师范大学入学考试英语试题+答案

北京师范大学2011年博士入学考试英语试题

Part I: Listening Comprehension

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Part II: Reading Comprehension

Directions: There are six passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSER SHEET.

Passage One

It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced. For example, it has been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would give up their femininity. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex…into public industry.” Observers thus differed concerning the social desirability of mechanization?s effects, but they agreed that it would transform women?s lives. Historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, now seriously question this assumption of transforming power. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic changes in women?s economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women?s work. The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics. It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in th e 1880?s created a new class of “dead-end” jobs, thenceforth considered “women?s work”. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire. Women?s work has changed considera bly in the past 200 years, moving from the household to the office or the factory, and later becoming mostly white-collar instead of blue-collar work. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the industrial revolution: the segregation of occupations by sex, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while women?s household labor remains demanding. Recent historical investigation has led to a major revision of the notion that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its effects on society. Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home.

16. The main idea of the text is that mechanization __________ .

A. does not perform an inherently revolutionary function

B. revolutionizes the traditional values of a society

C. has caused the nature of women?s work to change

D. creates whole new classes of jobs that did not exist previously

17. In relation to those historians who study the history of women, the author most probably believes that __________ .

A. they provide a valuable insight into the social phenomena affecting the position of women

B. their work can only be used cautiously by scholars in historical studies

C. they tend to draw less reliable conclusions than do other historians

D. their work has not had an impact on other historians? current assumptions

18. The text states that, before the twentieth century, many employers _______ .

A. employed women only in traditional household work

B. tended to employ single rather than married women

C. resisted changing women?s roles in their social life

D. hired only qualified women to fill the open position

19. According to the author, which of the following may indicate a fundamental alteration in working women?s conditions?

A. The majority of women occupy white-collar positions.

B. Married men are doing the same household tasks as are women.

C. Female workers outnumber male ones in a new class of jobs.

D. Working women?s pay is as high as that of working men.

20. The function of the concluding sentence of the text is that __________ .

A. it sums up the general points concerning the mechanization of work made in the text

B. it draws a conclusion which goes beyond the evidence presented in the text as a whole1

C. it restates the point concerning technology made in the sentence immediately preceding it

D. it suggests a compromise between two seemingly contradictory views stated in the text Passage Two

Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same comment is made from generation to generation and it is always true. It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of their elders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly are nothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.

The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer. They don?t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely what the young are doing. They are question the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn't people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we ruin our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means, who said that human difference can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Haven?t the old lost touch with all that is important in life?

These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years or so hasn't been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guidance. Today, the situation might be reversed. The old—if they are prepared to admit it—could learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not …sinful?. Enjoyment is a principle one could ap ply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is only to be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it?

21. Which of the following features in the young is NOT mentioned?

A. Better educated.

B. More money and freedom.

C. Independence.

D. Hard work.

22. What so the young reject most?

A. Values.

B. The assumption of the elders.

C. Conformity.

D. Conventional ideas.

23. Why do the young stress on the present?

A. They have grown up under the shadow of the bomb.

B. They dislike the past.

C. They think the present world is the best.

D. They are afraid of destruction.

24. What can the old learn from the young generation?

A. Enjoyment is not sinful.

B. People should have more leisure time.

C. Men might enjoy life.

D. One should enjoy one?s work.

Passage Three

Two conditions are necessary for the formation of ice: the presence of water and temperatures below freezing. Ice in the atmosphere and on the ground can assume various forms, depending on the conditions under which water is converted to its solid state. Ice that forms in the atmosphere can fall to the ground as snow, sleet, or hail. Snow is an assemblage of ice crystals in the form of flakes; sleet is a collection of frozen raindrops, which are actually ice pellets. Hail consists of rounded or jagged lumps of ice, often in layers of water. In North America, ice forms in late autumn, winter, and early spring. On very large bodies of water, it may not form until late winter because there must be several months of low temperatures to chill such large amounts of water.

On puddles and small ponds, ice first freezes in a thin layer with definite crystal structure that becomes less apparent as the ice thickens. On lakes large enough to have waves, such as the Great Lakes, the first ice to form is a thin surface layer of slush, sometimes called grease ice, which eventually grows into small floes of pancake ice. If the lake is small enough or the weather cold enough, the floes may freeze together into a fairly solid sheet of pack ice. Pack ice may cover the entire lake or be restricted to areas near the shore.

Because water expands when it freezes, ice is less dense than liquid water and therefore floats rather sinks in water. As ice floats on the surface of a lake, ocean, or river, it acts as an insulator and is thus important in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. Without the insulating effect of floating ice sheets, surface water would lose heat more rapidly, and large bodies of water such as the Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay might freeze up completely.

