专业英语文章
一、将下列内容翻译成英文
1、实现数控机床的在线检测时，首先要在计算机辅助编程系统上自动生成检测主程序，将检测主程序由通信接口传输给数控机床，通过G31跳步指令，使测头按程序规定路径运动。当测球接触工件时发出触发信号，通过测头与数控系统的专用接口将触发信号传到转换器，并将触发信号转换后传给机床的控制系统，该点的坐标便被记录下来。信号被接收后，机床停止运动，测量点的坐标通过通信接口传回计算机，然后进行下一个测量动作。上位机通过监测CNC系统返回的测量值，可对系统测量结果进行计算补偿及可视化等各项数据处理工作。
2、本系统采用的边缘提取算法的思路是利用灰度图像分割的算法,将目标图像分割成目标和背景两部分,考虑到图像处理的方便,应该将灰度图像转化为二值图像。但在一般情况下,图像包括物体、背景和噪声,为了将物体区域从图像的其他区域分离出来,首先需要对图像进行分割,通过阈值运算是否可以有效地进行图像分割取决于物体与背
景之间是否有足够的对比度。在本测量系统中,由于图像中只有一个物体,图像相对简单,且物体与背景之间对比度较大,并都具有较均匀的灰度分布,故可采用基于图像灰
度特性的方法进行图像分割。
二、将下文中划线部分翻译成中文
三、阅读下文，写出文章摘要（200单词以内）
1. Introduction
(翻译1)In the current modern world emergency services play a constant and important role
in safeguarding security and dealing with general emergencies. Fire fighters have to deal with various situations involving fires in buildings of all kinds and navigating their way around these buildings. Law enforcement officers are constantly being challenged by new threats and new extreme terrorist acts, such as a building being under siege. While such personnel are highly trained and make use of various technologies it would benefit them to always use the latest equipment or techniques available to aid their job.
One of the technologies available is the use of Virtual Reality (VR) to model buildings, such as public buildings or buildings of strategic importance. Having an accurate VR model of a building could help fire fighters ‘learn’ the layout of a building and positioning of key items in a building in a short period of time. Alternatively law enforcement personnel could ‘learn’ the layout of a building along with the positioning of key items for the unfortunate situation of a building being under siege. Sometimes terrorists have spent considerable time and effort in learning all they can about the layout of a building (U.S. Cavalry, 2006). This can possibly disadvantage law enforcement personnel who do not know the layout of a building.
2. The direction finding experiment
This experiment therefore makes a contribution in the area of direction finding training for ‘rescue’ mis sions linking specifically with the work by Schnabel and Kvan (2003). Hence the results of an experiment, conducted using a VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) model of a university campus building. The main aim was to determine if the VRML model led to better task completions in direction finding within the building and shorter time completions for direction finding, compared with an equivalent architectural plan of the same building. The results are of interest to anyone involved with direction finding, particularly in the areas of fire fighting or law enforcement.
2.1. Background issues
The experiment was carefully designed to ensure the conditions under examination were biased as little as possible.
The first step was to find a suitable building to model. The building used in the models was a campus building that was considered by the authors to be of a suitable size. This meant that it was not too large for both the purposes of modeling and experimental testing. Further, the experiment required a building unfamiliar to the prospective users. The building used fulfilled all these criteria.
The second step was to visually analyze the internal aspects of the building and to catalogue various features of the building, e.g. location of fire extinguishers (for the purposes of future task design).
The third step was to obtain accurate architectural diagrams of the building and then develop accurate external and internal models of the building, using the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML).
2.2. Users
Thirty participants were recruited to take part in a between users experiment. Twelve participants were female and 18 were male. Their average age was 32. Further, 96% of participants had a minimum of a high school standard education.
2.3. Experimental design
A between users design was used for this experiment. The participants were divided into two groups of 15, where one group was assigned to the architectural plans condition and the remaining group was assigned to the VRML model condition.
(翻译2)The next aspect considered was the design of appropriate tasks that would elicit the information the experiment was trying to achieve. This was mainly to discover if a VRML model was more effective and efficient than an architectural diagram for direction finding tasks. Effectiveness for this context was defined as a participant obtaining higher scores in the assigned tasks (see next paragraph for details on the scoring mechanism and tasks used). Efficiency for this context was defined as leading to a quicker overall task completion time. These are in line with the International Organization for Standardization (1999) guidelines for usability. This particular standard states that effectiveness can concern issues of
appropriate ‘completeness’ of goals – in this case completing the assigned tasks. For efficiency, the standard states that ‘time’ issues can be considered – in this case how long the tasks took to complete. Further it was also of interest to find out what strategies participants in each group would use to ‘remember/learn’ the layout of the building and to see if the strategies used would be similar to the strategies used by the participants in the study by Schnabel and Kvan (2003), given that the scenarios involved were significantly different.
