美国文学史选读1

History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠ)

美国文学史及选读1

PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学

1. 17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。

2. 17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史

3. 美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,Freunch ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portugueses (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。

4. 美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.

5. 第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。

6. 船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes,

myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.

7. 美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.

8. 他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”.

9. 他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。其破产后做为向导sought a post as guide to the Pilgrims.他1624年《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”,讲述了传奇故事how the Indian princess Pocahontas( 波卡洪特斯)saved him.

10. 他保存了殖民者在Jamestown早期开荒史及explored the rivers and bays around the Chesapeake region(切萨皮克地区)，最重要的是he saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers”instead of “gentlemen”for the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the frontiers westward.

11. 早期新英格兰文学主要关于theological, moral, historical and political.

12. 清教徒坚韧耐劳，严格遵守教义the Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with the discipline of a harsh church想建立神权社会found a theocracy,他们生活简朴，意志坚定，我行我素，

不屈不挠地斗争they had toughness, purpose and character, they grappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他们的基本价值观；注重勤劳，节俭，虔诚和节制hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety 这些也成了早期美国作品主导思想。

一、William Bradford and John Winthrop威廉·布拉德福德和约翰·温思罗普

普利茅斯第一任首长：William Bradford;

波斯顿第一任首长：John Winthrop.

1．William Bradford:《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”文章从1630年开始写起an account of the small group of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam and then to the New Wold.文字简洁，认真负责，直接叙述，可读性强simplicity and earnestness of the book, with its direct reporting, make it readable and moving.1637年他用简单的律诗对自己一生写了个总结，后来科登·马瑟写道：他是众人之福，也是众人之父“a common blessing and father to them all”

2．John Winthrop:《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”.1630年登上“阿贝亚”（Arbella）to Massachusetts 并开始写日记keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年正式出版is notable for its candid simplicity and honesty. 3．他们并不出于创作需要而是记录历史，但却运用了直接生动的散文格式使文章成为了好的文学作品the need to record important events in permanent form. Yet, through a

direct and vigorous prose style, each account literary excellence.

4．清教徒（Puritan）:就是要净化他们的宗教信仰和行为方式，要纯洁自己信仰的人Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices, The Puritan was “Would-be purifier”. 总认为自己是上帝选民looked upon themselves as a chosen people.对他们的生活方式提出异议就是反对上帝旨意anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing God’s Will and was not to be accepted.对自己的信仰视之如命，对别人信仰不能容忍they were zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others. 制定法律限制个人生活行为made laws about private morality as well as public behavior霍桑称他们为“黑眉毛的古板的清教徒”“stern and black-browed Puritans”.

二、John Cotton and Roger Williams约翰·科登和罗杰·威廉姆斯1．John Cotton第一批知识分子代言人，称为“新英格兰教父”the Patriarch of New England”. 1633年到Boston 开始一直是这社区精神导师，他所宣讲的由宗教来统治国家的神权思想直接影响了当时人们的行为he was the “teacher”(spiritual leader) of the community and its guiding influence toward the ideal of theocracy(a state ruled by the church)他的影响主要通过教堂讲坛来完成his primary influence was through the pulpit. 听众对他深信不疑。他们清教徒强调权威，忽视民主they were much more concerned with authority than with democracy.

2．Roger Williams:1631年came to the Massachusetts后被放逐到现罗德岛Rhode Island。对不同意见者并不赞同对其迫害而是屈服与容忍，他认为行为上的德，信仰上的诚并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权力，没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 他对印第安语言非常感兴趣Indian language.他写过《开启美国语言的钥匙》或也叫做《美洲新英格兰部分土着居民语言指南》“A Key into the Language of America”or “A Help to the language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England”

三、Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor安妮·布莱德斯特和爱德华·泰勒

这两位清教徒写的诗达到相当高水平，真正能称得上是诗作。1．Anne Dudley Bradstreet是早期诗人中最风趣的诗人之一one of the most interesting of the early poets. 1630年乘“Arbella”到Massachusetts.她的文学创作在抚养八个子女家庭劳作繁重劳动下进行的。

2．她的第一部作品由她的姐夫交给伦敦出版商，the title of this collection of poems, in classical allusion(用比喻的方法)即《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》“The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”诗歌中传奇故事有点言过其实，但对日常琐事叙述相当高超poetic ventures

were overambitious but wrote well when dealt with the simple events of her daily life.

