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英语中动物词汇的象征意义及其翻译

英语中动物词汇的象征意义及其翻译

英语中动物词汇的象征意义及其翻译

发表时间:2014-11-26T10:20:08.920Z 来源:《教育学文摘》2014年10月总第134期供稿作者:殷艺曼陈伯平[导读] 动物是人类古老而永恒的朋友,动物类词汇是构成英语语言的重要材料。

殷艺曼陈伯平高台县职业中专甘肃张掖734300

摘要:英汉两种语言赋予动物词汇以各自特定的文化内涵,这样在翻译上容易造成理解上的偏差和语用上的错误。本文试图将英语动物词汇的象征意义分类分析,探究英语中动物词汇的象征意义溯源,并对英语中动物词汇的翻译问题进行探究。

关键词:英语动物词汇象征意义溯源翻译

一、动物词汇的象征意义

1.象征人物

动物是人类古老而永恒的朋友,动物类词汇是构成英语语言的重要材料。漫漫数千年,人们在与动物的接触中,通过对它们长期的驯化、使用与观察,创造了丰富的词汇和形象的比喻;它们不仅仅是单纯的、死板指某一动物,而且与人文环境至为关照,借以指具有某种动物特征的人,把某种动物的典型特征由来描述有关人的品质特征,或褒或贬,寓意深长,使表达更贴切生动,具有鲜明的人文性。如一个人生性怯懦胆小怕事叫“rabbit”,描述一个人残暴成性、贪婪可用“wolf”;一个人伸长脖子像鹤一样,望称“to crane”,侧着身子似蟹一般走路叫“to crab”。

2.象征事物的特征

动物体态特征各异,人们在与动物长期接触过程中发现,生活当中的一些事情与动物的某些外型体态和局部特征有着惊人的相似,于是人们便以动物的名称来指代该事物。如:ferret,雪貂,电磁探测飞机;rabbit,兔子,走私货;bug,臭虫,窃听器;duck soup,鸭汤,特别容易、不费吹灰之力的事情;white elephant,白象,大而无用的东西……有时,人们也用动物某个有外型特征的部位来指某事物。如:作战用的掩体“猫耳洞”,英语用foxhole来表示;goose bump,鸡皮疙瘩;wild goose chase,追逐大雁,最早出自莎士比亚,是追逐像大雁一样不可能抓住的东西;hawk-nosed,长着鹰钩鼻子的;蚂蚁象征节俭(frugality)与预见(prevision)。

3.象征动作

英语中有几大倾向,其中之一就是名词化倾向。但是动物词汇经常名词动词化,用某种动物的典型动作来准确描述人的行为特征,十分传神。如:to buffalo,摆野牛阵,迷惑人,吓唬人;ducking,浮上潜下的鸭潜,躲避;Cat and dog life,争吵不休的生活。

二、英语中动物词汇的翻译策略

1.直译法

英汉两种文化都讲究我们古人说的“赋”、“比”、“兴”,这其中都不乏与动物有关的成语及习语。其中有一些意义相通的,翻译时可以用直译的方法。直译是一种重要的翻译方法,它有不少的优点,所以被大多数人所接受,由此可见直译法之重要。人们的感情、对客观事物的感受及社会经历等方面会有相似之处,因此英汉动物习语中有少量相同或相似的词语,这些习语字面意义、形象意义相似或相近,隐含意义相同,也就是说,此类习语的字面意义和形象意义所传达的文化信息是相同的,可以直译。比如:He is a fox.就可以翻译为:他是只“狐狸”。其形象、喻体和喻意都是对等的。“a wolf in sheep’s clothing”可译为“披着羊皮的狼”,“make a monkey out of somebody”译为“拿某人当猴耍”。还有 as foolish as a donkey,像驴子一样愚蠢;as meek as a lamb,如羊一样温顺;as happy as a lark,像百灵鸟一样快乐……直译既保留了原语中生动的动物形象,同时表达了其内在的意义,也使得读者更易于明白。

2.替代法

英文中的“She is a cat”就不能翻译成“她是只猫”,因为英语中cat喻意为“藏着祸心的女人”,汉语中“猫”则没有这层意思。两者形象、喻体虽然相同,但是喻意不同,因而直接翻译就不能被中国文化所接受。这个例子最好译为:“她是个包藏祸心的女人。”在遇到含有动物词汇的这种比喻中,我们往往不能直译,而是要找到译语文化中有相同含义的词语、习语来代替,这样才能既使文章显得生动,又使得文化信息在不同文化背景下得以更好的传递。比如“as stupid as a goose”,我们不能译为“蠢得像只鸡”,而是应该译为“蠢得像头猪”。这其中用汉文化中的“猪”来同英文化中的“goose”替代就很恰当。

3.意译法

指根据原文大意来翻译,不做逐字逐句的翻译。意译通常在翻译句子或词组时使用较多,由于西方人和中国人对同一动物的认同感不同,在表达相同或不同的意义时往往会采用不同的动物做喻体,所以说意译主要在原语与译语体现巨大文化差异的情况下得以应用。从跨文化语言交际和文化交流的角度看,意译强调的是译语文化体系与原语文化体系的相对独立性。大量的实例说明,意译的使用能体现出不同语言民族在生态文化、语言文化、宗教文化、物质文化和社会文化等诸多方面的差异性。

参考文献

[1]王寅《语言理论与语言教学》[J].上海外语教育出版社,2003,第67页。

[2]李信《动物文化比较概论》[J].北京航空工业出版社,2001,第5页。

[3]顾嘉祖《语言与文化》[J].上海外语教育出版社,2002,第9页。

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