毕业论文英语翻译及原文

A RESEARCH ON DATA PROCESSING MODEL OF GPS DAM

DEFORMATION MONITORING NETWORK

Abstract: Considering the particularity of the GPS dam deformation monitoring network, a data processing model based on the station orthogonal coordinate system for three-dimension GPS dam deformation monitoring network, was put forward. Also, a mathematical model of using the clustering analysis method in fuzzy mathematics to test the relative stability of quasi-stable points(or datum marks) was successfully brought forward. The adjustment method during the course of data processing was quasi-stable adjustment. At last, a software system of three-dimension GPS dam deformation monitoring network was designed and opened up with the help of Visual Basic Language. With three periods o'bservation data from the GPS deformation monitoring network of a dam, an adjustment calculation was done by the software.The calculation result shows that the mathematical models can be more suitable for the data processing in GPS dam deformation monitoring network.

Key words: GPS, Dam deformation monitoring, Quasi-stable adjustment, Clustering analysis 1.Introduction

WGS-84 coordinate system is generally used in GPS. But local or independent coordinate systems are usually chosen in dam deformation monitoring networks for their small areas. During the course of past data processing, the adjustment under WGS-84 coordinate system for

independent networks or networks with several fixed points is often firstly made. Then, the transformation from WGS-84 coordinate system to

local(or independent) coordinate systems is done. For GPS deformation monitoring networks with repetitive observation data, the obvious change of datum marks coordinates under the two different coordinate systems can be brought by the tiny deformation of datum marks among different periods of observation. And the greater error can be made during the coordinate transformation. If a local Gauss coordinate system is chosen, the projection distortions can also be produced by the transformation itself. For the reasons above, the station orthogonal coordinate system is chosen as the reference coordinate system for data processing of GPS dam deformation networks. And the mathematical model is put forward and deduced.

2.Data processing model based on the station orthogonal coordinate system for three-dimension GPS deformation monitoring networks

2.1 Coordinate system

The station orthogonal coordinate system is a left-hand coordinate system. Its origin is set at one of the GPS monitoring points. The E(X) axis points at the meridian passing the origin. It is on the tangent plane of the origin. And the right north is taken as forward direction. The H(Z) axis is on the

normal line of WGS-84 ellipsoid at the point and takes outward as forward directi on . The E(Y) axis is also on the tangent pla ne of the origi n and uses east for forward directi on.

If the positi on vector of the stati on orthogo nal coord in ate system origi n

r T

P o in WGS-84 is expressed as o 二X0 Y 0 Z o , according to the geodetic latitude and Iongitude ( B° , L。) ' the position vector 门in the statio n orthogo nal coord in ate system origi n of a ran dom poi nt p i can be got through the translation and rotation of its WGS-84 position

T

vector r i

「i =H (「i-ro) ( 1)

In the above equation, H can be written as

-sin B o C os L o -sin B o sin L。cos B o

H= si n B o cos L o o (2)

cos B o cos L o cos B o sin L。sin B。一

If the baseli ne vectors of the two ran dom poi nts

p i an d p j in WGS-84 coord in ate system and the the stati on orthogo nal coord in ate system are writte n as" 1 1川' '1 1 1

respectively, the expressi on can be easily gained as follows

Ar tf= r/-r i= H(r - r0)-H(r -r0) = H(r' -rj

The n, the relatio n equatio n betwee n the two baseli ne vectors is expressed Ar = HAr

as

There are two steps in the GPS observati on data process ing course. They are baseli ne calculati on and n etwork adjustme nt. The baseli ne vectors in WGS-84 can be firstly got using baseline calculation. Secondly, the baseline vector transformation from WGS-84 to the station orthogonal coordinate system can be done with (3). At last, the adjustment of GPS deformation monitoring networks in the station orthogonal coordinate system can be successfully finished.