26. What condition is necessary for water in the atmosphere to change to its solid state?

A. A solid cloud cover that absorbs the sun's heat.

B. A weather forecast for snow, sleet, or hail

C. A position directly above a large body of water

D. A temperature below water's freezing point

27. Ice that forms in the atmosphere in the form of layered lumps is known as

A. snow

B. pack ice

C. hail

D. grease ice

28. Why does ice form later on very large bodies of water?

A. Most large bodies of water are located at low elevations or low latitudes.

B. It takes several months of cold temperatures to cool a large body of water.

C. Large bodies of water are fed by underground springs of warmer water.

D. The waves on large bodies of water prevent the water from freezing quickly.

29. The word it in paragraph 3 refers to

A. water

B. ice

C. surface

D. river

30. Which of the following is an effect of the density of ice?

A. Ice that forms on large lakes has a greasy consistency.

B. Each ice crystal is unique, but all are six-sided structures.

C. Pack ice is restricted to areas near the shore of a lake.

D. Floating ice sheets prevent bodies of water from losing heat.

Passage Four

Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing. Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions — short of a massive shift away from the private automobile — is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.

All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon

compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have set of heavy fuel tanks — a serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency — and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.

Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels: they have higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanol?s most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.

Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of “gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since

methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with methanol they would need comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.

31. The author of the text is primarily concerned with

A. countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to a problem.

B. reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem.

C. identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem.

D. discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it.

32. According to the text, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because

A. the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons.

B. the combustion of gasoline embraces an intricate set of reactions.

C. gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure.

D. gasoline is composed of small molecules.

33. The text suggests which of the following about air pollution?

A. Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not help lower urban air-pollution levels.

B. Attempts to reduce the pollutants that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle emits have been largely unsuccessful.

C. Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles.

D. Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source of urban air pollution.

34. Which of the following most closely parallels the situation described in the first sentence of the text?

A. Although a town reduces its public services in order to avoid a tax increase, the town?s tax rate exceeds that of other towns in the surrounding area.

B. Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material that can be disposed of in public landfills, illegal dumping continues to increase.

C. Although a town? s citizens reduce their individual use of water, the town?s water supplies continue to dwindle because of a steady increase in the total populating of the town.

D. Although a country attempts to increase the sale of domestic goods by adding a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of imported goods within the country continues to increase.

35. It can be inferred that the author of the text most likely regards the criticism of methanol as

A. flawed because of the assumptions on which it is based.

B. inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics? arguments.

C. misguided because of its exclusively technological focus.

D. inaccurate because it ignores consumers? conce rns.

Passage Five

Disease is a fluid concept influenced by societal and cultural attitudes that change diachronically in response to new scientific and medical discoveries. Historically, doctors defined a disease according to a cluster of symptoms, and as their clinical descriptions became more sophisticated, they started to classify diseases into separate groups, so that from this medical taxonomy came

new insights into disease etiology. Before the 20th century, schizophrenia and syphilitic insanity were treated as the same disease, but by early 1900 it became evident that psychoses without associated dementia represented a separate disease for which the term schizophrenia was then coined. The definition of schizophrenia continues to evolve from the psychiatric disease of the 1960s to an illness with a suspected genetic etiology, though the existence of such an etiology remains uncertain. While an optimistic hunt is still on for the genes involved, we must continue to define schizophrenia in terms of the pre sence or absence of “positive” and “negative” symptoms. Labeling someone as diseased, however, has enormous individual, social, financial, and physical implications, for irrespective of disease symptoms, the label itself may lead to significant distress. Individuals with asymptomatic conditions, including genetic variations, may be perceived by themselves or others as having a disease. It is not that labeling someone as diseased is always positive--it does have severe ramifications, affecting decisions to have children or resulting in unjust treatment by life, medical, and disability insurers-----but it can be beneficial, legitimizing symptoms, clarifying issues of personal responsibility, and improving accessibility to health care. Nevertheless, deviations from normal that are not associated with risk should not be considered synonymous with disease. Two schools--nominalist and essentialist or reductionist--have debated the clinical criteria used to label a patient as diseased. Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name, such as schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology, while essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology, and now argue that the essential lesion defining the disease state is a genetic abnormality.

It has been suggested that diseases defined according to the essentialist tradition may be precisely wrong, whereas those defined in the nominalist traditional may be roughly accurate. But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality), for adverse consequences, while the latter helps suggest specific genetic or pharmacologic therapies. Thus, both clinical criteria and genetic abnormalities should be used to define a disease state, and the choice of a disease definition will vary according to what one wishes to achieve, the genetic counseling of family members or the effective treatment of the patient.

36. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

A. proposing a return to a traditional taxonomical system.

B. describing an way to resolve a taxonomical dilemma.

C. assessing the success of a new taxonomical method.

D. predicting a change in future taxonomy.

37. It can be inferred that the author considers the way schizophrenia has been classified by doctors after 1960 to be an example of which of the following?

A. A disease which resisted traditional methods of classification, but has been served well by modern methods of classification.

B. A disease which has resisted modern methods of classification, and continues to require a traditional method of classification.

C. A disease which satisfies modern methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a traditional method.

D. A disease which satisfies traditional methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a modern method.

38. According to the passage, an adherent of the “nominalist school? would classify a rare new fever in which of the following ways?

A. She would wait until the disease appears in other patients, then classify it by establishing variations in their symptoms.

B. She would determine whether the disease is acquired or genetic, then classify it accordingly.

C. She would isolate the bacteria or virus or genetic anomaly which causes the disease, then classify it accordingly.

D. She would describe the patient?s symptoms, compare them to patients who have had similar symptoms, then treat the pattern as a disease.

39. Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole?

A. It summarizes the benefits that may accrue from a perfected system of pathological taxonomy.

B. It provides additional reasons why pathological taxonomy is a difficult endeavor.

C. It argues for a synthesis of two methods of pathological taxonomy already in use.

D. It continues to highlight the differences between two methods of taxonomical pathological taxonomy.

40. It can be inferred that which of the following situations is likely to be most problematic to an

adherent of the “essentialist” method of pathological taxonomy?

A. A patient suffering from fever, in which the virus that is apparently responsible for the symptoms has not been isolated.

B. A patient suffering from lung inflammation which, though resembling other inflammations, does not respond to any known treatments.

C. A patient suffering from a genetic anomaly whose cause may be known but whose consequences remain unidentified.

D. A case of a patient with symptoms that may have arisen from two known diseases of different sources.

Passage Six

We all know the situation-- a good friend recommends you a restaurant and you are looking forward to a nice quiet dinner, but the meal turns out to be less peaceful than expected as you are joined, in sound, by a number of uninvited guests--James Last, the Beatles, Mireille Mathieu, Mozart ——depending on the landlord?s fancy. You can count yourself lucky if you happen to like what you hear coming over the loudspeakers. But what about the customers who cannot stand James Last or simply want peace and quiet? There is nothing they can do. Radio sets at home can be switched off, but not restaurant loudspeakers. Customers simply become the captive audience of sounds they do not want. Some wine bars in Austria, the home of cafe music, make a charge known as Schrammelmusik (music cover), which everyone has to pay. But the word is quite misleading -- payment of the music toll gives no cover -- quite the opposite.

Music has become omnipresent. The selection in restaurants may still be a matter of chance, though it generally reflects nothing more than the doubtful taste of piped-music suppliers. However, in other areas music has long been a means of stepping up profits. An entire branch of industry thrives on this, assembling music by the most sophisticated methods with the customer in mind ---- department store music to produce a demonstrable increase in turnover; office music to improve the working atmosphere; airport and hotel music with its soothing effect; even cowshed music with its impact on milk production.

These various forms of music, however different in function, have one thing in common--the way in which they are produced. The ancient, venerable concepts of composition and arrangement are naturally ruled out from the start. All musical extremes are deliberately debarred. The music issuing from department store loudspeakers must have a steady volume and avoid sudden effects, notes that are too high or too low and the human voice. With one exception--during the Christmas rush children?s choirs may be heard encouraging sales by singing …Silent Night?, …Jingle Bells? and so on.

This music is more effective when turned low. The aim of this drizzle of canned sound is not conscious assimilation and it represents something quite new in the history of music. For thousands of years music was made to be listened to. But department store music is meant only to create a warm background. There is no contradiction in the fact that Mozart may sometimes find his way into department store music tapes, though his compositions were not meant as background jingles. But department store wallpaper music is not Mozart--it only appears to be. And anything unusual in classical composers, anything that lends character, is simply

cut--development sections, accents, daring harmonies, provocative instrumentation. All we have left is a melody with no backbone which might just as well have come from a pop-song

producer--plastic music as it were, whose components all sound exactly the same.

The music is not meant to be listened to and that may explain the fact that, while we have associations and action groups against air pollution and the pollution of drinking water, so far no one has got up in arms about damage to our acoustic environment. And so our musical sensitivity will continue to be subtly and gently attacked by the piped music in department stores and offices --music which we hear without listening to. Its strategy takes advantage of one simple fac--you cannot just close your ears.