3．Edward Taylor:清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位the best of the Puritan poets 他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出诗人风格和形式his work followed they style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century。他大部分作品关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的most of Taylor’s work treated religious themes, with many poems based directly on the Psalms. 在世时没出版过作品，1937年发现手稿，1960年泰勒诗歌全集。

Part ⅡThe Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学

1．托马斯·佩因《常识》Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”; 托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence”

2．在经济方面，英国要求美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器they hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country.

3．在政治方面，要求他们归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却没有代表by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.

4．美独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence. 诺

亚·韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的着名。5．文学上独立的代表作：1785年杰弗逊：《弗吉尼亚洲的声明》Jefferson’s “Notes on the State of Virginia”; 1791年巴特姆：《旅行笔记》“Travels”by Bartram

一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790

殖民地时期作家。独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.协助杰弗逊起草独立宣言和美国宪法aided Jefferson in writing “The Declaration of Independence”and Constitution.

1．其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.

2．教材作品《自传》”The Autobiography”

二、Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因（1737-1809）

1．被称为“人类最平凡的人“（Great Commoner of Mankind）.美国着名政治小册子作家pamphleteer. 是政治讽刺的天才 a political satirist of genius.

2．《美国危机》“American Crisis”signed “Common Sense”was a series of sixteen pamphlets.这些册子在部队中被广泛传阅，极大恢复士气鼓舞民兵斗志，增强胜利信心was read at once to all regiments, it restored the morale and inspired the success of that citizen’s army。. 3．教材作品：《美国危机》：“The American Crisis”.

三、Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊（1743-1826）

1．美国历史上最为广泛影响人物his thought and personality have influenced his countryman more deeply and remained more effectively alive.同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神vigorous humanitarian sympathies.启蒙运动的产物a product of the Enlightenment,对各领域都有兴趣：law, philosophy, education, science, mechanics…..

2．尽全力为美国寻找一条自由、自我之路：where the people might have a fresh start toward liberty, selfhood. 作为人文主义都他注重人本身的德行和能力，不看重世俗中特权a humanist looked to merit and ability alone, not to privilege法律保障每个人与生俱来的权利the natural rights of man must be secured by law inalienably for all, irrespective of station 政府是一个必要的魔鬼，政府在普遍赞同下才合法，其目的是为个人谋福利，而不是压榨与剥削人民。政府须为民提供言论、思想、结社、出版、信仰、教育和创业等自由.government, a necessary evil, found sanction only in the common consent of a social contract, its purpose was the benefit of the individual, not his exploitation; it must provide freedom of speech, thought, association, press, worship, education, and enterprise.

3．教材作品：《独立宣言》(1776年7月4日)：“The Declaration of Independence”。

四、Philip Freneau 菲利浦·弗瑞诺（1752-1832）

1．革命战争后期最杰出作家perhaps the most outstanding writer of

the Post-Revolutionary period 既是一位诗人也是政治方面的新闻记者double role as poet and political journalist.作品形式是新古典主义类，但本质上却属浪漫主义类he was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit。一个讽刺小说家、伤感作家、一个人道主义者was also at once a satirist of the British and a sentimentalist, a humanitarian. “美国革命诗人”（the poet of the Revolution）;“美国诗歌之父”（Father of American Poetry）.

2．他如今被认为是美国政府中的一名勇敢的斗士has only recently been recognized as a courageous champion of American popular government. 作为诗人，他预示了美国文学独立的到来as a poet, Freneau heralded American literary independence 他后期诗歌同早期华丽的对偶句诗歌形成鲜明对比，后期形成了自然、简洁、言之有物的风格in contrast with the ornate style of his early couplets, he later developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction.

3．作品：《野忍冬花》：“The Wild Honey Suckle”

《印第安人的坟地》：“The Indian Burying Ground”

《致凯提·迪德》：“To a Caty-Did”

Part ⅢThe Literature of Romanticism浪漫主义文学

1. 1828年安德鲁·杰克逊当选7th 总统，标志着“美国总统中，弗吉尼亚王朝的结束”the frontier hero Andrew Jackson as the 7th President of the United States had brought an effective end to the “Virginia Dynasty”of American Presidents. 1861年开始Civil War.

