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语言学教程测试题

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题

Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human _____

A. contact

B. communication

C. relation

D. community

2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?

A. tree

B. typewriter

C. crash

D. bang

3. The function of the sentence ―Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.‖ is _____

errogative B. directive C. informative D. performative

4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say―碎碎（岁岁）平安‖as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?

A. Interpersonal

B. Emotive

C. Performative

D. Recreational

5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?

A. Transferability

B. Duality

C. Displacement

D. Arbitrariness

6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? — A nice day, isn’t it? — Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.

A. Emotive

B. Phatic

C. Performative

D. Interpersonal

7. ___ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.

A. Performance

B. Competence

C. Langue

D. Parole

8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of ____.

A. cultural transmission

B. productivity

C. displacement

D. duality

9. ______ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.

A. Psycholinguistics

B.Anthropological linguistics

C. Sociolinguistics

D. Applied linguistics

10. _____ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.

A. Linguistic theory

B. Practical linguistics

C. Applied linguistics

D. Comparative linguistics

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.

12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.

13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.

14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.

15.We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.

16. Only human beings are able to communicate.

17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.

18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.

19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.

20.All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.

A. intonation

B. tone

C. pronunciation

D. voice

2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).

A. allophone

B. phone

C. phoneme

D. morpheme

3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.

A. analogues

B. tagmemes

C. morphemes

D. allophones

4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as_______.

A. glottis

B. vocal cavity

C. pharynx

D. uvula

5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.

A. wide

B. closing

C. narrow

D. centering

6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.

A. minimal pairs

B. allomorphs

C. phones

D. allophones

7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?

A. Acoustic phonetics

B. Articulatory phonetics

C. Auditory phonetics

D. None of the above

8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?

A. [n]

B. [m]

C. [ b ]

D. [p]

9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?

A. [i:]

B. [ u ]

C. [e]

D. [ i ]

10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?

A. V oiceless

B. V oiced

C. Glottal stop

D. Consonant II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.

12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.

13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.

14.[p] is a voiced bilabial stop.

15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.

16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.

17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.

18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into

tense vs. lax or long vs. short.

19.Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.

20.he maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset. Chapter 3 Lexicon

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.

A. lexical words

B. grammatical words

C. function words

D. form words

2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called _____ morpheme.

A. inflectional

B. free

C. bound

D. derivational

3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.

A. three

B. four

C. five

D. six

4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.

A. prefixes

B. suffixes

C. infixes

D. stems

5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.

A. derivational affix

B. inflectional affix

C. infix

D. back-formation

6. __ __ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.

A. affixation

B. back-formation

C. insertion

D. addition

7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.

A. acronymy

B. clipping

C. initialism

D. blending

8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.

A. blending

B. clipping

C. back-formation

D. acronymy

9. The stem of disagreements is __________.

A. agreement

B. agree

C. disagree

D. disagreement

10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.

A. lexeme

B. phoneme

C. morpheme

D. allomorph

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.

12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.

13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.

14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.

15.Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.

16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.

17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.

18.In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.

19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.

20.Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.

Chapter 4 Syntax

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. The sentence structure is ________.

A. only linear

B. only hierarchical

C. complex

D. both linear and hierarchical

2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.

A. large

B. small

C. finite

D. infinite

3. The ___ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.

A. lexical

B. morphological

C. linguistic

D. combinational

4.A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati?cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.

A. right

B. wrong

C. grammatical

D. ungrammatical

5. A _ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.

A. coordinator

B. particle

C. preposition

D. subordinator

6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.

A. recursive

B. grammatical

C. social

D. functional

7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.

A. how words and phrases form sentences.

B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words

C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences

D. all of the above.

8. The head of the phrase ―the city Rome‖ is __________.

A. the city

B. Rome

C. city

D. the city Rome

9. The phrase ―on the shelf‖ belongs to __________ construction.

A. endocentric

B. exocentric

C. subordinate

D. coordinate

10. The sentence ―They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.‖ is

a __________ sentence.

