阅读障碍1

阅读障碍

《时代》封面之克服阅读障碍

阅读障碍是指智力正常或超常，但在阅读成绩上落后的现象。究竟落后到什么程度才算是阅读障碍呢？一般是以阅读成绩落后于一到两个年级的分数作为标准，这也就是说，诊断阅读障碍是以标准化的阅读测验测试儿童，发现儿童在平均成绩上低于其他同龄儿童，只达到低年级儿童的平均水平。阅读障碍是学习障碍的最主要类型，占到所有被诊断为学习障碍儿童的70%以上。据研究，英语国家中有阅读困难的儿童高达10%-30%。学汉语的儿童中患有阅读障碍的人在3%-5%左右。

目录

1阅读障碍的表现特征有以下几方面识字方面

1阅读方面

1行为方面

造成阅读障碍的原因

1阅读障碍的治疗词汇贫乏的矫正

1阅读习惯的矫正

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编辑本段阅读障碍的表现特征有以下几方面

识字方面

*认字与记字困难重重，刚学过的字就忘记；*错别字连篇，写字经常多一画或少一笔；*经常搞混形近的字，如把“视”与“祝”弄混；*经常搞混音近的字；*学习拼音困难，经常把Q看成O；*经常颠倒字的偏旁部首。

阅读方面

*朗读时增字或减字；*朗读时不按字阅读，而是随意按照自己的想法阅读；*听写成绩很差；阅读速度慢；*逐字阅读或以手指协助；*说作文可以，但写作文过于简单，内容枯燥；*书面表达自己的意思非常困难，抄写速度慢。

行为方面

*行为反应表现得不集中或无组织，对于所看到或听到的刺激，仅能掌握一小部分；*掌握事物的顺序很困难，如数学公式、乘法口诀等；*几乎做每件事都表现得反应过度；*在辨析距离、方向时显得有困难；*在理解时间概念时显得有困难；*在整理自己的书本、纸张、玩具时显得有困难，写字时很难掌

握空间距离；*手脚笨拙，走路时脚步不稳，经常跌倒、被绊倒或撞倒家具；*同一时间对所有的声音、人、事同时作反应，不懂得在同一时间对某一件事作反应；*很快就从一个活动或想法跳到另一活动或想法；*完成读写作业非常容易疲劳。编辑本段造成阅读障碍的原因

是多方面的，简单地说，有下面几方面的原因：首先是生物学方面的因素。阅读是一个十分复杂的过程，因为阅读几乎涉及了所有的心理功能。有人把阅读比作弹钢琴，意思是说，阅读需要多种心理功能的协调，就像弹钢琴需要种种心理功能的合作一样。在阅读过程中，我们首先需要发挥视知觉的作用，视知觉的分辨与记忆都需参与进来。同时，阅读需要对声音的辨别与记忆，阅读是一个对所看到的字的声音的反应过程，只有熟练的读者，才能进行默读。通过对字形、字音和字义的联系，我们获得对字词的理解。几乎所有的文字都是音、形、义的联合，缺少其中的某一个环节，人对字词的认知与学习就会出现困难。例如，视觉功能障碍，眼球振动不平衡，就造成读书时跳字、串行等；听觉功能障碍，造成读而不闻，读而不懂；另外如失语症、大脑麻痹、智力迟钝和运动失调等大脑神经功能障碍，也会造成阅读困难。其次是情绪因素造成的。长期以来，存在阅读障碍的人得不到人们的理解，尤其是在儿童时期，这样的儿童常常被家长当作是爱玩的孩子，学习不专心或懒惰的孩子，他们不仅得不到大人的理解，反而蒙受着不公正的批评。久而久之，这些孩子变得自卑和自弃，自认为无论如何努力，就是在学习上赶不上别人，以致于许多具有阅读障碍的人一生事业无成。例如有的孩子有严重的胆小、自卑情绪，不敢在课堂上朗读，结果越不练就越有障碍。还有的孩子非常敏感，对别人的评价特别在意，生怕读错了引起同学笑话，所以朗读时忧心忡忡，不能轻松流畅地阅读。第三是教育方法问题。对于那些智力或能力低的孩子，如果家长和老师一味地逼着孩子练习阅读，而不是用科学的方法进行特殊训练，长时间不见成效，孩子就会产生很大的心理压力，对阅读更加有抵触情绪，甚至产生厌烦心理。而对于智力和能力高的孩子，如果仍然让他们重复简单的课文，他们也会变得敷衍了事。

编辑本段阅读障碍的治疗

培养良好的阅读能力是极其重要的，而阅读能力的培养应该从小抓起，儿童期是阅读能力培养的关键时期。因此，早期阅读教育是学前期教育不容忽视的重要组成部分。我国儿童的阅读能力、阅读量与世界发达国家儿童相比，还存在很大的差距。在中西儿童阅读教育交流与研讨会上一些专家指出，中国儿童8岁才开始进入自主大量阅读阶段(而西方为4岁)，即使在北京，儿童阅读障碍发生率也高达6%至8%。所以应该及早对阅读障碍进行治疗。对于较严重的阅读障碍，比如儿童神经生理方面可能存在缺陷，需要由专门的教师和心理医生采用特殊的方法进行矫治，如多感觉通道法，强调运用学生的多种感觉通道，诸如视、听、动、触等；神经组织矫正法，对阅读障碍的儿童通常采用视觉描绘练习和眼手协调练习，以促进大脑半球优势能力的