2. 美国逐步成为一个工业化和城市化国家，科技创造大量物质财富同时又加剧了社会动荡the United States had begun to change into an industrial cause society, technology would bring vast material benefits and cause overwhelming social disorders.

3. 这段时间大部分作家思想受到了新大陆本身所处环境及欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮双理影响The attitudes of America’s writers were shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantics traditions of Europe.

4. 浪漫主义共同点romantics shared certain general characteristics:他们都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感觉，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.

6．超验主义（1830s—the Civil War）：既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.

7．美国早期的主要文学形式，说教类及宣言类作品被长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌所取代，成这一时期文学的主要形式novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.

8．From the early 1800s to the civil war 美国是一个充满矛盾的国家，人们既有各种精神上的幻想，又有日益强烈的物质主义的现实需求。美国人生生活上、艺术上开始努力寻找新的自由及理念，社会的冲突及极端想法在血腥的国内战争中达到了顶峰was a land of paradoxes, a land stirred by spiritual dreams and shaped by the realities of a growing materialism. Americans had sought new liberties and new ideas in life and art, but conflicts of their society had culminated in a bloody civil war.

一、Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859

1. 他是美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，大众化风格was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism familiar style.

2. 他的作品简单明了，但绝不是一些业余作家的平淡无味，这归因于他始终把作品同自己的人格特征结合起来，作品中尽量表现出自己的个性the apparent ease of his writing is not simply that of the gifted amateur; it results from his purposeful identification of his whole personality with what he wrote。他温文尔雅，放眼世界，幽默谦虚，他用自己大气，优雅的写作风格与美国本土的一些特点进行有机结合，最后形成自己的风格he was urbane and worldly, yet humorous and

gentle, his great and graceful style combine with American roots shaped his independent literary personality。他是第一个不折不扣的纯文学作家，他写作纯是为快乐和为了创造快乐he was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure.

3．教材作品：《作者自叙》：“The Author’s Account of Himself”; 《睡谷传奇》：“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.

二、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀1789-1851

1．美国第一位凭着胆识走上文坛的着名小说家the first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare.

2．库珀开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，即边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier saga. 1824年《领航者》最为成功“The Pilot”the best of his many sea romances. 1839年他写过第一部美国式正官方历史《美国海军》he wrote the first official history of the U.S. Navy.

3．库珀边疆小说《皮袜子故事集》由5部小说共同组成，阿伦·内文斯（历史学家）认为这五部小说是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的一部大作，his frontier stories “Leather Stocking Tales”including five novels: The Last of the Mohicans”. Allan Nevins calls these five novels “the nearest approach yet to an American epic”.通过这些人物的描写，作者记录了当时美国人思想意识，还使欧洲人意识到美国with a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, Cooper made the

American conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of American.

4．教材作品：《最后的莫希干人》：“The Last of The Mohicans”

三、William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特1794-1878

1. 1817年伟大史诗《死之思考》（希腊语），人们一致认为这是当时美国最杰出的一篇诗作the stately poem called ”Thanatopsis”(Greek, meaning “view of death”) introduced the best poet to appear in American up to that time. Bryant merits a reputation as a poet.

2. 《致水鸟》是其巅峰之作，“用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗”，“To

a Waterfowl”is perhaps the peak of his work, “Most perfect brief poem in the language”.

3. 当欧文用自己的作品预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌也达到了相当高的水平，他是第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家As Irving had shown that American prose had come of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention. He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.

4. 教材作品：《死之思考》：“Thanatopsis”

《致水鸟》：“To a Waterfowl”

四、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·阿伦·坡1809-1849.

1. ( 南方文学信使)坡充分展示了自己作为编辑、诗人、文学评论家、小说作家的杰出才能showed his true talents as an editor, a poet, a

literary critic, and a writer of fiction.

2. 1845 年诗集《乌鸦》出版“The Raven”was published as the title poem of a collection 在欧洲，坡被人们称作诗歌与小说二种文学创作风格的探路者，对法国文坛一些作家影响特别深远in Europe, he was hailed as a pioneer in poetic and fictional techniques. His influence was especially strong on many French writers.

3. 教材作品：《给海伦》：“To Helen”

《乌鸦》：“The Raven”

《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee”

《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher”

五、Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882 1．他是把超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超验主义运动的领袖he was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England and was recognized throughout his life as the leader of the movement 爱默生首先强调的是个人主义、思想独立和自强he believed above all in individualism, independence of mind and self-reliance他崇尚英勇，并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想he admired courage, he was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas.