A. simple

B. coordinate

C. compound

D. complex

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.

12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.

13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.

14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.

15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.

16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.

17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually

follows the verb.

18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.

19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.

20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.

Chapter 5 Meaning

[Mainly taken from lxm1000w’s exercises. – icywarmtea]

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.

A. Plato

B. Bloomfield

C. Geoffrey Leech

D. Firth

2. ―We shall know a word by the company it keeps.‖This statement represents _______.

A. the conceptualist view

B. contexutalism

C. the naming theory

D. behaviorism

3. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.

C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.

D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.

4. ―Can I borrow your bike?‖_______―You have a bike.‖

A. is synonymous with

B. is inconsistent with

C. entails

D. presupposes

5. _________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis C.Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis

6. ―Alive‖and ―dead‖are ______________ A. gradable antonyms B. relational antonyms https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2f13497241.html,plementary antonyms D. None of the above

7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

A. Reference

B. Concept

C. Semantics

D. Sense

8. ___ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.

A. Polysemy

B. Synonymy

C. Homonymy

D. Hyponymy

9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.

A. homonyms

B. polysemies

C. hyponyms

D. synonyms

10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______

A. grammatical rules

B. selectional restrictions

C. semantic rules

D. semantic features

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.

12.Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. 13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.

14. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.

15.Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.

16. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.

17. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.

18. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.

19. ―It is hot.‖ is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.

20. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.

Chapter 7 Language, Culture and Society

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.

A. Psycholinguistics

B. Sociolinguistics

C. Applied linguistics

D. General linguistics

2. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its __________.

A. use of words

B. use of structures

C. accent

D. morphemes

3. __________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.

A. Regional variation

B. Language variation

C. Social variation

D. Register variation

4. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.

A. Geographical barriers

B. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speech

C. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to change

D. Social barriers

5. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.

A. Language interference

B. Language changes

C. Language planning

D. Language transfer

6. _________ in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.

A. Regional variation

B. Changes in emotions

C. Variation in connotations

D. Stylistic variation

7. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.

A. lingua franca

B. register

C. Creole

D. national language

8. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.

A. vernacular languages

B. creoles

C. pidgins

D. sociolects

9. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background.

A. female; male

B. male; female

C. old; young

D. young; old

10. A linguistic _______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the ―polite‖ society from general use.

A. slang

B. euphemism

C. jargon

D. taboo

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.

12. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations. 13. From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term ―speech variety‖can not be used to refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin.

14. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary.

15. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.

16. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.

17. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.

18. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.

19. Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.

20. The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting.

模拟题（1）

第一部分选择题

1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people

actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,

it is said to be ___.

A、prescriptive

B、sociolinguistic

C、descriptive

D、psycholinguistic

2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.

A、mouth

B、lips

C、tongue

D、vocal cords

3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a（n）___.

A、bound morpheme

B、bound form

C、inflectional morpheme

D、free morpheme

4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.

A、coordinator

B、particle

C、preposition

D、subordinator

5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."

A、is synonymous with

B、is inconsistent with

C、entails

D、presupposes

6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way

speakers interpret sentences is called ___.

A、semantics

B、pragmatics

C、sociolinguistics

D、psycholinguistics

7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes,

which are ___ or generalization.

A、elaboration

B、simplification

C、external borrowing

D、internal borrowing

8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and

straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.

A、Lingua franca

B、Creole

C、Pidgin

D、Standard language

9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in

addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation

of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language,

namely, ___ .

A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus

B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex

C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons

D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area

10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious

development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in

daily communicative situations.

A、learning

B、competence

C、performance

D、acquisition

第二部分非选择题

III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or

false. （2%×10=20%）

（）21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given

more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.

（）22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both

Chinese and English.

（）23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings

of its components.

（）24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences （S）and clauses （C）only.

（）25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects

such as British English and American English but cannot be found within

the variety itself, for example, within British English or American

English.

（）26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated

and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational

implicatures arise.

（）27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken

today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.