A series of 16 tasks were designed which involved finding various locations and items within the chosen campus building. The particular locations/items were building evacuation refuge locations, fire escapes, fire extinguishers, fire alarm panels and fire hoses. Users finding specified locations/items would accrue a series of points. Some locations/items, due to where they were located in the building were considered to be easier to find and were therefore given fewer points than other locations/items considered to be more difficult to find. As stated a total of 16 tasks were designed. This allowed a sufficient number of ‘easy’ and
‘more difficult’ tasks to be used and also allowed for several areas of the building to be explored. The 16 tasks also made the experiment non-trivial as the participants had to use more ‘mental effort’.
The points system used was weighted to take into account the fact that with certain locations/items finding one item would make it easier to find the next item. In these particular cases, the first find accrued more points than the second find. Also the particular locations/items used for the tasks were ones where finding them required some
‘searching’/‘recall’, i.e. they could not be found by simply standing at the entrance of the building and visually scanning the immediate environment. An example concerning the building evacuation refuge locations is that the ones used in the experiment were on the first floor and second floor middle staircases. Whichever of the two was found first, 4 points were allocated and if the remaining refuge location was found, a further 2 points were allocated. This method allowed for different user direction finding strategies, not penalizing one strategy against another. The points assigned to each location as explained above were to do with the overall difficulty of finding these locations.
Having decided on the tasks users should perform, the overall scores of the tasks would be used to see which of the modes being tested was better, i.e. each user’s score
would be summed to get one score and then all the scores would be analyzed to see if one mode (VRML model or architectural plan) led overall to higher scores. Also users would be timed and the aim would be to see which mode would lead to faster completion times.
2.4. Variables
The independent variables were the modes of information presentation, i.e. architectural plans and VRML model.
The dependent variables consisted of the participants’ performance in carrying out the designed tasks and the participants’ subjective opinions regarding their learning strategy. The dependent measures, for participant performance, were the timing of participants throughout the tasks undertaken and recording their success rate for each task by means of the scoring system devised (see Section 2.3.1). The dependent measures, for participant learning strategy, were elicited by means of a post-experiment questionnaire.
2.5. Apparatus and materials
The equipment used for the experiment was:
? Medium to high-end PC, capable of rendering a VRML model efficiently.
? A VRML plug-in.
? The 2 VRML models used in the pre-experiment screening and the actual VRML model of
the campus building (see Section 2.6 for details).
? The architectural plans for the pre-experiment screening and the actual campus building architectural plans (see Section 2.6 for details).
? Pre-experiment screening test (see Section 2.6 for details).
? Pre-experiment and post-experiment questionnaires.
2.6. Experiment procedure
Each participant was given a pre-experiment questionnaire which aimed to determine their personal experience and characteristics. Various questions were included in the questionnaire. The main questions dealt with issues of the participant’s experience with computers, Virtual Reality and knowledge about building fire procedures. Participants were also asked if they had ever been in the campus building that was to be used in the experiment (i.e. only participants who had never been in the building were used). Clearly, if a prospective participant had prior knowledge about the building, it would invalidate any results for the experiment.
Having received completed questionnaires, the participants were then asked to take part in a pre-experiment screening. This aimed to determine/add to their current skills in either using VRML controls at the user interface or the reading of architectural plans in general. It also allowed the participants to see the kind of interaction they
would have to be involved with when the experiment was started. The pre-experiment screening involved using a different VRML model and architectural plan to the ones
used in the actual experiment. The VRML model used for this purpose was the main example used in (Hartman and Wernecke, 1996). The architectural plans used were
John Adams Courthouse, MS, USA (The Historic Renovation of the John Adams Courthouse, 2004).
The participants using the architectural plans were given 20 min to study these. Then the plans were removed from the participants and subsequently were given 5 min to complete a multiple choice test, which covered various locations and characteristics of the Courthouse. If the participants obtained a score of 50% or more in the multiple choice test, they were considered to be suitable participants (15 participants passed the pre-experiment screening and were therefore used in the architectural plans group). This criterion was applied because in the real world individuals such as law enforcement officers, etc., are expected to have certain skills to an appropriate level. Also this means that there should not have been extreme wide ranging levels of skill, which could have biased the final results.
The participants using the VRML model were selected as having a moderate amount of computer experience, as stated on the pre-experiment questionnaires they completed.
They were given the VRML model and were asked to explore the model over a 20-min period. During this time the participants were informally observed to ascertain their competence with the VRML navigational controls at the user interface. All participants in this group demonstrated competence in using the VRML controls.
As indicated above each participant was assigned to one of the two groups. The first was the architectural plans group and the second was the VRML model group, dependent on the criteria described above.
The 15 participants selected for the architectural plans group were then given the diagrams for the campus building. Each participant was given 25 min to study the plans, which covered four floors in total. Relevant locations/items were clearly marked on the diagrams. The 15 participants selected for the VRML model group were then asked to explore the VRML model of the campus building using the same VRML browser they had used during
the pre-experiment screening process. Each participant was given 25 min to study the model. The model included the locations/items of relevance to the experiment. Further, locations were ‘marked’ in the model by means of white cubes containing location names.
The information presented in both modes (i.e. architectural plans and VRML model group) was identical. However the manner of the information presentation was different.