41. Why does the author describe the customers as a …captive audience?？

A. They usually like the music thrown at them.

B. Because they can?t escape the music.

C. He wants to show how easy they are to please.

D. Bec ause they?ve paid a special charge called a …music toll?.

42. Piped music in restaurants is different from that heard in department stores because ______ .

A. it?s usually very tasteful

B. it?s chosen very carefully by the owner

C. it tries to create a soothing atmosphere

D. it doesn?t aim to increase profits

43. According to the writer, what does all piped music always avoid?

A. Happy songs.

B. Certain instruments.

C. Children?s choirs.

D. Any extremes.

44. From what the writer says, it?s reasonably clear that h e or she ________ .

A. loves pop music

B. likes music in public places

C. enjoys classical music

D. is keen on Christmas carols

45. The writer of the passage would probably like to _________ .

A. join an …air pollution action group?

B. get rid of music just in restaurants

C. start a movement against …canned music?

D. make people listen to the piped music in public places

Part III. Translation and Writing

Part A Translation

Translate the following into Chinese:

The subjects of the following studies are taken from the history of the Renaissance, and touch what I think the chief points in that complex, many-sided movement. I have explained in the first of them what I understand by the word, giving it a much wider scope than was intended by those who originally used it to denote that revival of classical antiquity in the fifteenth century which was only one of many results of a general excitement and enlightening of the human mind, but of which the great aim and achievements of what, as Christian art, is often falsely opposed to the Renaissance, were another result. This outbreak of the human spirit may be traced far into the middle age itself, with its motives already clearly pronounced, the care for physical beauty, the worship of the body, the breaking down of those limits which the religious system of the middle age imposed on the heart and the imagination. I have taken as an example of this movement, this earlier Renaissance within the middle age itself, and as an expression of its qualities, two little compositions in early French; not because they constitute the best possible expression of them, but because they help the unity of my series, inasmuch as the Renaissance ends also in France, in French poetry, in a phase of which the writings of Joachim du Bellay are in many ways the most perfect illustration. The Renaissance, in truth, put forth in France an aftermath, a wonderful later growth, the products of which have to the full that subtle and delicate sweetness which belongs to a refined and comely decadence, just as its earliest phases have the freshness which belongs to all periods of growth in art, the charm of ascesis, of the austere and serious girding of the loins in youth.

Translate the following into English:

位于伦敦市中心的罗素广场旁的大英博物馆，正门是高大的柱廊和装饰着浮雕的山墙屋顶，典型的希腊古典建筑式样。博物馆的主要藏品是古代和中世纪文物，尤以古代埃及和古代希腊的藏品闻名。2003年，大英博物馆庆祝了自己250周年的生日。2000年这里刚刚完成了由伦敦建筑师诺曼?福斯特重新设计的大庭院，巨大的半通明屋顶，覆盖着整个大庭院，围绕大庭院中心的阅览室，博物馆的各个功能部分被合理连接，也将大英博物馆建筑本身的利用程度进行了扩充，现在的公共阅览室原来是大英图书馆的位置，现在这里陈列的主要是博物馆面对公众开放的艺术文献和书籍，大英图书馆的藏书已在1998年移往别处，当然，图书馆入口所标记的马克思、凯恩斯等人的名字仍然永久地留在了这里。

Part B Summary Writing

Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.

Computer-assisted instruction (CAI), a program of instructional material presented by means of a computer or computer systems.

The use of computers in education started in the 1960s. With the advent of convenient microcomputers in the 1970s, computer use in schools has become widespread from primary education through the university level and even in some preschool programs. Instructional computers are basically used in one of two ways: either they provide a straightforward presentation of data or they fill a tutorial role in which the student is tested on comprehension.

The computer has a tutorial program, the student is asked a question by the computer; the student

types in an answer and then gets an immediate response to the answer. If the answer is correct, the student is routed to more challenging problems; if the answer is incorrect, various computer messages will indicate the flaw in procedure, and the program will bypass more complicated questions until the student shows mastery in that area.

There are many advantages to using computers in educational instruction. They provide

one-to-one interaction with a student, as well as an instantaneous response to the answers elicited, and allow students to proceed at their own pace. Computers are particularly useful in subjects that require drill, freeing teacher time from some classroom tasks so that a teacher can devote more time to individual students. A computer program can be used diagnostically, and, once a student's problem has been identified, it can then focus on the problem area. Finally, because of the privacy and individual attention afforded by a computer, some students are relieved of the embarrassment of giving an incorrect answer publicly or of going more slowly through lessons than other classmates.

