, extroverted

内向含蓄型：reserved, quite, introverted, taciturn, shy

善良热心型：nice, kind, warm-hearted, benevolent

体贴同情型：considerate, thoughtful, sympathetic, tender, tender-hearted

慷慨大度型：generous, unselfish, liberal, broad-minded, magnanimous, have a big heart

积极自信型：positive, optimistic, confident, self-assured

勤劳踏实型：hard-working, industrious, diligent, conscientious, down-to-earth

诚实正直型：honest, upright, noble, righteous, virtuous, veracious

忠诚可信型：loyal, faithful, trusty, trustworthy, credible, reliable, dependable

友爱和蔼型：friendly, hospitable, amiable, agreeable, sociable, approachable

幽默搞笑型：funny, humorous, amusing, hilarious

活力四射型：lively, energetic, spirited, vigorous, dynamic

热情深意型：passionate (about), enthusiastic (for), ardent, zealous, romantic, affectionate

坚定执着型：determined, assertive, resolute, persistent, persevering, determined, tenacious

冷静自制型：calm, placid, composed, poised, contained, self-controlled, self-possessed

文雅有礼型：polite, gentle, elegant, graceful, refined, well-mannered, courteous, urbane

勇敢无畏型：brave, bold, daring, manly, adventurous, courageous, stout-hearted, undaunted

抱负远大型：ambitious, aspiring, enterprising

博学远见型：learned, knowledgeable, enlightened, far-sighted, visionary

睿智有才型：clever, smart, intelligent, wise, witty, gifted, talented, versatile, resourceful, ingenious, creative, inventive

托福写作词汇

写作关键用词及短语汇总

数量词一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of 无数innumerable ; countless 许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample 非常多（大）的tremendous 依序列举list in sequence 时间词过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic 短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived 不合时宜的anachronism 可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time 一再time after time ; again and again 初始的preliminary 前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former 自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages 年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult 老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated 偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times 时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly 永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life 重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities 目前so far ; by far 一次就可完成的事one-time event 正/反意见（opinion）骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove 支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold 谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of 错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect 错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior 做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite 归咎blam e…on ; put the blam e on … ;…is to blame 瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts 支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of 不会犯错的infallible 意见不和clashes of opinion 一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement 不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate 批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of…我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. 我愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to 有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive 有意义的meaningful; fulfilling 他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit thi s… 在大家同意下by common consent of… 否定deny; withhold; negate 承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede 于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use 使…受益benefit…; do good t o…; is good for…; is of great benefit t o… 成语及俗语及搭配方式想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking 想出come up with 找出come up with; find out 利用use; take advantage of

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22. glamorous 富有魅力的 23. gorgeous 辉煌的 24. impressive 令人印象深刻的 25. incompatible 不和适宜的 26. indifferent 冷漠的 27. indispensable 不可或缺的 28. inexhaustible 取之不尽的 29. infectious 传染性的 30. influential 有影响力的 31. inhumane 不人道的 32. innocent 多管闲事的, 无辜的 33. instructive 智力的 34. intellectual 智力的 35. interpersonal 人际间的 36. irreparable 不可弥补的 37. luxurious 奢侈的 38. mature 成熟的 39. misleading 误导的 40. misrepresented 不如实叙述的 41. money-oriented 拜金的 42. nourishing 有营养的 43. old-fashioned/out of date 过时的 44. perilous 危险的 45. permissive 宽容的;许可的 46. pornographic 色情的