Once all participants (i.e. both groups) had completed the study of the campus building, each participant was briefed concerning what would happen in the next stage of the experiment. The following briefing points were made clear to each participant: 1. Participants would be physically accompanied/followed to the campus building (the technique of actually taking a participant to a real location was considered to be more realistic and has been successfully used and described in Murano (2003)) and be asked to find a series of locations/items based on their study of the campus building.
2. Participants would be asked to locate a subset of the locations/items they had seen on their preparatory study for the experiment.
3. Depending on the type of locations/items involved, the set of tasks would be divided into related sections. Thus the experiment would take place by completing a series of sections.
4. Participants would be timed with a stopwatch.
5. Participants would have 2 min for each individual task. If this time was exceeded the particular task in question would be stopped and the next task would be started.
6. Participants would not be allowed to ask questions to aid their direction finding. Further, only 1 answer per task would be allowed.
7. If a location/item could not be found by the participant they could either attempt an answer or move to the next task.
8. Data would be recorded by the experimenter as the experiment tasks preceded.
9. Participants would be able to ask clarifying questions regarding the briefing instructions described above.
At the end of the experiment all participants were asked to complete a post-experiment questionnaire. Certain questions were identical for both groups. However the VRML model group had a supplementary set of questions regarding the use of the VRML browser.
Both groups of participants were asked several subjective questions concerning how the participants felt they had ‘learned’ the locations for the tasks. They were also asked if in their opinion they had been given enough time to ‘learn’ the locations and actually find them during the experiment.
The VRML model groups were also asked several subjective questions regarding the model itself, e.g. accuracy of the model in relation to the real building and also questions regarding the ease of use of the model. Further, they were asked their opinions regarding the issue of ‘learning’ locat ions by the specific use of the VRML model.
2.6.1. Pilot study
Before the actual experiment took place a small pilot study was undertaken to test the experimental design for soundness. One of the reasons for having included a prescreening stage to the experiment was that the pilot study revealed that in the VRML model condition a usage of time was incurred in becoming familiar with the particular VRML browser used in the experiment. Thus the prescreening process gave the participants the opportunity of familiarizing themselves with the VRML controls thus lessening the possibility of bias during the actual experiment.
Also, being able to run through the experiment, allowed the maximum times to be established for each task. These were set to 2 min and based on what was observed during
the pilot study, this was considered to be a reasonable amount of time for each task. The time of 2 min was actually more than was required for the completion of a task. This would allow for participants who may have been naturally slightly slower in nature.
3. Results
Some interesting and useful results were obtained. First, regarding the overall times taken to complete the tasks for the VRML model condition (M = 723.87; SD = 152.29) and the architectural plans group (M = 693.73; SD =116.39), a t-test showed no statistically significant results beyond the 0.05 level – /t/(28) = _0.61, /p/ = 0.55. Table 1 below shows the figures in tabular format.
However the rate of success in the task completions was higher under the VRML model condition. Participants achieved higher scores under the VRML model condition (M = 44.93; SD = 6.66), i.e. the tasks were more successfully completed under this condition, compared to the architectural plans condition (M = 39.33; SD = 6.91). A t-test showed statistically significant results beyond the 0.05 level – /t/(28) = _2.26, /p/ = 0.03. Table 2 below shows the figures in tabular format.
Second, subjective opinions were elicited from the participants by means of a
post-experiment questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed as a series of questions accompanied by a set of answers on a Likert scale, where 1 was a completely negative response and 5 was a completely positive response.
The most interesting and principal aspects concerned the participants’ i mpressions of how they ‘learned’. The users of the VRML model reported not actually memorizing the
items/locations (M = 2.13; SD = 1.13). They grouped the items/locations together (M = 4.00; SD = 1.20) and did not pay any attention to compass directions (M = 2.13; SD = 1.53). The users of the plans instead reported learning the positions of items/locations one floor at a time (M = 4.90; SD = 0.40). They did not group items/locations together (M = 2.00; SD = 0.70) and they actually used the compass directions on the plans (M = 4.60; SD = 0.51). The figures are shown in tabular format in Tables 3 and 4 below.
Other aspects regarding the participants’ subjective responses indicate that both experimental groups showed agreement concerning the fact that they buil t a ‘mental picture’ of the building from their initial study (VRML model group M = 4.53; SD = 0.49, Architectural plans group M = 4.60; SD = 0.51) and that they felt they had a ‘clear picture’ of the building layout (VRML model group M = 4.87; SD = 0.35, Architectural plans group M = 4.60; SD = 0.51).
Also, most users in both experimental groups felt that they had been given enough time to study the architectural plans/VRML model (VRML model group M = 4.20; SD = 0.78, Architectural plans group M = 3.87; SD = 1.13) and carry out each task (VRML model group M = 4.00; SD = 1.13, Architectural plans group M = 4.27; SD = 0.46). They also tended to agree that the representation of each location/item was easy to understand (VRML model group M = 4.60; SD = 0.51, Architectural plans group M = 4.40; SD = 0.51). Finally, the VRML model group indicated clearly that the accuracy of the VRML model in relation to the real building was to a very good standard and that the VRML
model was easy to use.