（）28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.

（）29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,

speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.

（）30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first

language.

IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. （3%×10=30%）

31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules 35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context 39、euphemism40、brain lateralization

模拟题题（2）

一、单项选择题

1.The pair of words "lend"and "borrow"are ___.（）

A.gradable opposites

B.relational opposites

C.co-hyponyms

D.synonyms

2.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .（）

A.Jacob Grimm

B.Rasmus Rask

C.Franz Bopp

D.Sir William Jones

3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.（）

A.unusual

B.something to be feared

C.abnormal

D.natural

4.__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.（）

A.Broca's aphasic

B.The linguistic deprivation

C.The damage on the angular gyrus

D.Wernicke's aphasic

5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say "night" as "light".This shows: .（）

A.They cannot pronounce/n/

B.Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue

C.The teachers do not have a good teaching method

D.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds

6.A word with several meanings is called __word.（）

A.a polysemous

B.a synonymous

C.an abnormal

D.a multiple

7.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?"is __.（）

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2f13497241.html,rmative

B.phatic

C.directive

D.performative

8.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary.（）

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2f13497241.html,age

B.grammar

C.pronunciation

D.structure 9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.（）

A.Linguistic geography

B.Lexicology

C.Lexicography

D.Sociolinguistics

10.The semantic components of the word "gentleman" can be expressed as __.（）

A.+animate,+male,+human,-adult

B.+animate,+male,+human,+adult

C.+animate,-male,+human,-adult

D.+animate,-male,+human,+adult

三、判断说明题（判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写"T",错的写"F",并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分）

16.All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.（）

17.Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.（）

18.Linguistics is the course of language.（）

19.The part of a sentence which compriese comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called predicate.（）

20.Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.（）

21.The term dialect,as a technical term in linguistics,carries value judgement and not simply refers to a distinct form of language.（）

22.Morphology is translated as 形态学。（）

23.The word "photographically" is made up of 4 morphemes.（）

24.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.（）

25.Semantics is the main part of linguistics.（）

四、名词解释（每小题3分，共30分）

26.general linguistics 27.suprasegmental features 28.root and stem29.hierarchical structure 30.naming theory and conceptualist view 31.maxims of quality and manner 32.blending 33.sociolect 34.subvocal speech 35.contrastive analysis

模拟题（3）

I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. （2%×10=20%）

1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.

A. a particular language

B. the English language

C. human languages in general

D. the system of a particular language

2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.

A. voiceless, bilabial, stop

B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative

C. voiced, bilabial, stop

D. voiced, labiodental, fricative

3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a（n）__________.

A. derivational morpheme

B. free morpheme

C. inflectional morpheme

D. free form

4. In the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP", the arrow can be read as __________.

A. is equal to

B. consists of

C. has

D. generates

5. "I bought some roses" __________ "I bought some flowers".

A. entails

B. presupposes

C. is inconsistent with

D. is synonymous with

6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of ______.

X: Who was that you were with last night?

Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?

A. quality

B. quantity

C. relation

D. manner

7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.

A. phrases

B. sentences

C. morphemes

D. utterances

8. In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.

A. socially

B. linguistically

C. culturally

D. pragmatically

9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? __________.

A. language and speech

B. visual and spatial skills

C. reading and writing

D. analytic reasoning

10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.

A. babbling

B. one-word

C. two-word

D. multiword

Ⅲ。Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%×10=20%）

21. （）An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the "best authors" for language usage.

22.（）In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.

23.（）We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.

24.（）Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.

25.（）The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.

26.（）Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.

27.（）In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.

28.（）The sentences "He crazy" and "He be sick all the time" are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.

29. （）Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.

30.（）Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.

Ⅳ。Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. （3%×10=30%）

31. synchronic linguistics 32. displacement 33. a minimal pair

34. derivational affixes 35. syntax 36. language transfer

37.hyponymy 38. sentence meaning 39. lingua franca 40. cerebral cortex

42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's

acquisition of a second language.