2．他的散文同他的诗歌一样极富个性，他的许多随笔是由日记中的一些词条，演讲中的内容，笔记里的东西等整理出来的，这些作品往往缺乏比较好的组织结构；然而他构句的水平却相当高超，一些经过推敲后的句子不仅思想深刻，而且让人难以忘怀his prose style is

sometimes as highly individual as his poetry. Many of his essays were put together from his journal entries, speeches, and random notes, and they are often somewhat disorganized. Yet his skill in polishing each sentence into a striking thought makes his writing memorable.

3．教材作品：《论自然》：“Nature”;

《论自助》：“Self-Reliance”

六、Henry David Thoreau亨利·戴维·梭罗1817-1862

1．他是爱默生最忠实的信徒，是他把爱默生的许多理论付诸了实践he was Emerson’s truest disciple, who put into practice many of Emerson’s theories.

2．教材作品：《沃尔登我生活的地方；我为何生活》：“Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For”在这部书中阐释了他去体验这种生活的原因，他认为一个一星期最好工作一天，而剩下的六天时间则用来思索，他也认为人类心灵的自助和独立最为重要，每个人都应该发现自己的生活方式he explained many of the beliefs that led him to try this kind of life. He thought it better for a man to work one day a week and the rest of the week could be devoted to thought. For Thoreau, as for Emerson, self-reliance and independence of mind ranked above all each should find out his own way of living.

七、Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑

1．他是通过观察和聆听别人谈话来获得创作素材的，听人家讲的一些新英格兰口头故事、民间传说及各种鬼怪趣事Hawthorne gathered

his material by observing and listening to others whose talk was filled with New England Lore, legend, and superstition.

2．霍桑独特的才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质，最好的例证便是波士顿清教徒引以自娱的《红字》，小说的每一个字，每一幅画面和每一个事件都能够达到了一个特定的效果，它讲述了关于罪的故事，罪对不同人的影响以及有些人获得拯救的故事Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, “The Scarlet Letter”. In this novel each word, image, and event works toward a single effect. It is a complex story of guilt, its effects upon various persons, and how deliverance is obtained for some of them. 6．在他的短篇小说中，他通过活生生，极有象征意味的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appear strongly in his short stories。霍桑的杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他在书中所讲的正义标准成为了当时人们的道德参考it was Hawthorne’s ability to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.

8．教材作品：《红字》：“The Scarlet Letter”

八、Herman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔1819-1891 1．

1. 《白鲸》主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海

上故事，这本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰，这种写法强烈地吸引了现在社会的读者“Moby Dick”, a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. The book is steeped in symbolism, another strong appeal to readers of his century.

2．教材作品：《白鲸》：“Moby Dick”运用船来象征社会，苦苦追寻和探讨了人类善与恶的问题，船就是社会的一个缩影，里面有各种各样的人物uses a ship as symbol of society and searchingly examines the problems of good and evil. Ahab’s ship was like a world in miniature with characters from all walks of life.

九、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882

1．在《海华沙》中，他采用芬兰民间故事写作手法追忆了美洲印第安人的传说using Finish folk meter in his celebration of American Indian Legends in “Hiawatha”.他最大的成就就是他使诗歌成为了人人都能看，都能写的一种文学体裁his greatest virtue is that he made poetry seem worth reading and worth writing. 他的诗歌因高雅宜人，纯正有韵味而大受欢迎he gentleness, sweetness, and purity for which his poetry was popular during his lifetime.

6．教材作品：《人生礼赞》：“A Psalm of Life”;

《奴隶的梦》：“The Slave’s Dream”;

《逝去的青春》；“My Lost Youth”;

《海华沙之歌海华沙的禁食》“The Song of Hiawatha Hiawatha’s Fasting”

美国文学史及选读试卷 (1)