There are drawbacks to the implementation of computers in instruction, however. They are generally costly systems to purchase, maintain, and update. There are also fears, whether justified or not, that the use of computers in education decreases the amount of human interaction.

One of the more difficult aspects of instructional computers is the availability and development of software, or computer programs. Courseware can be bought as a fully developed package from a software company, but the program provided this way may not suit the particular needs of the individual class or curriculum. A courseware template may be purchased, which provides a general format for tests and drill instruction, with the individual particulars to be inserted by the individual school system or teacher. The disadvantage to this system is that instruction tends to be boring and repetitive, with tests and questions following the same pattern for every course. Software can be developed in-house, that is, a school, course, or teacher could provide the courseware exactly tailored to its own needs, but this is expensive, time-consuming, and may require more programming expertise than is available.

北京师范大学2011年博士入学考试英语试题

参考答案

Part I: Listening Comprehension

略

Part II: Reading Comprehension

Directions: There are six passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSER SHEET.

Passage One

工业革命对妇女工作环境的改善---历史人物类【GRE 1990年10月真题】

翻译：

史学家们往往假设，劳动的机构化不仅仅对那些操作新机器的人们的生活，而且也对机器所被引入其中的社会，均产生了种革命性的影响。例如，有人曾提出，妇女受雇于工业，这将对她们带出了家庭一她们的传统活动范围，并从根本上改变了她们在社会中的地位。在十九世纪，当妇女开始进入工厂时，朱尔?西蒙（Jules Simon）这位法国政治家就曾警告过，妇女一旦这样做，终将失去其女性特色。然而，弗里德里希?恩格斯（Friederich Engels）则预言，通过技术发展，妇女将从家庭内的“社会、法律和经济从属地位中”被解放出来；正是技术的发展使得征召“整个女性阶层……进入到公共产业中去”成为了可能。因此，关于机械化后果的社会可取性，观察家们众说纷纭，莫衷一是，但在有一点上他们不谋而合，即机械化进程必将改变妇女的生活。

史学家们，尤其是那些研究妇女历史的史学家们，现在对关于机械化进程的变革作用这一假设表示严重的怀疑。他们得出结论认为，诸如纺织机、缝纫机、打字机、以及真空吸尘器之类富于戏剧性的技术革新既没有在妇女的经济地位这方面，也没有在对妇女工作的普遍评价这方面导致同样富于戏剧性的社会变革。工业革命期间，年轻妇女受雇于纺织厂，这在很大程度上是雇佣年轻、单身女性作为女仆这样一种较为古老的模式的延伸。十九世纪八十年代，产生了新的一类“没前途”的职业，这并不是因为办公室技术发生了改变，而是由于秘书工作——在此之前被视作是初起步的经理们的一种习见训练——与行政工作的分离。自此以后，这类“没前途”的职业便被视作是“女人的工作。”

二十世纪已婚妇女在家庭以外就业的人数不断增加，这与家务的机械化及这些妇女闲暇时间的增加并无多大联系，更多地是与妇女自身的经济需要和高婚姻率相关。高婚姻率致使所能雇佣的单身女工的总量缩减，而在此之前的许多情形中，单身女性则是雇主们所愿雇佣的唯一—一类妇女。

在过去的二百年中，妇女的工作有了相当程度上的变化，从家庭转向办公室或工厂，并在后来绝大部分变作白领而非蓝领工作。然而，从根本上来说，妇女的工作条件自从工业革命之前的那个时代以来都几乎没有任何变化：由性别因素而造成的职业隔阂，妇女作为一个整体相对较低的报酬，以及那些仅要求相对低级技能并很少为妇女提供晋升机会的工作，凡此种种依然存在；而与此同时，妇女的家务劳动仍强度很高。近期的史学研究已导致史学家们对技术永远会对社会产生其固有的革命性影响这一观察作出重大修正。机械化进程甚至有可能阻遏了妇女无论是在劳动力市场还是在家庭内部传统地位的任何改变。

Passage Two

一篇论及“代沟”的文章【专八】 The Young Generation 答案祥解

21. D. 艰苦工作。这在第一段中第四句“青年一代受了更好教育，有大量的钱话，有更多的自由。他们成长的很快，不那么依赖于父母，他们独立思考得更多，不盲目接受老一代的理想……。”

22. C. 顺从。第二段集中讲到这一点。“因为老人们经常认为自己懂得多，理由就是他们经历得多。他们不喜欢自己的价值观受到怀疑或威胁。而这正是青年在做的。他们对老人们的设想提出疑问，打乱他们的自鸣得意。他们甚至敢于怀疑老一代创造了世界上可能最佳的社会。他们最反对的莫过于顺从。例如：他们说办公时间就是强制奴役，如果人们完全自由，绝对负责，他们的工作不会更好吗？而穿衣呢？谁说世界上所有的男人都该穿单调的灰色西装和剪成像罪犯似的短发？……。”这些词语都表示他们最反对的东西是遵从，“一致性”。