2.2 Adjustment method and mathematical model

Deformation monitoring networks usually require higher precision. And if several fixed points are adopted for datum, the observation precision can be greatly reduced, because the known dataprecision is o'fte s n lower than the required precision and the beginning points ' displacement ca make annexe effect to observation data especially during the course of repetitive observation. So the classical adjustment method, which has some given points, is generally not used. But it is important to choose the reference points with stable physical status as datum of deformation monitoring networks. Considering the above two cases, the quasi-stable adjustment can be employed to make the more stable unknown data( the coordinates of relatively stable points away from the dam) match their stable values. Then, there are no distortion of surveying result and relatively stable datum. And the goal to monitor the deformation can be reached well. The adjustment model of GPS rank-deficient networks can be written as

V=AX-L

T. , (4)

S(L)二阮pi

With the least square method, the normal equation is expressed as

NX二W (5)

T T

where N equals A PA and W equals A PL

And the equati on can be got as follows

R(N)=R(A)=r where A denotes the rank-deficient matrix whose rank-deficient number d is (n-r)」f S is a set of radical of zero space N(A) and R(S) deno tes d, the equation is written as

AS=0 (6)

When the inner product space is defined as (X,Y)=X T RY and R(R) >

d, under the constraint condition X RX=min, the following equation can be got

S T RX=0 (7)

With (5) and (7), the solution equation of weighting rank-deficient

n etworks can be expressed as

Q 亠-Q H RSVRQ^

I XX

Where Q R de notes"、R*% H

.When R is a diagonal matrix and its value is 1 or 0, (8) can

become the model of quasi-stable adjustme nt. The S matrix can be give n

according to the condition AS=0. And the S matrix of GPS 3-dimensional deformati on mon itori ng n etworks is writte n as

10 0 loo 1 o o-

s z = 0)0010 ……oio ⑼

ooi ooi o o 1

2.3 Mathematical model of calculat ing quasistable poi nts ' relative stability with clusteri ng an alysis For GPS dam deformati on mon itori ng n etworks, the stability of datum marks must be firstly tested in the observati on data process ing. Though the relatively stable area is chose n for build ing datum marks whe n GPS dam deformati on mon itori ng n etworks are desig ned, the deformatio n of datum marks can come into being. Eve n if the quasi-stable adjustme nt method is used, the stability test n eeds to be made, too. The quasi-stable poin ts(quasi-stable points or datum marks in desig n scheme) with marked deformati on should be elim in ated. The mathematical model of calculati ng quasi-stable poin ts(or datum marks) relative stability with clustering analysis in fuzzy mathematics is put forward to en sure the stable quasi-stable poin

ts(or datum marks) in GPS observation data processing. One characteristic of quasi-stable adjustme nt is that the correcti on value V of observati on data after adjustme nt is in variable. So the adjusted value L of observati on data is also in variable. And it is show n that the n etwork shape after adjustme nt is un cha nged. The observati on data of GPS n etworks adjustme nt is baseli ne vectors(coord in ate differe nces in 3 coord in ate axis directi on s).

Then, after the quasi-stable adjustme nt of two periods of observati on data,

the differe nces of coord in ate differe nces of two ran dom quasi-stable poi nts in 3 coord in ate axis directi ons betwee n the two periods are

invariable. So, these values can ' t be changed with differces .cAod work can be fini

shed once for ado toavoid the trouble of some methods calculat ing step by step.匸 an df denote the coord in ate differe nces of two ran dom quasi-stable points (i and j)

aftertwo periods ' seobati on

1 data adjustme nt. is the differe nee of coord in ate differe nces betwee n

two periods. And equati ons are as follows n

叭+碍 Statistic is written as

=— ⑴) %

1 If the change of l ij between two periods is caused by the accidental error of GPS observati on, it is expressed as

心 ~ MO,1)

The fuzzy membership grade of the relative stability of the two ran dom

quasi-stable points (i and j) is defi ned as

(12)

That is to say, the fuzzy relation of the relative stability of quasi-stable points is the probability density

value of standard normal distribution about^ .To 口，it can be defined as

u =0 for supplement. It is also as follows

(io )

==

英语原文及其翻译

Exploring Filipino School Counselors’ Beliefs about Learning Allan B. I. Bernardo [Abstract] School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement.But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreementwith 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors thatinfluence this process.A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors:(F1)social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs,and (F3) individual difference factors.The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement. [Key words]beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, Philippines School reform efforts in different parts of the world have focusedon students’learning. In particular,most school improvement programsnow aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive globaleconomy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). I n this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g.,Bransford,Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards.For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003;Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educational assessment systems (Black & Wiliam2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise,the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms ofwhether these are effectively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007). In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). Inthe United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all

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