模拟题（4）

第一部分选择题

一、单项选择题

1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet" 'A rose by any other name would smell as sweet' well illustrates _______.（）

A.the conventional nature of language

B.the creative nature of language

C.the universality of language

D.the big difference between human language and animal communication

2.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.（）

A.kibl

B.bkil

C.ilkb

D.ilbk

3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a ___ formula "S→NP VP".

A.hierarchical

B.linear

C.tree diagram

D.vertical

4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.（）

A.Case Condition

B.parameter

C.Adjacent Condition

D.Adjacent Parameter

5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.

A.phoneme

B.word

C.phrase

D.sentence

6.According to Searle,those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.（）

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2f13497241.html,misives

B.directives

C.expressives

D.declaratives

7.The term __ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.

A.synchronic

B.diachronic

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2f13497241.html,parative

D.historical comparative

8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term.

A.title+first name

B.title+title

C.title alone

D.first name+last name+title

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2f13497241.html,nguage and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "subvocal speech," and speech as "_______".（）

A.vocal thought

B.subvocal thought

C.covert thought

D.overt thought

10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language

acquisition?_______.（）

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2f13497241.html,nguage acquisition is a process of habit formation

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2f13497241.html,nguage acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings

C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language

D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use

第二部分非选择题

三、判断说明题

（）21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.

（）22.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.

（）23.A compound is the combination of only two words.

（）24."The student" in the sentence "The student liked the linguistic lecture.",and "The linguistic lecture" in the sentence "The linguistic lecture liked the student."belong to the same syntactic category.

）25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.

（）26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.

（）27.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.

（）https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2f13497241.html,nguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.

（）29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.

（）30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.

四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。）

31.cultural transmission （as a defining feature of human language）

32.phonic medium of language 33.voicing34.inflectional morphemes 35.reference

36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage38.ethnic dialect 39.registers40.acculturation

八级选择题小结

CACAA BDBAB BDDBA BCABC D

1.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?

A. Language is a system

B. Language is symbolic

C. Animals also have language

D. Language is arbitrary

2.Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language?

A. Symbolic

B. Dual

C. Productive

D. Arbitrary

3.What is the most important function of language?

A. Interpersonal

B. Phatic

C. Informative

D. Metalingual

4.Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?

A. Saussure

B. Chomsky

C. Halliday

D. Anonymous

5.According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?

A. competence

B. parole

C. performance

D. langue

6.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is .

A. informative

B. phatic

C. directive

D. performative

7.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies .

A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech

B. the perception of sounds

C. the combination of sounds

D. the production of sounds

8.The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in .

A. the place of articulation

B. the obstruction of airstream

C. the position of the tongue

D. the shape of the lips

9.Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription?

A. Phonetics

B. Phonology

C. Semantics

D. Pragmatics

10.Which studies the sound systems in a certain language?

A. Phonetics

B. Phonology

C. Semantics

D. Pragmatics

11.Minimal pairs are used to .

A. find the distinctive features of a language

B. find the phonemes of a language

C. compare two words

D. find the allophones of language

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2f13497241.html,ually, suprasegmental features include,length and pitch.

A. phoneme

B. speech sounds

C. syllables

D. stress

13.Which is an indispensable part of a syllable?

A. Coda

B. Onset

C. Stem

D. Peak

14.Which is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content?

A. Word

B. Morpheme

C. Allomorph

D. Root

15.Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed?

A. Morphology

B. Syntax

C. Phonology

D. Semantics

16.Lexeme is .

A. a physically definable unit

B. the common factor underlying a set of forms

C. a grammatical unit

D. an indefinable unit

17.Which of the following sounds does not belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme ?

A. [s]

B. [iz]

C. [ai]

D. [is]

18.All words contain a .

A. root morpheme

B. bound morpheme

C. prefix

D. suffix relationship between "fruit" and "apple" is

A. homonymy

B. hyponymy

C. polysemy

D. synonymy

20.The part of the grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called .