专业英语第一篇文章翻译
Historical Development of Matertials and Technology The common engineering materials include metals, cementing materials, concrete building stones, clay products, insulating materials, timber. Some of them are described here from the stand-point of occurrence, manufacture, properties, methods of testing, and use. The development of materials with improved properties is a vital phase of engineering. Progress in engineering construction has been dependent on the availability of materials of suitable physical properties in large quantities; for example, the development of the modern automobile was critically dependent on availability of high quality alloy steels, and the all-metal airplane was made possible by the development of light weight high-strength alloys. ◆Phase: 相；阶段。 ◆a distinct period or stage in a process of change or forming part of something's development Example： phase two of the development is in progress. ◆第二阶段开发正在进行中。 ◆Vital: 必要的，必不可少的。 ◆it is vital that the system is regularly maintained.这个系统有必要 经常维修。
自动控制论文 英文版
自动控制论文 作者洪劲松 专业电气工程及其自动化 学号120301628 指导教师赵国新
Automatic control is when no one is directly involved in the case, the use of additional equipment or control device, the machine, device, or a working state of the control object or parameters (charged) automatically according to the predetermined rules. The traditional industrial production process using dynamic control technology, can effectively improve the quality of the products and the enterprise economic benefit. In today's rapid development of science and technology, automatic control technology in the field of industrial and agricultural production, national defense and science and technology, has a very important role. In a short span of one hundred years, the development of automatic control theory has been surprising, has a huge impact on human society. Automatic control theory is the study of automatic control common law science and technology. It is both an ancient and has become a mature discipline, another door is developing, the strong vitality of the emerging disciplines. From 1868 maxwell J.C.M axwell low order system stability criterion is put forward to date more than one hundred years, the development of automatic control theory can be divided into four main stages: the first stage: the classical control theory (or) classical control theory of the formation, development and maturity; The second stage: the rise of modern control theory and development; The third stage: big system control the rise and development stage; The fourth stage: intelligent control stage of development. The basic characteristics of the first stage of the classical control theory is mainly used for linear time-invariant systems research, namely for describing the system of linear differential equation with constant coefficients of analysis and synthesis; It is used only for single input and single output feedback control system; Only discuss the relationship between the system input and output, and ignore the internal state of the system, is a method of external description of the system. The basic method used: root locus method, frequency method, PID regulator (frequency domain). Control theory in the early stage of development, the automatic adjustment principle is based on the feedback theory, mainly used in industrial control. Feedback theory for feedback control. Feedback control is one of the most basic is the most important control mode, after the introduction of feedback signal, system response to come from the external and internal interference become very dull, so as to improve the anti-interference ability and the control precision of the system. Feedback