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二. 知识与教育 (一)知识与智能 knowledge，n．知识，学问；认识；知道 knowledge acquisition 知识获取 knowledge hierarchy 知识体系 structure of knowledge 知识结构 comprehensive knowledge 全面的知识 scope of knowledge 知识面 value of knowledge 知识价值 knowledge industry 知识产业 knowledge management 知识管理 the aging of knowledge 知识老化 spread scientific knowledge 传播科学知识 thirst for knowledge 求知欲 Knowledge is infinite．／There is no limit to knowledge．学无止境(学海无涯)。 knowledgeable n．知识渊博的；有见识的 become knowledgable and professional 知识化、专业化 erudition n．博学，博识；学问；知识 erudite a．博学的，有学问的；n．博学之上，有学问的人 learned a．有学问的，博学的；精通某门学科的 a learned man 学者 learning n．知识；学问 book learning 书本知识 a man of great learning 博学之上，学问高深的人 have little learning 学识浅薄 an emergent branch of learning 一门新兴的学问 episteme n．(哲)知识 epistemic n．(哲)(关于)认识的；(关于)知识的 letters n．[用作单或复]文学；学问；文化修养 a man of letters文人 lore n．学问，知识；(有关某一学科的)全部知识 scholarship n．学术成就；学问，学识；奖学金 scholarly a．学者气质的；学者风度的

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教育学校教育schooling 家庭教育upbringing; parenting 课程大纲curriculum 教学大纲syllabus 必修课required/compulsory courses, 选修课elective/optional courses 课外活动extra-curricular activities 社团活动club activities 志愿者服务volunteer service 社区工作community work 实习internship 学生会student union 男生/女生联谊会fraternity & sorority 校园生活school/campus life 学校是社会的缩影a school is society in miniature 文科liberal arts/ liberal studies 理科sciences 工科engineering 人文学科humanities 社会学科social science 艺术arts 学科subject/discipline 基础科学basic sciences 应用科学applied sciences 小学教育primary-level education; elementary education 中学教育secondary-level education 大学教育tertiary-level education; higher education 职业教育vocational education/training 接受教育enter/get access to schools/ education 学位degree (bachelor, master, doctor/PhD) 文凭diploma, 证书certificate 青少年teenagers/adolescents/the young generation/the youths 学生students (fresh man, sophomore, junior, senior) 上课attend classes 逃课skip class, be absent from class 老师/学生为中心的课堂teacher-centered/ student-centered/ classroom 有能力的/有资格的/有经验的/良好培训的老师 competent/qualified/experienced/well-trained teachers 无能力的/不够格的/欠经验的老师 incompetent/disqualified/inexperienced/poorly-trained teachers well-equipped/ well-appointed/ well-decorated classrooms 设施良好的/装修良好的教室先进的教学设施up-to-date teaching facilities

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托福写作评分标准公司内部编号：（GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-

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综合写作是托福写作板块中的其中一项。托福考试的写作部分分为综合(Integrated writing)和独立(Independent writing)两块，这两块分别独立评分，取平均值后得到最终的分数。也就是说，这两个部分各占一半权重，因此应给予相同程度的重视。关于这两部分的了解，强烈建议同学们自己去看看ETS出版的托福考试官方指南(OG)，OG里面对于考试形式和评分标准有非常详尽的介绍，有些同学在准备输出端考试(写作或者口语)的时候，居然连评分细则都不看，仅凭自己的主观臆测和对于老师讲解的依稀记忆去打造自己的文章，考不好真的不奇怪。下面，我们就来分析一下托福考试的评分细则。综合写作的满分要求是： A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lectu 5分：文章切题，阐说充分，文章有说服力;段落组织有序，衔接紧密，过渡自然，有很强的逻辑性;段落内句与句连接顺畅，句式使用恰当，灵活，娴熟;用词确切，得体。文章中有个别语法拼写错误，但不影响内容表达。 4分：文章切题，阐说基本充分，在某些细节上有缺陷。段落层次组织有序，衔接紧密，过渡自然，逻辑性强;句间连接顺畅，句式使用恰当，灵活;用词基本得体。文章中有少量用词不当和语法拼写错误。 3分：文章切题，阐说尚可，展开不够。段落层次组织有序，衔接紧密，过渡自然，有逻辑性;句间连接基本顺畅;有部分句法错误;用词一般，有时不得体。词性区分和拼写等有若干错误