美国文学史及选读试卷 Ⅰ.Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternatives. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (60points in all, 2 for each) 1. Which of following can be said of the common features which are shared by the English and American Romanticists ? A. An increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions. B. An increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. An increasing emphasis on the desire to return to nature. D. both A and B. 2. Which of the following statements about the Romantic period in the history of American literature is NOT true? （） A. In most of the American writings of this period there was a new emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. B. The writers of this period placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and displayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. There was a strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man. D. Most heroes and heroines in the writings of this period exhibited extremes of reason and nationality. 3.______ is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the American Romanticism in the history of American literature. A. New England Transcendentalism B. England Transcendentalism C. the Harlem Renaissance D. New Transcendentalism 4.Hawthorn e’s unique gift was for the creation of ______ which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. A. symbolic stories B. romantic stories

美国文学史及选读期末复习题

1.Captain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.The puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”. 5.Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.

has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.In Washington I rving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. 8.Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his William Cullen Bryant’s wok. is considered “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”. 10.Emerson believed above all in

美国文学史及选读复习重点

Captain John Smith (first American writer). Anne Bradstreet；The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America （colonists living） Edward Taylor(the best puritan poet) John Cotton ”the Patriarch of New England” teacher spiritual leader Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography Poor Richard’s Almanack Thomas Jefferson： Political Career Thoughts The Declaration of Independence we hold truth to be self-evidence Philip Freneau“Father of American Poetry” The Wild Honey Suckle American Romanticism optimism and hope Nationalism Washington Irving“Father of American Literature short story”The first “Pure Writer” A History of New York The Sketch Book marked the beginning of American Romanticism! “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”Rip Van Winkle James Fenimore Cooper Father of American sea and frontier novels Leather stocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans The Pioneers The Prairie The Pathfinder The Deerslayer Edgar Allan Poe father of detective story and horror fiction Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque “MS. Found in a Bottle” “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” “The Fall of the House of Usher”“The Masque of the Red Death”“The

华师自考美国文学史及选读试题

美国文学史及选读试题 I. Multiple Choice 10’ 1. Who is different from others according to the division of writing period? A. Washington Irving B.William Cullen Bryant C. Captain John Smith D. James Fenimore Cooper 2. The American Romantic Period lasted roughly from ____ to ____. A. 1798-1832 B. 1810-1860 C. 1860-1864 D. 1776-1783 3. How many syllables are there in this first line of Raven? (“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,”) A. 11 B. 12 C. 13 D. 16 4. What dominated the Puritan phase of American writing? A. theology B. literature C. esthetics D. revolution 5. At the initial period of the spread of ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to ____. A. typography B. journalism C. revolution D. the development of paper-making industry 6. Who has been called the “Father of American Literature”? A. Walt Scott B. Geoffrey Chaucer

美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.

History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1

美国文学史及选读考试整理

Washington Irving Bracebridge Hall 布雷斯布里奇田庄 (1822) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Tales of a Traveller 旅客谈 (1824) Christopher Columbus (1828) c. writing characteristics (1) humorous: the function of his writing is to amuse, to entertain instead of teaching or instruction (2) vivid and true character portrayal (3) finished (refined) and musical language, thus regarded as “the Amn. Goldsmith ” d. analysis on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow(选自the sketch book 见闻札记 ) 1. the story:setting,character, plot 2. theme:conflicts and praise conflict betw. Ichabod and Brom conflict betw. the village and the outside world James Fenimore Cooper The Spy (1821): a historical novel The Pilot (1824): a sea novel Leatherstocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集(1823-1841): frontier novels The Last Mohicans (1826) (Colonial War betw. Britain and France) e. writing features: strong points: we can see a variety of incidents and tensions, complicated plot and structure and a beautiful description of nature. Weak points: characterization is weak. There is unsatisfactory description of characters (esp. female). He is not free from syntactical awkwardness, heavy-handed attempt at humor. “Where Irving excels Cooper is weak.” Dialect is not authentic. Edgar Allan Poe The Fall of the House Usher Feature: i. brevity (15 pages) ii. Single effect iii. originality in theme To Helen It was inspired by the beauty of the mother of a schoolmate of Poe in Richmond, Virginia. The poem is famous for a number of things: 1. its rhyme scheme: ababb 2. its varied line lengths 3. its metaphor of a travel on the sea 4. its oft-quoted lines: "To the glory that was Greece,/And the grandeur that was Rome." theme: praise the ideal love and beauty and ancient Greek and Roman civilizations The Raven 乌鸦 theme: the lament over the death of a beautiful woman tone: melancholy Transcendentalism (essayists, poets, novelists) Their journal is “The Dial ” . Definition: Transcendentalism is idealism. (Emerson) b. features (1) stress on Oversoul, that is spirit. (2) stress the importance of individual. (3) fresh conception of nature. c. significance (1) inspired a whole generation of writers such as Whitman, Melville and Dickinson. (2) dresses man ’s subjective initiative as opposed to materialism. (3) liberated people from Calvin ’s original sin d. limitation (1) shallow: cut off from real life or reality; initiated by the rich, they were limited in a certain circle. So, in some degree, they have been cut off from social life and can ’t understand the sufferings of the common people. (2) inward contradiction: gain knowledge by intuition, shows its idealistic aspect. R.W. Emerson (Ralph Waldo) Nature (1836): the Bible of New England transcendentalism The American Scholar (1837): "America's Declaration of Intellectual The Divinity School Address 神学院致辞 (1838) Essays (1841/1847) Representative Men (1850) English Traits (1856)