effects, meanwhile, brings the problem of system stability, which was once the system stability problem in people inspired people to conduct the thorough research to the feedback control system in the enthusiasm, promote the development of the theory of automatic control and improvement. So in a sense, the classical feedback control theory is accompanied by the emergence and development of control technology and gradually improve and mature. During the second world war, in order to design and manufacture of aircraft and Marine autopilot, artillery positioning system, radar tracking system based on feedback principle of military equipment, to further promote and perfect the development of automatic control theory. In 1868, maxwell (J.C.M axwell) lower order algebraic criterion of the stability of the system are put forward. In 1875 and 1896, mathematicians rous (Routh) and hull weitz (Hurwitz) respectively independently the stability criterion of high order system was put forward, namely the Routh Hurwitz criterion. During the second world war (1938-1945), Nyquist (H.N yquist) in 1948, proposed the theory of frequency
专业英语翻译
Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 141 (2011) 133–138 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /v e t i m m Short communication Saccharomyces cerevisiae decreases in?ammatory responses induced by F4+enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in porcine intestinal epithelial cells Galliano Zanello a ,b ,1,Franc ?ois Meurens a ,1,Mustapha Berri a ,Claire Chevaleyre a ,Sandrine Melo a ,Eric Auclair b ,Henri Salmon a ,? a Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA),UR1282,Infectiologie Animale et SantéPublique,F-37380Nouzilly (Tours),Indre et Loire,France b SociétéIndustrielle Lesaffre,Lesaffre Feed Additives,Marcq-en-Baroeul,France a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 19October 2010Received in revised form 13December 2010 Accepted 31January 2011Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Pig Intestinal epithelial cells Cytokines Chemokines a b s t r a c t Probiotic yeasts may provide protection against intestinal in?ammation induced by enteric pathogens.In piglets,infection with F4+enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)leads to in?ammation,diarrhea and intestinal damage.In this study,we investigated whether the yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc ,strain CNCM I-3856)and S.cerevisiae variety boulardii (Sb ,strain CNCM I-3799)decreased the expression of pro-in?ammatory cytokines and chemokines in intestinal epithelial IPI-2I cells cultured with F4+ETEC.Results showed that viable Sc inhibited the ETEC-induced TNF-?gene expression whereas Sb did not.In contrast,killed Sc failed to inhibit the expression of pro-in?ammatory genes.This inhibition was dependent on secreted soluble factors.Sc culture supernatant decreased the TNF-?,IL-1?,IL-6,IL-8,CXCL2and CCL20ETEC-induced mRNA.Furthermore,Sc culture supernatant ?ltrated fraction <10kDa displayed the same effects excepted for TNF-?.Thus,our results extended to Sc (strain CNCM I-3856)the inhibitory effects of some probiotic yeast strains onto in?ammation. ? 