托福写作考满分必备100个高级替换词汇

托福写作——100个替换词汇 important =crucial (extremely important)，significant(amount or effect large enough to be important) common=universal, ubiquitous (if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere) abundant=ample(enough and usually extra)，plentiful(enough for people's needs and wants) stick=adhere, cling (hold on something tightly) neglect=ignore。(difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something; ignore means no attention。) near=adjacent(two things next to each other)，adjoin(the same as adjacent) pursue=woo(man woos woman, old-fashioned)，seek(if you seek sty, you try to obtain it FORMAL) accurate=precise(precise is exact and accurate in all details)，exact(correct in every detail) vague=obscure (unknown or known by only a few people) top=peak, summit competitor=rival, opponent (especially in sports and politics) blame=condemn (if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable) opinion=perspective, standpoint (means looking at an event or situation in a particular way) fame=prestige(describe those who are admired)，reputation build=erect(you can erect something as buildings, FORMAL)，establish insult=humiliate (do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid) complain=grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way) primary=radical (very important and great in degree)，fundamental relieve=alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe) force=coerces into (coerce means you make someone do something she does not want to)，compel enlarge=magnify (magnify means make something

托福写作满分词汇

写作词汇 i. Education类词汇Education: 1) 培养(某种素质)cultivate/ foster/ nurture(vts)促进学生身心发展promote the student‘s physical, mental ( 或者用intellectual) and emotional development 心理健康psychological soundness/ well-being/ welfare(nouns) 学习能力(先天就有的)aptitude/talent 学习能力( 后天学习到的) ability/ skill 学生接受的学校教育( 名词)schooling(noun) 儿童接受的家庭教育(名词)upbringing(noun) 给学生以动力give the students motivation to do something 或者motivate (vt) the student to do something 青少年adolescents/ youngsters/ youths 2) 传授知识impart(vt)/inculcate(vt) knowledge 灌输高尚的道德观念instill(vt) high moral values (注以values 复数比试价值观) 给学生以灵感stimulate the students; thought 或者give the students inspiration 家长教育子女的方式(名词)parenting/ upbringing 教学法teaching methodology/ pedagogical methodology 适应(动词) adapt to do something/adjust oneself to do something/ become accustomed to do something 适应能力adaptability 学生对老师所教授的知识的掌握students‘ grasp/ command(nouns) of what has been taught 就业技能employable/ marketable skill 3) 限制创造力的发展extinguish(vt)/ stifle(vt)/ constrain(vt) creativity(noun) 打击学生的积极性dampen/sap(vts) the students‘ enthusiasm 或者frustrate the students 产生不必要的压力beget/ create undue pressure 塑造某人的性格mould(BrE,vt) one‘s character 责任感a sense of obligation 学生不应该只是被动的接收简单知识的容器student should not be treated as passive receptacles of predigested ideas. 死记硬背learn thing by rote. 4) 记忆方程式,公式,定理,定律memorize equations, formulas, theorems and laws(nouns) 应用apply (vt) 盲从follow something blindly/ indiscriminately(adv) 用填鸭式教学教育学生force-feed(vt) the students 为了记忆而记忆memorize for memorization‘ s own sake 5) 把学生分开教育(比如根据智力或者课堂上的表现) segregate(vt) students 来自于其他同学的压力peer pressure 逆境adverse circumstances /adversity 团队精神team spirit(noun) 独立思考think independently(adv) 6) 在理解的基础上学习learn things through understanding 鼓励学生用辨证的眼光看问题encourage students to think critically(adv) 学生的反馈students‘ feedback 或者students‘ input 学生评价老师的教学students appraise / evaluate their teachers‘ performance 7) 学生学习的各门功课加在一起curriculum(noun) 具体的一门课的内容syllabus 课外活动 extra-curricular activity 学校是社会的缩影A school is society in miniature 不遵守纪律(名词)indiscipline/ misbehavior/ mischief (nouns) 不遵守纪律的(形容词)学生disruptive/ unruly students 8) 理论知识theoretical knowledge 通才generalist 专才specialist 全面发展的well-rounded /versatile 为社会健康发展做贡献contribute to societal well-being/ welfare (注意这里welfare 不是―福利‖的意思)

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