美国文学史及选读期末复习题

1.C aptain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.T he puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.T homas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”.

5.T homas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.I n Washington Irving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.

8.C ooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryant’s wok. “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”.

美国文学史及选读试题上册

美国文学史及选读试题上册 姓名：班级：学号 I. Multiple Choice 20’ I. 1. Who is different from others according to the division of writing period? A. Washington Irving B.William Cullen Bryant C. Captain John Smith D. James Fenimore Cooper 2. The American Romantic Period lasted roughly from ____ to ____. A. 1798-1832 B. 1810-1860 C. 1860-1864 D. 1776-1783 3. How many syllables are there in this first line of Raven? (“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,”) A. 11 B. 12 C. 13 D. 16 4. What dominated the Puritan phase of American writing? A. theology B. literature C. esthetics D. revolution 5. At the initial period of the spread of ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to ____. A. typography B. journalism C. revolution D. the development of paper-making industry 6. Who has been called the “Father of American Literature”? A. Walt Scott B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Washington Irving D. Philip Freneau 7. Who is the first American prose stylist that acquired international fame? A. Captain John Smith B. Washington Irving C. Benjamin Franklin D. E. A. Poe 8. Who is the writer of To a Waterfowl? A. Anne Bradstreet B. Thomas Hardy C. William Cullen Bryant D. Walt Whitman 9. Thomas Paine is a ____. A. novelist B. dramatist C. poet D. pamphleteer 10. Edgar Allan Poe mainly writes ____ A. short stories B. literary critic theories C. poems D. dramas II. Blank-Filling 20’ 1. ____’s reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been described as the first distinctly American literature to be written in English. 2. Hard work, ____, piety, and ____were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing, including the sermons, books and letters of such noted Puritan clergymen as John Cotton and Cotton Mather. 3. Most Puritan verse was decidedly plodding, but the work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of____ 4. From 1732 to 1785, Franklin wrote and published his famous ____, an annual collection of proverbs. 5. On January 10, 1776, Paine’s famous pamphlet ____ appeared. It boldly advocated a

美国文学史及选读试卷评分标准(A卷)

苏州科技学院期末考试试题（卷） 评分标准及标准答案 A卷 院系：专业：考试科目：美国文学史及选读考试形式：闭卷考试时间： 100 分钟 I.Blanks: (10%)(每题1分，共10分，答错不给分) 1. American literature 2. English 3. Puritans 4. short story 5. Autobiography 6. Philip Freneau 7. Washington Irving 8. Edgar Allan Poe 9. The Scarlet Letter II.Multiple Choice: ( 20%)(每题1分，共20分，答错不给分) 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. D 11. A 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. C 16.C 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. D III.Identification (20%)（每题1分，共20分，答错不给分） 1.James Fenimore Cooper 2.Washington Irving 3.Anne Bradstreet 4.Michael Wigglesworth 5.Washington Irving 6.James Fenimore Cooper 7.Philip Freneau 8.William Cullen Bryant