23. A. 他们在炸弹的阴影下成长。第三段倒数第四句起“由于年轻人是在炸弹战争的阴影下成长壮大：在不断受到全面歼灭的威胁之下，所以也只能期望他们重视目前。这是他们的光荣遗产。他们经常询问赠给他们遗产的这代人的头脑是否清醒。对此我们能表示惊讶吗？”遗产指的是第二段的

种种问题所体现出来的东西，如：“谁说人类之差异能通过常规政策或暴力手段予以很好的解决？为什么老一代人常用暴力来解决他们的问题？为什么他们（老一代）个人生活那么不愉快。老有负罪感？为什么老纠缠于要积聚越来越多的物质财富？……。”

24. A. 享受不是犯罪。这在第三段中间“老年人一如果他们准备承认的话一可以从他们的孩子们那里学到一两件事。他们能学的最大的课堂之一是享受不是犯罪。”“享受”是人可适用于生活各个方面的原则。从工作中获得乐处，享受闲暇时间，肯定不是错误。抛弃约束限制，生活在现在而不是生活在过去肯定也不是错。

Passage Three

水变成冰的条件和过程【托福TOEFL Test】

Passage Four

替代燃料【GRE 1993年4月真题——环境科学类】

31.【答案】C

【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。本文的中心主旨句是首段的尾句。通过对首段尾句以及其它段落主题句的阅读和理解，可以推导出本题的正确选项是C。考生在破解此类题型时一定要首先抓住原文的中心主旨句以及各段的主题句。

32.【答案】B

【考点解析】本题是一道指代词题型。根据题干中的“incomplete combustion”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的第四句，该句中的指代词“these”暗示本题的具体答案信息来源应该在第二段的第三句。通过阅读和理解第二段的第三句可推导出本题的正确选项是B。考生在解题时对指代词一定要认真理解。

33.【答案】A

【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题型。通过题干中的“air pollution”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第一段，因为第一段首句中含有“noxious pollutants”，都在谈污染的问题。通过阅读和理解第一段，尤其是第一段尾句即全文的中心主旨句，可推导出本题的正确选项是A。这是一道比较难的题。考生在解题时一定要具备审题定位能力，还要具备归纳和推导能力。

34.【答案】C

【考点解析】这是一道类比题型，因为本题题干中含有“parallels”（与……相当，与……一样）一词。本题题干已将类比的参照对象确定在第一段的首句。通过仔细阅读和理解第一段的首句，可推导出本题的正确选项是C，因为该选项涉及的增减关系的前提条件和原文一脉相承。考生在破解这种题型时应对原文所表达的内容与关系有明确的认识和把握，不可以无根据地推导。

35.【答案】A

【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题型。本题题干中的“the criticism of methanol”把本题的答案信息来源确定在第四段的第一、二句。通过阅读和理解这两句话，尤其是第二句话，就可推导出本题的正确选项A。考生在破解本题时一定要注意第二句话的第一个词“Yet”在语意上所起的作用。考生在解题时一定要重视启承转合词的出现和功能。

[参考译文]

近年来，尽管单个机动车辆排放的有毒污染物已大幅减少，但这些机动车辆的数量一直在持续增长，结果是，在美国有100多个城市的大气中一氧化碳、灰尘和臭氧（由车辆尾气中的碳氢化合物经光化反应产生）的含量已超出了法定的限度。人们愈来愈认识到，实现车辆废气进一步减少而又不必大规模减少私家轿车的唯一有效途径是用清洁燃料来代替传统的柴油和汽油燃料。这些清洁燃料包括压缩天然气、液化石油气、乙醇和甲醇。

所有这些替代产品都是碳基燃料，不过它们的分子要比汽油的分子小且简单。它们可以比汽油燃烧得更彻底，部分原因在于，即使它们含有碳一碳化学键，含量也较少，而且它们释放的碳氢化合物也不大可能产生臭氧。那些具有多重碳一一碳化学键的大分子在燃烧时包含了一系列复杂的反应。这些反应增大了不完全燃烧的可能，并且更容易释放未燃烧的碳氢化合物，而这些化合物又对光化学反应很活跃。另一方面，这些替代燃料也有自己的缺点。压缩天然气可能需要车辆配备一个笨重的油箱，这对车辆性能和燃料效率又极为不利，并且液化石油气还面临着供应上的根本限制。