A. lexicon

B. morphology

C. syntax

D. semantics

21.Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns?

A. gender

B. number

C. case

D. voice

语言学测试题答案

第一单元：

1~5 BACCC 6~10 BACACII.11~15 FFTFF 16~20 FFFFF

第二单元：

答案I.1~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABB II.11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFF

第三单元

I.1~5 AACBB6~10 BCADBII.11~15 FTFTT 16~20 FTFFF

第四单元

I.1~5 DCDDD 6~10 ADDBA II.11~15 TTTTF 16~20 FTFTT

第五单元

I.1~5 ABDDB 6~10 CACDAII.11~15 FFTFT 16~20 TFTTT

第七单元

I.1~5 BCAAC 6~10 DACADII.11~15 FTFFF16~20 TFTFF

模拟题(1)答案：

一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

1、C

2、C

3、D

4、D

5、D

6、B

7、B

8、C

9、A 10、D

三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

21、F

Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.

22、F

V oicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.

23、F

The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".

24、F Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.

25、F

Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.

26、T 27、T

28、F

They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.

29、F

The true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"

30、T

四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）

31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.

32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.

33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.

34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.

35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences

36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.

37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.

38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.

39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct,

or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".

40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.

模拟题题（2）

一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分）

1.B

2.D

3.D

4.D

5.B

6.A

7.B

8.C

9.A 10.B

三、判断说明题（每小题2分，共20分）

16.T 17.F（Sense and reference…）

18.F（scientific study of language）

19.F（finite verb…）20.F（diachronic）

21.F（no value judgement）

22.T 23.T 24.F（morpheme）25.F（one of the parts）

四、名词解释（每小题3分，共30分）

26.The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.

27.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.

28.The base form of a word; the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.

29.The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent, such as NP and VP.

30.The words of a language are labels of the objects they stand for; a linguistic form is linked through concepts to what it refers to.

31.Do not say what you believe to be false or without adequate evident; Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity, be brief and orderly.

32.A process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.

33.A variety of languages used by a social class.

34.Thought when it is close to language.

35.A comparative procedure to establish linguistic differences between languages for teaching purposes.

模拟题（3）答案

一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

1、C

2、C

3、D

4、D

5、D

6、B

7、B

8、C

9、A 10、D

三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

21、F

Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.

22、F

V oicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese. 23、F

The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".

24、F

Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.

25、F

26、T 27、T

28、F

They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.

29、F

The true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"

30、T

四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）

32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.

33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.

34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.

35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences

36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.

38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the

knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.

39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".

五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）

42、The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a combination of factors. The rate and ultimate success in SLA are affected not only by learners' experience with optimal input and instruction, but also by individual learner factors. The learner factors that have captured the attention of SLA researchers include age, motivation, acculturation, and personality:

1）Age The optimum age for SLA does not always accord with the maxim of "the younger the better." But it has been demonstrated that adolescents are quicker and more effective L2 learners than young children. The early teenagers are good L2 learners because their flexibility of the language acquisition faculty has not been completely lost and their cognitive skills have developed considerably to facilitate the processing of linguistic features of a new language.

2）Motivation Adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a communicative need. If the learners have a strong instrumental need to learn a second language or have a strong interest in the way of life of native speakers of the language they are learning, they are most likely to succeed.

3）Acculturation The more a learner aspires to acculturate to the community of the target language, the further he or she will progress along the developmental continuum.

4）Personality The generally outgoing adult learners learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than the generally reserved ones.

模拟题（4）

一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

1.A

2.A

3.B

4.C

5.D

6.A

7.B

8.C

9.D 10.A

三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

21.F

The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention.

22.T

23.F

Some compounds contain more than two words.

24.T

25.F

It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and " evening star." They refer to the same star but differ in sense.

26.T

27.F

The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.

28.T 29.T

30.F

Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in later stages acquire the " more difficult" sounds.

八级选择题小结参考答案

CACAA BDBAB BDDBA BCABC D

《新编简明英语语言学教程》章期末复习

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