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1.Introduction Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)are pathogenic gram negative bacteria which infect humans and sev-eral species of farm animals such as calves and pigs.ETEC interacts with intestinal epithelial cells,colonizes the small intestine and secretes enterotoxins such as the heat-labile enterotoxins (LT),the heat-stable enterotox-ins (STa and/or STb),and the enteroaggregative E .coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1(EAST1)(Nagy and Fekete,2005).In pigs,ETEC infection and enterotoxin secretions can induce intestinal in?ammation and diarrhea resulting in reduced growth rate,increased mortality and economic ?Corresponding author.Tel.:+33247427331;fax:+33247427779.E-mail addresses:salmon@tours.inra.fr ,henri.salmon@tours.inra.fr (H.Salmon).1 These authors contributed equally to this work.loss (Fairbrother et al.,2005).Moreover,F4+ETEC strain induce pro-in?ammatory response in intestinal epithe-lial cells (Devriendt et al.,2010).Administration of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae variety boulardii (Sb )has been shown to protect pigs in reducing ETEC transloca-tion (Lessard et al.,2009).In vitro studies showed that Sb secretes soluble factors that decrease the expression of pro-in?ammatory cytokines induced by enteric pathogens (Zanello et al.,2009).However,to our knowledge,there is no in vitro data regarding the anti-in?ammatory effects of S.cerevisiae (Sc )secreted soluble factors.Sc and Sb are members of the same species but they differ geneti-cally,metabolically and physiologically (Edwards-Ingram et al.,2007;Hennequin et al.,2001).Thus,in this study,we assessed if the non-commensal and non-pathogenic yeasts Sc (strain CNCM I-3856)and Sb (strain CNCM I-3799)secreted factors allowing the down-regulation of pro-in?ammatory gene expression in intestinal epithe-lial cells cultured with F4+ETEC.Sc (strain CNCM I-3856) 0165-2427/$–see front matter ? 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.018
电气自动化专业毕业论文英文翻译
电厂蒸汽动力的基础和使用 1.1 为何需要了解蒸汽 对于目前为止最大的发电工业部门来说, 蒸汽动力是最为基础性的。 若没有蒸汽动力, 社会的样子将会变得和现在大为不同。我们将不得已的去依靠水力发电厂、风车、电池、太阳能蓄电池和燃料电池,这些方法只能为我们平日用电提供很小的一部分。 蒸汽是很重要的,产生和使用蒸汽的安全与效率取决于怎样控制和应用仪表,在术语中通常被简写成C&I(控制和仪表 。此书旨在在发电厂的工程规程和电子学、仪器仪表以 及控制工程之间架设一座桥梁。 作为开篇,我将在本章大体描述由水到蒸汽的形态变化,然后将叙述蒸汽产生和使用的基本原则的概述。这看似简单的课题实际上却极为复杂。这里, 我们有必要做一个概述:这本书不是内容详尽的论文,有的时候甚至会掩盖一些细节, 而这些细节将会使热力学家 和燃烧物理学家都为之一震。但我们应该了解,这本书的目的是为了使控制仪表工程师充 分理解这一课题,从而可以安全的处理实用控制系统设计、运作、维护等方面的问题。1.2沸腾:水到蒸汽的状态变化 当水被加热时,其温度变化能通过某种途径被察觉(例如用温度计 。通过这种方式 得到的热量因为在某时水开始沸腾时其效果可被察觉,因而被称为感热。 然而,我们还需要更深的了解。“沸腾”究竟是什么含义?在深入了解之前,我们必须考虑到物质的三种状态:固态,液态,气态。 (当气体中的原子被电离时所产生的等离子气体经常被认为是物质的第四种状态, 但在实际应用中, 只需考虑以上三种状态固态,
物质由分子通过分子间的吸引力紧紧地靠在一起。当物质吸收热量,分子的能量升级并且 使得分子之间的间隙增大。当越来越多的能量被吸收,这种效果就会加剧,粒子之间相互脱离。这种由固态到液态的状态变化通常被称之为熔化。 当液体吸收了更多的热量时,一些分子获得了足够多的能量而从表面脱离,这个过程 被称为蒸发(凭此洒在地面的水会逐渐的消失在蒸发的过程中,一些分子是在相当低的 温度下脱离的,然而随着温度的上升,分子更加迅速的脱离,并且在某一温度上液体内部 变得非常剧烈,大量的气泡向液体表面升起。在这时我们称液体开始沸腾。这个过程是变为蒸汽的过程,也就是液体处于汽化状态。 让我们试想大量的水装在一个敞开的容器内。液体表面的空气对液体施加了一定的压 力,随着液体温度的上升,便会有足够的能量使得表面的分子挣脱出去,水这时开始改变 自身的状态,变成蒸汽。在此条件下获得更多的热量将不会引起温度上的明显变化。所增 加的能量只是被用来改变液体的状态。它的效用不能用温度计测量出来,但是它仍然发生 着。正因为如此,它被称为是潜在的,而不是可认知的热量。使这一现象发生的温度被称为是沸点。在常温常压下,水的沸点为100摄氏度。 如果液体表面的压力上升, 需要更多的能量才可以使得水变为蒸汽的状态。 换句话说, 必须使得温度更高才可以使它沸腾。总而言之,如果大气压力比正常值升高百分之十,水必须被加热到一百零二度才可以使之沸腾。
《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译
Lesson 1 力学的基本概念 1、词汇： statics [st?tiks] 静力学；dynamics动力学；constraint约束；magnetic [m?ɡ＇netik]有磁性的；external [eks＇t?:nl] 外面的, 外部的；meshing啮合；follower从动件；magnitude [＇m?ɡnitju:d] 大小；intensity强度，应力；non-coincident [k?u＇insid?nt]不重合；parallel [＇p?r?lel]平行；intuitive 直观的；substance物质；proportional [pr?＇p?:??n?l]比例的；resist抵抗，对抗；celestial [si＇lestj?l]天空的；product乘积；particle质点；elastic [i＇l?stik]弹性；deformed变形的；strain拉力；uniform全都相同的；velocity[vi＇l?siti]速度；scalar[＇skeil?]标量；vector[＇vekt?]矢量；displacement代替；momentum [m?u＇ment?m]动量； 2、词组 make up of由……组成；if not要不，不然；even through即使，纵然； Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果 1、词汇： machine 机器；mechanism机构；movable活动的；given 规定的，给定的，已知的；perform执行；application 施用；produce引起，导致；stress压力；applied施加的；individual单独的；muscular [＇m?skjul?]]力臂；gravity[ɡr?vti]重力；stretch伸展，拉紧，延伸；tensile[tensail]拉力；tension张力，拉力；squeeze挤；compressive 有压力的，压缩的；torsional扭转的；torque转矩；twist扭，转动；molecule [m likju:l]分子的；slide滑动; 滑行；slip滑，溜；one another 互相；shear剪切；independently独立地，自立地；beam梁；compress压；revolve (使)旋转；exert [iɡ＇z?:t]用力，尽力，运用，发挥，施加；principle原则, 原理，准则，规范；spin使…旋转；screw螺丝钉；thread螺纹； 2、词组 a number of 许多；deal with 涉及，处理；result from由什么引起；prevent from阻止，防止；tends to 朝某个方向；in combination结合；fly apart飞散； 3、译文： 任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。这些零件从规定的运动转变到期望的运动。另一方面，这些机器完成工作。当由施力引起的运动时，机器就开始工作了。所以，力和机器的研究涉及在一个物体上的力和力的作用效果。 力是推力或者拉力。力的作用效果要么是改变物体的形状或者运动，要么阻止其他的力发生改变。每一种