发展；对于有情绪障碍的儿童，则需先经心理咨询人员矫治其心理问题。下面着重谈一下与智力因素和教育有关的阅读障碍的矫正问题。教师可通过有针对性的扩展词汇训练、阅读技巧训练及良好阅读习惯的培养，对儿童的阅读障碍加以矫正。

词汇贫乏的矫正

首先选用难易程度适合学生的阅读材料，应重视要求理解文章大意的练习。为了鼓励儿童快速阅读，应采用基础读物来扩展儿童的词汇，而且在这一治疗过程中，所运用的材料都必须使儿童感到容易。还可以在没有意义背景条件下进行快速认字训练，如速示法。

阅读习惯的矫正

每个人的阅读习惯都会有所差异。有的人阅读时一字一字从头到尾的读，读完之后不知所云；有的人则能迅速略读，并很快抓住主题；而有的人边读边写笔记。阅读习惯的不同往往导致阅读效率的差异。对此的矫正可以从两方面进行。第一，教师应培养学生在阅读时动手做标记或批注的习惯，如在重要的词语下划横线；不懂的地方做批注。这样，就能帮助学生起到集中注意力的作用，促进边读边思考。第二，教师应培养学生迅速略读的习惯。人们在阅读时存在的一个问题是以同一种方法去阅读不同的资料。传统的“咬文嚼字”的方法已经不适应信息时代的要求，要通过训练，发展儿童阅读速度的自我调节能力，使之能够根据材料的类型、阅读的目的选择阅读速度，既能精读又能略读。在我国，对阅读障碍的研究尚处于起步阶段，为了更有效地帮助有阅读障碍的儿童早日学会阅读，还需要更加广泛而深入的研究和实践。

再生障碍性贫血三大原因

再生障碍性贫血三大原因 再生障碍性贫血也是一种贫血类型，近年来，由于人们生活方式的改变，也引发再生障碍性贫血患者越来越多，在患上再生障碍性贫血之后，患者不仅无法正常的工作和生活，甚至其生命也会受到严重威胁。了解再生障碍性贫血的病理原因，对于更好的防治这种疾病大有帮助。因为小编家人曾得过再生障碍性贫血，试过很多方法都不行，后来用康髓诺调理好的，而且停药近一年半了，血象一直很稳定，而且一直也没再输过血吃过西药，一直很健康也没犯病。现在跟小编一起了解下再生障碍性贫血的病理原因主要有： 一、免疫功能异常：如果正常的免疫功能出现异常，则会容易引发再生障碍性贫血。在临床上，在为该病患者进行骨髓移植手术时，患者必须选择相同基因或同一血型的骨髓才能配型成功，接受手术，使其骨髓恢复到正常的造血功能，否则会出现严重的免疫排斥现象，后果极为严重。 二、造血环境出现异常：导致造血环境异常的原因，主要在于造血组织减少。通过对患者的检查会发现，病人骨髓中的造血组织出现减少，其红骨髓的总量也相应的减少，进而导致其全血细胞大量降低。另外，在诱发再生障碍性贫血的病因中，如果造血细胞的环境发生异常或病变，也可能会影响血细胞的生长发育，导致疾病发生。 三、造血干细胞减少：造血干细胞出现缺陷的时候，也会引发再生障碍性贫血。通过长期的试验研究表明，造血干细胞的严重缺乏或者发生缺陷，是重要的一个诱发再生障碍性贫血的病因，也是主要的发病机理。据统计发现，至少有近50%的患者是由于造血干细胞的缺乏所引发的该病。 以上内容就是对再生障碍性贫血症状的相关介绍，再生障碍性贫血发病后，对于患者生活和健康的影响都是非常大的，所以对于这种疾病，需要及早治疗才行，在治疗期间，患者应该保持口腔卫生，避免再次感染。