从另一方面来看，甲醇和乙醇与其它的碳基替代燃料相比有重要的益处：它们具有单位体积更高的能量含量，而且对现存的燃料销售网络只需很小地改变。乙醇通常作为汽油的替代品，但目前它比甲醇要贵两倍，因此甲醇的低廉价格便成为引人注目的特点。然而，甲醇最吸引人的特点还在于它可以减少90%形成臭氧的废气，而臭氧又是城市中最严重的污染物。

和其它的替代燃料一样，甲醇也遭到了非难。可大多数批评都建立在使用“汽油系列”的车辆不进行

最简单的设计改进以可能使用甲醇燃料的基础上。例如，事实上一定体积的甲醇和同体积的汽油和柴油相比，只能提供相当于它们大约一半的能量。在其它因素相同的条件下，油箱可能要大一点和重一点，然而，由于甲醇燃料的车辆可以设计得比使用甲醇的“汽油系列”车辆还要高效，它们可能需要更少的燃料。同时，对发动机进行最简单的改进便可使用甲醇的车辆，这将对城市大气污染的迅速减轻做出贡献。

Passage Five

36. B

37. B

38. D

39. C

40. A

Passage Six

41. B

42. D

43. D

44. C

45. C

Part III. Translation and Writing

Part A Translation

Translate the following into Chinese:

下面的研究取材于文艺复兴的历史，涉及在这场复杂多元的运动中我以为关键的问题。我在第一篇中解释了我对“文艺复兴”一词的理解，使它的含义大大超出最初运用它来标志15世纪古典文化复兴的人所要表达的含义，古典文化复兴是人类心智的广泛振奋和启蒙而产生的诸多后果之一，但通常被错误地认为是文艺复兴的对立面的伟大目标和卓越成就，例如基督教艺术，则是它的另一种结果。人类精神的突破可以上溯至中世纪自身，其关注物质美、崇拜形体美、冲破中世纪宗教体系强加诸心灵和想像的种种禁锢的动机已明确表露。我把用早期法语写成的两篇短故享作为发生在中世纪的早期文艺复兴的范例，并用之表述这一运动的特性，不是因为它们最能表现早期文艺复兴的特点，而是它们有助于我的系列研究的连贯性，这是因为:文艺复兴以法国诗歌发展的某一阶段作为终结点，乔基姆?杜倍雷的作品以各种方式对这一结束做了完美的说明。实际上，文艺复兴在法国造成的是一种奇特的晚熟之果，其完全具有一种雍容华贵文化在其衰落阶段所具备的精致细腻之美，恰如它在早期阶段具有各种艺术在成长发展时期都会有的那种生命力，具有上升阶段的魅力，具有青年时代跃跃欲试的肃穆又庄重的魅力一样。

Translate the following into English:

The British Museum in Russell Square in central London (Russell Square), next to the main entrance is a tall gable roof portico, and decorated with reliefs, typical of classical Greek architectural style. The museum's major collections of ancient and medieval relics, especially the collection of well-known of ancient Egypt and ancient Greece. In 2003, the British Museum to celebrate the 250th anniversary of the birthday.2000 has just been completed by the London architect Norman Foster to design a large courtyard, a huge half brightly lit roof, covered with the large courtyard (Great Court), around the reading room of the garden center, the museum's function part of rational connection, also the British Museum building itself the degree of utilization of the expansion, now the public reading of the original location of the British Library, now on display here is the Museum of the face open to the public the art of literature and books, British books the collections of the Museum in 1998 to move elsewhere, of course, the library entrance marked the name of Marx, Keynes, who is still permanently stay in here. Part of the collections of the country, some 25,000 pieces. Including a number of small objects such as pottery fragments. In fact difficult to estimate the actual number, for example, many of the fragments to form one thing, this time the number may have changed. As Chinese calligraphy and paintings, 15000, there are about 7000 Chinese pottery, 1000 Chinese jade and bronze.

Part B Summary Writing

Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.

答案略

北京师范大学2011年3考博英语听力文本

听力共分两个部分，试题均来自老托福听力。

Section A部分是听两个对话（对话本来应该是一男一女朗读，这两个对话经过北师大老师重新阅读录制，变成了两个男的，大大增加了听力试题的难度，晕！），每个对话5个问题，均是选择题，共10小题。

Section B部分是听一篇小文章（关于造纸工业的），做后面的5个选择题。

Part 1: Listen Conversation

Section A

Conversation 1

W: Come on in, Paul, and have a seat, how can i help you?