专业英语课文翻译
United 1 材料科学与工程 材料在我们的文化中比我们认识到的还要根深蒂固。如交通、房子、衣物，通讯、娱乐和食物的生产，实际上，我们日常生活中的每一部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。历史上社会的发展、先进与那些能满足社会需要的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。实际上，早期的文明就以材料的发展程度来命名，如石器时代，铜器时代。早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料，如石头、木材、粘土等。渐渐地，他们通过技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料，这些新材料包括陶器和金属。进一步地，人们发现材料的性质可以通过加热或加入其他物质来改变。在这点上，材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程。也就是说，在一系列非常有限的材料中，根据材料的优点选择一种最适合某种应用的材料。直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。这个大约是过去的 60 年中获得的认识使得材料的性质研究成为时髦。因此，成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质得以发展来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要。很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。一种材料的先进程度通常是一种技术进步的先兆。比如，没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。在现代，复杂的电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件. 材料科学与工程有时把材料科学与工程细分成材料科学和材料工程学科是有用的。严格地说，材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料，而材料工程师是利用已有的材料创造新的产品或体系，和/或发展材料加工新技术。多数材料专业的本科毕业生被同时训练成材料科学家和材料工程师。“structure”一词是个模糊的术语值得解释。简单地说，材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排列有关。原子内的结构包括介于单个原子间的电子和原子核的相互作用。在原子水平上，结构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。在更大的结构领域上，其包括大的原子团，这些原子团通常聚集在一起，称为“微观”结构，意思是可以使用某种显微镜直接观察得到的结构。最后，结构单元可以通过肉眼看到的称为宏观结构。 “Property”一词的概念值得详细阐述。在使用中，所有材料对外部的刺激都表现出某种反应。比如，材料受到力作用会引起形变，或者抛光金属表面会反射光。材料的特征取决于其对外部刺激的反应程度。通常，材料的性质与其形状及大小无关。实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀性。对于每一种性质，其都有一种对特定刺激引起反应的能 力。如机械性能与施加压力引起的形变有关，包括弹性和强度。对于电性能，如电导性和介电系数，特定的刺激物是电场。固体的热学行为则可用热容和热导率来表示。磁学性质
自动化专业英语_考试版的文章翻译
UNIT 1 A 电路 电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。如果网络不包含能源，如 电池或发电机，那么就被称作无源网络。换句话说，如果存在一个或多个能源，那么组合的结果为有源网络。在研究电网络的特性时，我们感兴趣的是确定电路中的电压和电流。因为网络由无源电路元件组成，所以必须首先定义这些元件的电特性. 就电阻来说，电压-电流的关系由欧姆定律给出，欧姆定律指出：电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。在数学上表达为: u=iR (1-1A-1)式中 u=电压，伏特；i =电流，安培；R = 电阻，欧姆。 纯电感电压由法拉第定律定义，法拉第定律指出：电感两端的电压正比于流过电感的电流随时间的 变化率。因此可得到：U=Ldi/dt 式中 di/dt = 电流变化率，安培/秒； L = 感应系数，享利。 电容两端建立的电压正比于电容两极板上积累的电荷q 。因为电荷的积累可表示为电荷增量dq的和或积分，因此得到的等式为 u= ，式中电容量C是与电压和电荷相关的比例常数。由定义可知，电流等于电荷随时间的变化率，可表示为i = dq/dt。因此电荷增量dq 等于电流乘以相应的时间增量，或dq = i dt，那么等式 (1-1A-3) 可写为式中 C = 电容量，法拉。 归纳式(1-1A-1)、(1-1A-2) 和 (1-1A-4)描述的三种无源电路元件如图1-1A-1所示。注意，图中电流的参考方向为惯用的参考方向，因此流过每一个元件的电流与电压降的方向一致。 有源电气元件涉及将其它能量转换为电能，例如，电池中的电能来自其储存的化学能，发电机的电能是旋转电枢机械能转换的结果。 有源电气元件存在两种基本形式：电压源和电流源。其理想状态为：电压源两端的电压恒定，与从 电压源中流出的电流无关。因为负载变化时电压基本恒定，所以上述电池和发电机被认为是电压源。另一方面，电流源产生电流，电流的大小与电源连接的负载无关。虽然电流源在实际中不常见，但其概念的确在表示借助于等值电路的放大器件，比如晶体管中具有广泛应用。电压源和电流源的符号表示如图1-1A-2所示。 分析电网络的一般方法是网孔分析法或回路分析法。应用于此方法的基本定律是基尔霍夫第一定律，基尔霍夫第一定律指出：一个闭合回路中的电压代数和为0，换句话说，任一闭合回路中的电压升等于电压降。网孔分析指的是：假设有一个电流——即所谓的回路电流——流过电路中的每一个回路，求每一个回路电压降的代数和，并令其为零。 考虑图1-1A-3a 所示的电路，其由串联到电压源上的电感和电阻组成，假设回路电流i ，那么回路总的电压降为因为在假定的电流方向上，输入电压代表电压升的方向，所以输电压在（1-1A-5）式中为负。因为电流方向是电压下降的方向，所以每一个无源元件的压降为正。利用电阻和电感压降公式，可得等式(1-1A-6)是电路电流的微分方程式。 或许在电路中，人们感兴趣的变量是电感电压而不是电感电流。正如图1-1A-1指出的用积分代替式(1-1A-6)中的i，可得1-1A-7 UNIT 3 A 逻辑变量与触发器
各专业的英文翻译剖析
哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence 民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law ) 诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws
英语专业毕业论文翻译类论文
英语专业毕业论文翻译 类论文 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
毕业论文（设计）Title:The Application of the Iconicity to the Translation of Chinese Poetry 题目:象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用 学生姓名孔令霞 学号 BC09150201 指导教师祁晓菲助教 年级 2009级英语本科（翻译方向）二班 专业英语 系别外国语言文学系
黑龙江外国语学院本科生毕业论文（设计）任务书 摘要
索绪尔提出的语言符号任意性，近些年不断受到质疑，来自语言象似性的研究是最大的挑战。语言象似性理论是针对语言任意性理论提出来的，并在不断发展。象似性是当今认知语言学研究中的一个重要课题，是指语言符号的能指与所指之间的自然联系。本文以中国诗歌英译为例，探讨象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，从以下几个部分阐述：（1）象似性的发展；（2）象似性的定义及分类；（3）中国诗歌翻译的标准；（4）象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，主要从以下几个方面论述：声音象似、顺序象似、数量象似、对称象似方面。通过以上几个方面的探究，探讨了中国诗歌翻译中象似性原则的重大作用，在诗歌翻译过程中有助于得到“形神皆似”和“意美、音美、形美”的理想翻译效果。 关键词：象似性；诗歌；翻译
Abstract The arbitrariness theory of language signs proposed by Saussure is severely challenged by the study of language iconicity in recent years. The theory of iconicity is put forward in contrast to that of arbitrariness and has been developing gradually. Iconicity, which is an important subject in the research of cognitive linguistics, refers to a natural resemblance or analogy between the form of a sign and the object or concept. This thesis mainly discusses the application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry. The paper is better described from the following parts: (1) The development of the iconicity; (2) The definition and classification of the iconicity; (3) The standards of the translation to Chinese poetry; (4) The application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry, mainly discussed from the following aspects: sound iconicity, order iconicity, quantity iconicity, and symmetrical iconicity. Through in-depth discussion of the above aspects, this paper could come to the conclusion that the iconicity is very important in the translation of poetry. It is conductive to reach the ideal effect of “the similarity of form and spirit” and “the three beauties”. Key words: the iconicity; poetry; translation
计算机专业英语课文翻译部分(第四版)
1.2 总线互连 总线是连接两个或多个设备的通信通路。总线的关键特征是，它是一条共享传输介质。多个设备连接到总线上，任一个设备发出的信号可以为其他所有连接到总线上的设备所接收。如果两个设备同时传送，它们的信号将会重叠，引起混淆。因此，一次只能有一个设备成功地（利用总线）发送数据。 典型的情况是，总线由多条通信通路或线路组成，每条线(路)能够传送代表二进制1和0的信号。一段时间里，一条线能传送一串二进制数字。总线的几条线放在一起能同时并行传送二进制数字。例如, 一个8位的数据能在8条总线线上传送。 计算机系统包含有多种不同的总线，它们在计算机系统层次结构的各个层次提供部件之间的通路。连接主要计算机部件(处理机, 存储器, I/O)的总线称为系统总线。系统总线通常由50~100条分立的(导)线组成。每条线被赋予一个特定的含义或功能。虽然有许多不同的总线设计，但任何总线上的线都可以分成三个功能组：数据线、地址线和控制线。此外可能还有为连接的模块提供电源的电源线。 数据线提供系统模块间传送数据的路径，这些线组合在一起称为数据总线。典型的数据总线包含8、16或32根线，线的数量称为数据总线的宽度。因为每条线每次传送1位，所以线的数目决定了每次能同时传送多少位。数据总线的宽度是决定系统总体性能的关键因素。 地址线用于指定数据总线上数据的来源和去向。例如，如果处理机希望从存储器中读一个字的数据，它将所需要字的地址放在地址线上。显然，地址总线的宽度决定了系统最大可能的存储器容量。 控制线用来控制对数据线和地址线的访问和使用。由于数据线和地址线被所有部件共享，因此必须用一种方法来控制它们的使用。控制信号在系统模块之间传送命令和定时信息。定时信息指定了数据和地址信息的有效性，命令信号指定了要执行的操作。 大多数计算机系统使用多总线，这些总线通常设计成层次结构。图1.3显示了一个典型的高性能体系结构。一条局部总线把处理机连接到高速缓存控制器，而高速缓存控制器又连接到支持主存储器的系统总线上。高速缓存控制器集成到连接高速总线的桥中。这一总线支持连接到：高速LAN、视频和图形工作站控制器，以及包括SCSI 和FireWire的局部外设总线的接口控制器。低速设备仍然由分开的扩充总线支持，用一个接口来缓冲该扩充总线和高速总线之间的通信流量。 PCI 外部设备互连是流行的高带宽的、独立于处理机的总线，它能够作为中间层或外围设备总线。当前的标准允许在66MHz频率下使用多达64根数据线，其原始传输速率为528MB/s, 或4.224Gbps。PCI被设计成支持各种各样基于微处理机的配置，包括单处理机和多处理机的系统。因此，它提供了一组通用的功能。PCI使用同步时序以及集中式仲裁方案。 在多处理机系统中，一个或多个PCI配置可通过桥接器连接到处理机的系统总线上。系统总线只支持处理机/高速缓存单元、主存储器以及PCI桥接器。使用桥接器使得PCI独立于处理机速度，又提供快速接收和传送数据的能力。 2.1 光存储介质：高密度存储器 2.1.1 光盘 光盘技术最终可能使磁盘和磁带存储淘汰。用这种技术，磁存储器所用的读/写头被两束激光代替。一束激光通过在光盘上刻制微小的凹点，对记录表面进行写；而另一束激光用来从光敏感的记录表面读取数据。由于光束容易被偏转到光盘上所需要的位置，所以不需要存取臂。 对用户而言，光盘正成为最有吸引力的选择。它们(光盘)对环境变化不太敏感，并且它们以每兆字节比磁盘低得多的存储器价格提供更多的直接存取存储器。光盘技术仍在出现，并且还需要稳定；然而，目前有三种主要类型的光盘。它们是CD-ROM、WORM盘和磁光盘。 CD-ROM 1980年引入的，非常成功的CD，或紧密盘是设计来提高音乐的录音重放质量的光盘。为了制作一张CD，把音乐的模拟声音转换成等价的数字声音，并且存储在一张4.72英寸的光盘上。在每张光盘上可以用数字格式（用20亿数字位）记录74分钟的音乐。因为它的巨大存储容量，计算机工业的企业家们立刻认