中考英语阅读理解难题及答案(word)1

中考英语阅读理解难题及答案（word）1 一、初三英语阅读理解（含答案详细解析） 1．阅读理解 Science fiction is a popular kind of writing, and many people think of Jules Verne（凡尔纳） as the father of science fiction. He was born in France in 1828. His father wanted him to become a lawyer, but from his early 20s Verne decided to become a writer. At first he wrote plays for the theater. Then, in 1863, he wrote a story called Five Weeks in a Balloon. The success of this book encouraged him to write more stories such as A Journey to the Center of the Earth（1864） and From the Earth to the Moon（1865）. In the 19th century, many people were interested in science and inventions. Jules Verne wrote about scientific subjects in his stories and, as a result, they were very popular. Verne's writing included many predictions（预言）for the 20th century and many of them came true. He described space flight, movies, and air conditioning, a long time before they appeared. These books were very successful and they made Verne rich. Jules Verne's books have been the subjects for many movies. 20, 000 Leagues under the Sea was a successful movie for Walt Disney. It was the first time that Disney movie had used real actors instead of cartoon drawings. Around the World in Eighty Days is another famous movie based on one of Verne's books. The main character is an Englishman called Phileas Fogg. For him, the most important thing is to be always on time! （1）What does the phrase "the father of science fiction" mean? A. The father who has several children. B. The man who loves science and inventions. C. The writer whose father wrote science fiction. D. The man who first started writing science fiction successfully. （2）What encouraged Jules Verne to write more stories? A. The plays he wrote for the theater. B. The encouragement from his father. C. The success of Five Weeks in a Balloon. D. The scientific subjects in his stories. （3）Why were Jules Verne's books very popular in the 19th century? A. Because his books made him rich and famous. B. Because he wrote many plays for the theater at that time. C. Because his books were the subjects for many movies. D. Because many people were interested in science and inventions. （4）Which of the following has the main character called Phileas Fogg? A. Five Weeks in a Balloon. B. Around the World in Eighty Days. C. A Journey to the Center of the Earth. D. From the Earth to the Moon. （5）According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A. The space flight Verne described was different from others. B. The main characters in Verne's books are always on time. C. Jules Verne only wrote in the 19th century. D. Many of the predictions in Verne's stories came true.

阅读障碍

今年上三年级的悦悦，家长反映他语文听写成绩很差，刚学过的字很快就忘记，读书速度很慢，阅读时老是漏字、读错字、跳行，读不成句子，而且读完之后不知道什么意思。不太记住。数学题方面家长讲题能理解，但自己做时容易出错。当爸爸带悦悦到美希儿童教育工作室经过综合的测试评估后，我们发现他有较严重阅读障碍，悦悦的阅读能力和识字量水平，仅相当于一年级孩子的水平。阅读障碍问题，是造成他学习困难的重要原因。 阅读障碍是学习障碍的最主要类型之一，占所有被诊断为学习障碍儿童的70%以上。据研究资料表明，英语国家中有阅读障碍的儿童高达10%－30%，汉语儿童中有阅读障碍的人约10%－50%左右。 阅读障碍儿童通常有如下表现： 1、认字与记字障碍重重，刚学过的字很快就忘记； 2、听写成绩很差； 3、朗读时增字、减字，读错字，跳行； 4、阅读速度很慢，逐字阅读或以手指协助； 5、语言表达能力不错，但写作文很枯燥； 6、阅读后回答问题有困难； 7、错别字连篇，写字经常多一划或少一笔； 8、经常搞混形近的字，如把视与祝弄混； 9、经常搞混音近的字； 10、学习拼音障碍，经常把Q看成O； 11、爱做数学计算题，不爱阅读和学习语文； 12、朗读尚佳，但对内容一知半解，不知所云。 儿童有六条以上的均存在阅读障碍，需要在美希儿童教育进行针对性的阅读障碍纠正或综合阅读能力提升训练。 造成阅读障碍的原因： 1、视知觉能力落后。例如：视觉分辨能力和视觉追踪能力落后，就会造成阅读时加字漏字，跳行，阅读速度很慢等现象； 2、听知觉能力落后，会造成读而不闻，读而不懂等现象；另外如失语症、智力迟钝和运动失调等大脑神经功能障碍也会造成阅读障碍。 3、心理、情绪因素造成的。有的孩子存在严重的胆小、自卑情绪，不敢在课堂上朗读，结果越不练就越有障碍，还有的孩子非常敏感，对别人的评价特别紧张，生怕读错了引起同学笑话，所以朗读时忧心忡忡，不能够轻松流畅地阅读。 4、教育方法问题。对于阅读障碍的孩子，家长和老师要学会用正确的态度看待孩子的问题，不要总是一味地逼着孩子练习阅读，而不是用科学的方法进行特殊训练，长时间不见成效，孩子就会产生很大的心理压力，对阅读更加有抵触情绪，甚至产生厌烦心理。 美希儿童教育中心老师在长期教育实践中，建议从以下几个方面帮助儿童的进行有效纠正阅读障碍的问题： 1、针对性视觉统合系列训练：如：准备一张白纸，家长在白纸上用彩色笔写数字1——100，注意数字在白纸上书写顺序逐渐排列混乱、顺序位置颠倒；让孩子按1—100数字顺序找寻连线；每日2—3张。 2、提升听知觉练习，培养儿童阅读兴趣，调整指导儿童阅读方法；如：每日晚饭后，陪儿童读一篇短小精典的美文或故事，陪同孩子一起有感情的朗读，可采取：扮角色朗读、分段朗读、指定朗读等不同形式；读后家长有意识的提问，

中考英语阅读理解练习题 (word)1

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