M: Well, i need to choose my major, and i guess i am not sure what i want to do for a career. W: Oh?

M: My problem is that i love philosophy, but my dad doesn't want me to get a degree in the humanities, he said that i will be better off financially with a career in something like business. W: Yes, people in the humanities often do make lower salaries.

M: Yeah, and i don't want to be poor, so i am still not sure.

W: Um, i guess you know a lot of famous philosophers work in other fields, too, in fact, some of them did ground- breaking work.

M: Like Aristotle

W: Um, for example, there were doctors, lawyers historians, mathematicians, Lock, for example, he was trained in medicine.

M: Yeah.but you are talking about geniuses, i get good grade, but i?m not a genius.

W: My point is, you could work in a higher paid field and pursue philosophy on the side. It's not too late for you to declare a double major.

M: But what other fields may i choose?

W: I can help you with that, there's special test you can take to determine your talents, you can take it now and it only takes an hour, then you can match your talents to various job descriptions and go from there.

M: OK, that sounds like a good plan.

Conversation 2

W: So how do you like living in the renovated dorms?

M: They are much different from the old dorms. They installed some new windows, and these windows are so nice so they shut off the noise really well. The street is right outside but I can barely hear the traffic.

W: Um, they must be good windows, I bet they must have double panes; they shut off a lot of noise that the single pane wouldn't.

M: Yeah, I wish I had something between me and my neighbor?s room. Sometimes he turns up music so loud and I have trouble falling asleep. Anyway, I guess that?s bette r off for the people who will be moving into the new dorms. Did you see how thin wall there between those room?

W: I haven?t seen but I did read something about it in the campus newspaper. They are supposed to be better than the thick concrete wall you got here.

M: Better? How?

W: Well, what they are doing is separating each room with 2 thin layers of plasterboards and each one has nailed to a different frame. That way they vibrate independently.

M: Oh, I see, so the sound from the one room doesn't just vibrate the wall and go directly into next room. There is a gap between 2 layers of wall.

W: That?s right.

M: Well, I still stuck with this neighbor and I am not sure what to do.

W: You should hang something up like fur rags or some decorated arts. That would act like a kind of the second wall and absorb some sound. I got some extra you can use, if you like.

M: I?d appreciate it; anything to get a good night sleep.

1. What are the speakers mainly discussing?

A. How to decorate a room.

B. Ways to reduce noise.

C. Moving to a new dorm.

D. Noise from traffic.

2. Why can the man barely hear traffic while in his dorm room?

A. Windows with double glass were put in.

B. The man put curtains on his windows.

C. A window was replaced with a wall.

D. There is less traffic than in the past.

3. What bothers the man about his room?

A. It is near a busy street.

B. There is a hole in one wall.

C. He can hear his neighbor's music.

D. Paint is peeling from the walls.

4. How do the speakers describe the walls at the new dorms?

A. They are made of concrete.

B. They consist of two sheets of plasterboard.

C. They are attached to a single frame.

D. They are decorated nicely.

5. What will the man probably do to improve his room?

A. Replace the window.

B. Buy a new stereo.

C. Put up new plasterboard.

D. Put up some wall hangings.

Correct answers: B A C B D

Part 2: A talk

In the early 1800s, the paper industry was still using rags as its basic source of fiber as it had for many centuries. However the rags supply couldn't keep up with the growing demand for paper. The United States alone was using 250 thousand tons of rags each year. And a quarter of that had to be imported. It was clear that a new source of fiber was needed to keep up with the demand for paper. The answer to this problem turned out to be paper made from wood pulp, something that was abundantly available in North America. In Canada, the first wood pulp mill was set up in 1866 and it was immediately successful. But while wood pulp solved the problem of quantity it created a problem of quality. Wood contains a substance called lignin. The simplest way to make large quantities of cheap paper involves leaving the lignin in the wood pulp. But lignin is acidic and its presence in paper has shorten the life expectancy of paper from several centuries for rag pager to less than a century for paper made from wood pulp. This means that books printed less than a hundred years ago are already turning yellow and beginning to disintegrate, even though books printed much earlier maybe in fine conditions. This is bad enough for the older books on your bookshelf, but it poses a huge problem for libraries and the collections of government documents. Question 11: What does the speaker mainly discuss?

Question 12: Why did the paper industry need a new source of fiber in the early 1800s? Question 13: What can be inferred about the first wood pulp mill in Canada?

Question 14: According to the speaker, what is the problem with lignin?

Question 15: According to the speaker, what problem do libraries face?

级高一入学考试英语试题

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