9.Edgar Allan Poe 10.Edgar Allan Poe 11.Nathaniel Hawthorne 12.Edgar Allan Poe 13.Anne Bradstreet 14.Washington Irving 15.James Fenimore Cooper 16.Philip Freneau 17.William Cullen Bryant 18.Edgar Allan Poe 19.Nathaniel Hawthorne 20.Philip Freneau IV.Terms (20%)（每题4分，共20分） 1. Poor Richard’s Almanac key words: Benjamin Franklin, sayings, hard work, thrift, Puritan, quotes, printed himself, etc. 2. Leatherstocking Tales Key words: Cooper, five novels, Natty Bumppo, frontier, frontiersman, life from youth to old age, The Pioneer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer, etc. 3. Puritanism key words: Calvin, purify, hard work, thrift, predestination, salvation, sin, God, from England to America, immigration, etc. 4. Benjamin Franklin key words: statesman, scientist and writer, Autobiography, Poor Richard’s Almanac, puritan, hard work and thrift, successful, contributions, printer, etc. V.Appreciation (10%)（每题5分，共10分） Part A a)Philip Freneau’s（1分）The Wild Honey Suckle （1分） b)It is written in iambic tetrameter, the rhyme scheme is ababcc. （1分） c)“Little being” refers to the wild honey suckle. （1分）“But an hour” means the lifespan of a flower is very short. （1分）

美国文学史及选读试卷

Multiple Choice (1’×15=15’) 1.______was the first colony in American history. A. Massachusetts B. New Jersey C. Virginia D.Georgia 2. ______ was the only good American author before the Revolutionary War. One of his fellow Americans said, “His shadow lies heavier than any other man’s on this young nation.”Array A. John Smith B. Benjamin Franklin C. Thomas Jefferson D.Thomas Paine 3. Romantics put emphasis on the following EXCEPT ______. A. common sense B. imagination C. intuition D. individualism 4. The Raven was written in 1844 by ________ A. Philip Freneau B. Edgar Allan Poe C. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow D. Emily Dickinson 5. The ship ______ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts. A. Sunflower B. Armada C. Mayflower D. Titanic 6. Melville’s novel ______ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. A. Typee B. Omoo C. White Jacket D. Moby Dick 7. As a philosophical and literary movement, ______ flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. A.Modernism B.Rationalism C.Sentimentalism D.Transcendentalism 8. The theme of original sin is fully reflected in _________. A. The Scarlet Letter B. Sister Carrie C. The Great Gatsby D. The Old Man and Sea 9. In all his novels Theodore Dreiser sets himself to project the ______ American values. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically. A. Puritan B. materialistic C. psychological D. religious 10. Realism was a reaction against______ or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creating fictions, and paved the way to Modernism. A. Rationalism B. Romanticism C. Neoclassicism D. Enlightenment 11. ________ was a poet in American modern period who was deeply influence by eastern culture. A. T. S Eliot B. Robert Frost C. Ezra Pound D. Walt Whitman 12. Which of the following statements about Emily Dickinson is NOT true?

美国文学史及选读 练习题

美国文学史及选读练习题 I. Choose the relevant match from Column II for each item in Column I. Section A I II ( ) 1. Walt Whitman A. The Scarlet Letter ( ) 2. Herman Melville B. The Sketch Book ( ) 3. Washington Irving C. Typee ( ) 4. O Henry D. Leaves of Grass ( ) 5. Nathaniel Hawthorne E. The Gift of the Magi Section B I II ( ) 1. Hester Prynne A. The Portrait of A Lady ( ) 2. George Hurstwood B. Uncle Tom’s Cabin ( ) 3. Isabel Archer C. Moby Dick ( ) 4. Ahab D. Sister Carrie ( ) 5. Eva Clare E. The Scarlet Letter Section C I II ( ) 1. Benjamin Franklin A. Martin Eden ( ) 2. Thomas Paine B. Leather-Stocking Tales ( ) 3. James Fenimore Cooper C. Rights of Man ( ) 4. Mark Twain D. Poor Richars’s Almanac ( ) 5. Jack London E. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn II. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook. (10%) 1In Washington Irving’s work appeared the first modern Short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. 2The first important American novelist was . 3To a Waterfowl is perhaps the peak of ______’s work, it regarded as “the most perfect brief poem in the language ” . 4 A superb book entitled ______ came out of Henry David Thoreau’s two-year life experience near a small lake. 5William Sidney Porter，whose pen name was ______，was the author of The Cop and the Anthem． 6Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the values that dominated much of the early American writing. 7American Romanticism ended with the Walt Whiteman’s. 8was called “the father of the American detective stories”. 9was responsible for bring Transcendentalism to New England. 10Theodore Dreiser’s first novel is. 11The ship ______ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth,