英国文学史及作品选读习题集(5)

5 English Literature in the Romantic Period

Ⅰ. Essay questions.

1. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen explored three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle-class people had in the second half of the 18th century. Try to make a brief discussion about them with specific examples from the novel. Make comments on Austen’s attitude towards these motivations.

2. What are the general features of English Romanticism?

3. Tell the story of Pride and Prejudice and make a comment on it.

4. Make a comment on Wordsworth concerning his contribution to poetry.

5. Irony abounds in Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice. Please illustrate it with reference to some examples.

6. Make a general comment on Walter Scott.’

Ⅱ. Define the following terms.

1. Romanticism

2. Ode

3. Byronic hero

4. Ottava rima

5. Terza rima

6. Irony

7. Lyric

8. Motif

9. Theme

10. Symbol

11. Imagery

12. Foil

13. Synaesthesia

14. Character

15. Flat character

16. Round character

17. Negative capacity

Ⅲ Fill in the blanks.

1. As an age of romantic enthusiasm, the Romantic Age began in 1798 when ______and ______published _______ and ended in 1832 when ______died.

2. In the Preface of the 2nd and 3rd editions of __________, Wordsworth laid down the principles of poetry composition.

3. The English Romantic Age produced two major novelists, _________ and ______.

4. _____, ________, and_________ are referred to as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England.

5. In 1805, Wordsworth completed his long autobiographical poem entitled__________.

6. Scott’s historical novels depicted Scotland, England, and the Continent covering a period ranging from _______ up to, and including, _______.

7. _______ mourned for _______’s premature death in an elegy “Adonais”, writing “He is made one with Nature.”

8. “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” is a long poem created by ________.It contains four cantos in the_______ stanza, namely a 9-line stanza rhymed ababbcbcc, in which the first eight lines are in iambic pentameter while the ninth in iambic hexameter, 9. _______ is Byron’s masterpiece, written in the prime of his creative power. He called it an “epic satire”, “a satire on abuses of the present state of society.”

10. The great novelist in the Romantic period_______ marked the transition from Romanticism to the period of Realism which followed it.

11. The plot of Shelley’s lyrical drama Prometheus Unbound is borrowed from _______, a play of the Greek tragedian Aeschylus.

12. In “To Autumn”, Keats writes,” Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, / Clise bosom-friend of the maturing sun; / Conspiring with him how to load and bless / With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run; / …” The figure of speech used in the lines is _______.

13. “Ode to a Nightingale” expresses the contrast between _______ and _______.

14. The unifying principle in Don Juan is the basic ironic theme of _______, i.e., what things seem to be and what they actually are.

15. Byron employed _______ from Italian mock-heroic poetry. His first experiment was made in Beppo. It was perfected in Don Juan in which the convention flows with ease and naturalness.

16._______ was memorized and honored as “the heart of all hearts” after his death.

17. Many critics regard Shelley as one of the greatest of all English poets. They point especially to his_______.

18. Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English _______against the neoclassical _______, which prevailed from the days of pope to those of Johnson.

19. _______ are generally regarded as Keats’s most important and mature works.

20. “Ode on a Grecian Urn” shows the contrast between _______and _______.

21. Among the Romantic figures, _______has a fundamental conviction of the health of the social system, of its ability to reform itself, and of the assurance of social well-being and the likelihood of a reasonable personal happiness.

22. Scott is considered “the father of _______” which open(s) up to fiction the rich and lively realm of history.

23. Two prevailing themes of Pride and Prejudice are _______ and _______.

24. _______ was composed in a dream after the poet Coleridge took the opium.

25. All such works of Coleridge as “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, “Christable” and “Kubla Khan” revealed his keen interes t in_______,

26. _______ is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”.

27. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”, “An Evening Walk”, “My Heart Leaps up” and “Tintern Abbey” are all masterpieces on _______.

28. The main idea running through the dramatic poem Prometheus Unbound is that of

_______.

29. _______, with a triumphant praise of the imagination, highly exalts the role of poetry, thinking that poetry alone could free man and offer the mind a wider view

of its powers. He holds that poetry “is a more direct represe ntation of the actions and passions of our internal being”.

30. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. The major Romantic poets such as Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as _______.

31. _______ and _______ gave great impetus to the rise of the Romantic Movement.

32. _______ is a great critic of the romantic period on Shakespeare, Elizabethan drama, and English poetry. He is also a maser of the familiar essays.

33. With _______, the essay is no longer chiefly a mode of intellectual inquiry and moral address. Rather, the essay becomes a medium for a delightful literary treatment of life’s small pleasures and reassurances.

Ⅳ. Choose the best answer

1. “Beauty is truth, truth beauty” is an epigrammatic line by _______.

A. Kohn Keats

B. William Blake

C. William Wordsworth

D. Percy Bysshe Shelley

2. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all of the following EXCEPT _______.

A. Normal contemporary speech patterns

B. Humble and rustic life as subject matter

C. Elegant wording and inflated figures of speech

D. Intensely subjective feeling toward individual experience

3. In Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan”, “A sunny pleasure dome with caves of ice “_______.

A. Refers to the palace where Kubla Khan once lived

B. Vividly describes a building of poor quality

C. Is the gift given to a beautiful girl called Abyssinian

D. Symbolizes the reconciliation of the conscious and the unconscious

4. _______is one of the first generation of English Romantic poets.

A. Keats

B. Shelley

C. Byron

D. Wordsworth

5. “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” is taken from _______.

A. The Solitary Reaper

B. Ode to the West Wind

C. To Autumn

D. Song to the Man of England

6. _______is NOT among the representative essayists in the romantic times.

A. Charles Lamb

B. William Hazlitt

C. Thomas De Quincey

D. Walter Scott

7. In_______, _______set forth his principles of poetry, “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling”.

A. The Preface to Lyrical Ballads; Wordsworth

B. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”; Coleridge

C. “A Defence of Poetry”; Shelley

D. “Lectures on the English Poets”; Hazlitt

8. _______is NOT a lyric written by Wordsworth.

A. My Heart Leaps Up

B. Intimations of Immortality

C. Love’s Philosophy

D. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud

9. All the poems were written by Byron EXCEPT_______.

A. Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage

B. Don Juan

C. The Isle of Greece

D. The Masque of Anarchy

10. Keats wrote five long poems. _______ is NOT among them.

A. Endymion

B. Isabella

C. The Eve of St. Agnes

D. Annabel Lee

11. It is said that all Keats’s personality seems to be breathed into his odes, of which the more famous odes are “de to Autumn”, “Ode on Melancho ly”, ”Ode on a Grecian Urn” and “Ode to Nightingale”, all with the praise of _______ as their general theme.

A. love

B. beauty

C. nature

D. art

12. The first poem in The Lyrical Ballads is Coleridge’s masterpiece_______.

A. The Prelude

B. Kubla Khan

C. The Time of the Ancient Mariner

D. Tintern Abbey

13. _______can be found among Shelley’s love lyrics.

A. One Word is Too Often Profaned

B. When We Two Parted

C. A Red, Red Rose

D. Song to Celia

14. Among the following, _______is an elegy.

A. Lamis

B. Isabella

C. Adonais

D. Queen Mab

15. _______is NOT a historical novel written by Scott.

A. Rob Roy

B. Ivanhoe

C. Marmion

D. Waverly

16. In Coleridge’s “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, the mariner suffers the horror of death, because _______.

A. He experiences a shipwreck

B. He is tortured with starvation

C. He undergoes much suffering

D. He kills an albatross

17. _______ is the poetic drama written by Byron.

A. Hours of Idleness

B. Prometheus Unbound

C. Cain

D. Oriental Tales

18. The following statements are ab out “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage”. Among them which one is NOT true?

A. It is about a young aristocrat whose “world-weariness” bespeaks his loathing for

English high society.

B. Besides Harold’s impressions of the countries he visits, the poem is interspers ed

with Lyrical outbursts which give utterance to the poet’s own philosophical and political views.

C. The first canto deals with Albania and Greece.

D. The last canto sings of Italy and the Italian people who have given the world

great writers and thinkers like Dante.

19. All the following are novels written by Jane Austen EXCEPT_______.

A. Mansfield Park

B. Shirley

C. Emma

D. Persuasion

20. Which one of the following statements about Don Juan is true?

A. Byron began its writing in Italy in 1818, and finished it in 1823.

B. It is in 10 cantos.

C. The story of the poem takes place in the latter part of the 16th century.

D. It displayed Byron’s genius as a romanticist and a realist simultaneously.

21. In 1843, _______was made poet laureate.

A. Southey

B. Shelley

C. Wordsworth

D. Keats

22. The revolutionary Romantic poet went to Greece to help that country in its struggle for liberty and died of fever there.

A. Shelley

B. Byron

C. Keats

D. Burns

23. is Shell ey’s well-known political lyric, which calls upon the working class to fight against their rulers and exploiters.

A. Don Juan

B. The Cenci

C. Prometheus Unbound

D. Song to the Men of England

24. is Byron’s poetic drama with the materi al taken from Biblical story or stories.

A .Cain B. Don Juan

C. Song for the Luddites

D.Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage

25. ’s poetry is always sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery, which expresses the acuteness of his senses. In his poetry, sight, sound, scent, taste and feeling are all taken into give an entire understanding of an experience.

A. Keats

B. Shelley

C. Wordsworth

D. Byron

26. All the following statements about “Ode on a Grecian Urn” are true EXCEPT .

A. In this poem Keats shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the

transience of human passion.

B. The poem presents Keats’ ambivalence about time and the nature of beauty.

C. It has often been celebrated, together with “Ode to a Nightingale”, as the height

of Keats’ achievement in poetry.

D. In this poem, the poet spoke as bitterly of human woes as he did in “Ode to a

Nightingale”.

27. Pride and Prejudice is noted for its vividly depicted characters who are revealed through comparison and contrast with each other. Among the following pairs of characters are NOT in contrast.

A. Darcy and Wickham

B. Elizabeth and Charlotte

C. Elizabeth and Jane

D. Lady Catherine and Mr. Collins

28. At the beginning of Pride and Prejudice, the attitude of Darcy and Elizabeth toward each other is that of .

A. mutual affection

B. mutual repulsion

C. mutual hatred

D. mutual indifference

29. All the sonnets were written by Keats EXCEPT .

A. London 1802

B. When I Have Fears

C. Bright Star

D. On the Grasshopper and Cricket

30. The Romantic Movement expressed a attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie.

A. negative

B. neutral

C. positive

D. indifferent

31. The prevailing tone in Pride and Prejudice is .

A. bitter satire

B. mild satire

C. strong approval

D. strong disapproval

32.”Ode to the West Wind” is concluded with mood.

A. triumphant and hopeful

B. pessimistic and skeptical

C. desperate and sad

D. indifferent

33. Which one of the following does NOT describe the characteristics of Scott’s writing?

A. The central heroes of his novels are young men of valor, who, taken as a whole,

are rather superficial, lacking in virility and lacking depth of psychological characterization.

B. His works display his marvelous command of the Scottish dialect.

C. His plotting is often closely knitted.

D. He has an eye for the telling detail.

34. Of the following statements about Lyrical Ballads, which is NOT true?

A. The poems are noted for the uncompromising obscurity of much of the

language.

B. The poems show the strong sympathy not merely with the poor in general but

with particular, dramatized examples of them.

C. The poems Wordsworth added to the1800 edition of the Lyrical Ballads are

among the best of his achievements.

D. The natural description and expressions of inward states of mind fused into one

in most of the poems.

35.”You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley might like you the best of the p arty.” The figure of speech used in the sentence is .

A. simile

B. irony

C. antithesis

D. metaphor

36. All the following about Romanticism are true EXCEPT .

A. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him

essentially as an individual in the solitary state.

B. Where the Augustans emphasized those features that men have in common, the

Romantics emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.

C. Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the inner world

of human spirit to the outer world of social civilization.

D. Romantics also tended to be nationalistic, defending the great poets and

dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules who tended to glorify Rome and Rational Italian and French neoclassical art as superior to the native traditions.

37. The Romantic period is a great age of all literary genres EXCEPT .

A .poetry B. prose

C. drama

D. novel

38. Romantic writers employ all the following EXCEPT as their poetic materials.

A. the commonplace

B. the natural

C. the simple

D. the abstract

39. Jane Austen’s view of life is a totally one.

A. romantic

B. sentimental

C. realistic

D. pessimistic

40. is NOT the essay written by Charles Lamb.

A. Dream Children

B. The Praise of Chimney Sweepers

C. A Bachelor’s Complaint of the Behavior of Ma rried People

D. Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays

Ⅴ. Short-answer questions.

1. Explain and comment on the sentence with respect to its function in the novel where it is taken from,” It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession o f a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.”

2. To Shelley, what kind of noble qualities does the image of Prometheus unite?

3. State briefly the artistic features of Jane Austen.

4. Tell about the theme of Keats’ “Ode on a Grecian Urn”.

5. Name five representative essay writers of the romantic period.

6. How is Shelly’s Prometheus Unbound different from the traditional Greek interpretation? What is the significance of this difference?

7. Tell in a few words the theme of Don Juan.

8. Name five of Keats’s i mmortal odes.

9. Name the first and second generations of the Romantic poets.

10. Why is Keats, unlike the radical Shelley and Byron, among the active Romantic poets?

11. Tell the theme of “Ode to the West Wind”.

12. What is the symbolic meaning of “the west wind”?

13. Tell about Coleridge’s artistic ideas.

Ⅵ. Answer the questions according to the followings passage.

Passage 1

O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn’s being

Thou from whose unseen presence the leaves dead

Are driven like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,

Y ellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,

Pestilence-stricken multitudes! O thou

Who chariot test to their dark wintry bed

The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,

Each like a corpse within its grave, until

Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow

Her clarion o’er the dreaming earth, and fill

(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)

With living hues and odours plain and hill;

Wild spirit, which art moving everywhere;

Destroyer and preserver ; hear, O hear!

Questions:

1. What is the title of the poem? Who is the poet?

2. What is the rhyme scheme of the poem?

3. What figures of speech are used? Give examples.

4. What do “Pestilence-stricken multitudes” refer to?

5. Give examples to illustrate the life and death images employed in this excerpt. Comment briefly on them.

6. W hy is the West Wind called “Destroyer and preserver”?

Passage 2

It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.

However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.

“My dear Mr. Bennet,” said his lady to him one day, have you heard t hat Netherfield Park is let at last?”

Mr. Bennet replied that he had not.

“Do not you want to know who has taken it?”cried his wife impatiently.

“Y ou want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it.”

This was invitation enough.

“Why, my dear, you mu st know, Mrs., Long says that Netherfied is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.”

“What is his name?”

“Bingley.”

“Is he married or single?”

“Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune four or five t housand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”

“How so? How can it affect them?”

“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife, “how can you be so tiresome! Y ou must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”

“Is that his design in settling here?”

“Design! Nonsense, how can you talk so! But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes.”

“I can see no occasion for that. Y ou and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley might like you the best of the party.”

“My dear, you flatter me. I certainly have had my share of beauty, but I do not pretend to be any thing extraordinary now. When a woman has five grown up daughters, she ought to give over thinking of her own beauty.”

“In such cases, a woman has not often much beauty to think of.”

Questions:

7. This excerpt is taken from the novel entitled _______ by_________.

8. Comment on the characters of Mr., and Mrs. Bennet.

9. What methods are used to depict the character of Mr., and Mrs. Bennet?

10. This except is taken from a chapter that has been highly praised as an opening chapter. Do you consider such praise justified? Give reasons for your answer. Passage 3

Wherefore, Bees of England, forge

Many a weapon, chain, and scourge,

That these stingless drones may spoil

The forced produce of your toil?

Have ye leisure, comfort, calm,

Shelter, food, love’s gentle balm?

Or what is it ye buy so dear

With your pain and with your fear?

The seed ye sow, another reaps;

The wealth ye find, another keeps;

The robes ye weave, another wears

The arms ye forge, another bears.

Sow seed,—but let no tyrant reap;

Find wealth,—let no impost or heap;

Weave robes,—let not the idle wear;

Forge arms,—in your defence to bear.

Questions:

11. What is the title of the poem this excerpt is taken from?

12. Who is the writer of this poem?

13. What do “Bees of England” and “these stingless drones” refer to?

14. What is the possible theme of this poem?

Passage4

I wandered lonely as a cloud

That floats on high o’er vales and hills,

When all at once I saw a crowd,

A host, of golden daffodils;

Beside the lake, beneath the trees,

Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

Continuous as the stars that shine

And twinkle on the Milky Way,

They stretched in never-ending line

Along the margin of a bay:

Ten thousand say I at a glance,

Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

The waves beside them danced; but they

Out did the sparkling waves in glee;

A poet could not but be gay,

In such a jocund company;

I gazed—and gazed—but little thought

What wealth the show to me had brought:

For oft, when on my couch I lie

In vacant or in pensive mood,

They flash upon that inward eye

Which is the bliss of solitude;

And then my heart with pleasure fills,

And dances with the daffodils.

Questions:

15. What is the recurrent central image in this poem?

16. What does the persona feel at the end of the poem?

17. Explain “What wealth the show to me had brought”.

18. Explain in a few words “that inward eye / Which is the bliss of solitude”.

19. This poem is considered by many the most anthologized poem in English literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth’s poetic beliefs. How is the core manifested?

Passage5

Fade faraway, dissolve, and quite forget

What thou among the leaves hast never known,

The weariness, the fever, and the fret

Here, where man sit and hear each other groan;

Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last grey hairs,

Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies;

Where but to think is to be full of sorrow

And lead en-eyed despairs,

Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,

Or new Love pine at them beyond tomorrow.

Away! Away! for I will fly to thee,

Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,

But on the viewless wings of Poesy,

Though the dull brain perplexes and retards:

Already with thee! tender is the night,

And haply the Queen-Moon is on her throne,

Cluster’d around by all her starry Fays;

But here there is no light,

Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown

Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways.

Questions:

20. Which poem is this excerpt taken from?

21. “Tender is the Night” has been taken and used as the title of a novel written by .

22. Explain the first stanza of the excerpt.

23. What does the poet express in the poem?

Keys

Ⅰ. Essay questions.

1. In this book, three kinds of motivations of or attitudes towards marriage are presented for manifestation.

First, there is marriage merely for fortune, money and social rank. This is to be found in Miss Bingley’s pursuit of Darcy, Lady de Bourgh’s

intention to arrange a marriage between her daughter and Darcy, and in Charlotte Lucas’ marriage to Mr. Collins. The snobbery and vanity of the rich and the practicality of the poor gentry women are fully accounted for.

The second is the tendency to marry for beauty, attraction and passion regardless of economic conditions or personal merits. This is generally known as “love at first sight”. Typical examples are found in the marriages of the skeptical Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet who has a beautiful face but an empty head and of their youngest daughter Lydia to the handsome, charming but morally weak and penniless Wickham. The terrible aftermath of such marriage is only too obvious in the marriages of the two generations of the Bennets.

Lastly comes the ideal marriage, which is a love match with considerations of the lover’s personal merits and economic conditions. Such perfect happiness is to be found in the marriage of Darcy and Elizabeth and that of Mr. Bingley and Jane, although the satisfaction of both the personal and economic conditions like this is really a bit too idealistic.

What Jane Austen tries to say is that it is wrong to marry just for money or for beauty, but it is also wrong to marry without consideration of economic conditions.

Of the three types, she prefers the last one. And in the last type, she seems to give her particular preference to the marriage of Darcy and Elizabeth.

2.(1) Expressiveness: Instead of regarding poetry as “a mirror to nature”, the

romantics hold that the object of the artist should be the expression of the artist’s emotions, impressions, or beliefs. The role of instinct, intuition, and the feelings of “the heart” is stressed instead of neoclassicists’ emphasis on “the head”, on regularity, uniformity, de corum and imitation of the classical writers.

Romantic poets describe poetry as “the spontaneous over flow of powerful feelings”.

(2) Imagination: Romantic literature puts great emphasis on the creative function

of imagination, seeing art as a formulation of intuitive, imaginative perceptions that tend to speak a nobler truth than that of fact, logic, or the here and now.

(3) Singularity: Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the

strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid, the picturesque, and the illogical.

(4) Worship of nature: Romantic poets see in nature revelation of truth, the “living

garment of God”. In their view, the natural world is the dominant influence in changing people’s sensibilities nature to them is a source of mental cleanness and spiritual understanding.

(5) Simplicity: Romantic poets tend to turn to the humble people and the everyday

life for subjects employing the commonplace, the natural and the simple as their materials and seeking always to find the absolute, the ideal by transcending the actual. They take to using everyday language spoken by the rustic people as opposed to the poetic diction used by neoclassic writers.

(6) The romantic period is an age of poetry with Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge,

Byron, Shelley and Keats as the major poets.

3. The story centers around the heroine Elizabeth Bennet and the hero Fitzwilliam

Darcy and a minor couple, her sister Jane and his friend Charles Bingley. The Bennets have five grown-up daughters. They live at Longbourn near London. The marriage prospects of the girls are Mrs. Bennet’s chief concern in life, since under the law of the time the family estate will, on Mr. Bennet’s death, passion to his nearest male relation. Mr. Bingley, a rich bachelor, takes Netherfield Park, an estate near Longbourn, and brings there his friend Darcy. Bingley falls in love with Jane, the oldest Bennet girl. Darcy is attracted to her next sister, the lively and witty Elizabeth, but offends her by his supercilious behavior. He proposes to her but is rejected. Her prejudice against him increases as further misunderstandings arise. Thus Darcy’s pride is pitted against Elizabeth’s prejudice.

After many twists and turns, however, things are cleared up, and false pride is humbled and prejudice is dissolved. In the end the two couples are happily united.

Pride and Prejudice is generally considered one of the author’s most successful as well as popular works. The plot is very thin, but around it Austen has woven vivid pictures of everyday life of simple country society. The style is lucid and graceful, with touches of humor and mild satire. The conversations are interesting and amusing and immediately bring the characters to life.

4. Wordsworth’s deliberate simplicity and refusal to decor ate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled. In defense of his unconventional theory of poetry Wordsworth wrote a “Preface” to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, which appeared in1800 (actual date of publication, 1801). His premise was that the source of poetic truth was the direct experience of the senses. Poetry, he asserted, originated from “emotion recollected in tranquility”. Rejecting the contemporary emphasis on form and an inte llectual approach that drained poetic writing of strong emotion, he maintained that the

scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.

William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry the focal poetic voice of the period. His is a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity and one that inspires his audience to see the world freshly, sympathetically and naturally. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.

5. Pride and Prejudice is a model work of Jane Austen’s successful employment of irony. Irony plays a decisive part in characterization as well as in plot development.

The verbal irony in the dialogues and the situational or dramatic irony are especially note-worthy. By saying one thing but meaning another, we see the stupidity of Mrs. Bennet and Elizabeth’s derision of Darcy’s pride.

And in terms of plot, the whole story seems to be composed of ironies. With

a negative start on both sides at the beginning of the story, we watch with anxiety

the gradual development of love between Darcy and Elizabeth. One ironical event leads to another where mutual repulsion is turned into mutual attraction, verbal quarrels turned into confessions, intended riddance turned into unexpected but nonetheless welcoming meetings, the proud turned into the humbled and the prejudiced turned into the repentant.

With other characters too, irony abounds. Mr. Collins proposes to one but marries another; Miss Bingley tries to engage the heart of her beloved by speaking ill of her rival but only to arouse his great interest in the latter; Mr. Bennet’s negligence of his daughters and his particular impatience with the youngest one brings justified punishment on himself by Lydia’s elopement; Wickham’s lies lead to the expos ure of his true nature and Lady de Bourgh’s intervention between Elizabeth and Darcy only brings hope and then the final union of the two etc. The irony helps to bring the conscious criticism of the author to the reader and makes it fun to read the novel.

6. The features of Scott’s historical novels are as follows:

(1) His novels, which combine historical fact with romantic imagination, give a

picturesque representation of various historical personages and events. He is especially versed in portraying Scottish history and Scottish characters, but he’s also a successful writer on the history of other countries.

(2) In his novels, historical events are closely interwoven with the fates of

individuals. The plot unfolds itself through the interaction between historical life and individual life. Besides, the nominal heroes of Scott’s novels, usually young men of noble birth, are thrown into close companionship with ordinary people and go through a series of hardships and adventures. This arrangement is convenient to the novelist in depicting characters from various social strata and their fates in historical events. But not a few of these heroes are pale figures, whose actual function in the novels is to hold together the numerous

incidents of the plot and introduce other characters far more interesting than themselves.

(3) When Scott describes historical events, he is concerned not only with the lives,

and deeds of kings, statesmen and other historical figures, but is always mindful of the fates of the laboring people of the lower strata. Hence the numerous pen-portraits of the people from various social positions constitute an important characteristic in Scott’s novels.

(4) Scott is a romantic. But, besides romantic imagination, he also relies upon

careful studies and investigations into fine details of historical life. His historical novels paved the way for the development of the realistic novel of the 19th century. In fact, Scott’s literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.

(5) Scott is a Tory, i. e. a conservative in politics. His conservatism shows itself in

his opposition to “extremes” in the people’s struggles, and compromise is regarded by him as the best means in solving social contradictions.

Nevertheless, as a keen observer of social life, he sometimes approaches the truth of history and shows in his novels that they, as representatives of a backward social system, are doomed by history.

Ⅱ. Define the following terms.

1. Romanticism:A term applied to literary and artistic movements of the late18th and early19th century. It can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified classicism in general and late18th-century neoclassicism in particular. It was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Inspired in part by the libertarian ideals of the French Revolution, the romantics believed in a return to nature and in the innate goodness of humans, as expressed by Jean Jacques Rousseau. They emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental. They also showed interest in the medieval, exotic, primitive, and nationalistic. Critics date English literary romanticism from the publication of William Wordsworth and S. T. Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads in1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott and the passage of the first reform bill in the Parliament in183

2.

2. Ode: An elaborately formal lyric poem, often in the form of a lengthy ceremonious address to a person or abstract entity, always serious and elevated in tone. It aims at praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Odes originally were songs performed to the accompaniment of a musical instrument. There are two different classical models: Pindar’s Greek choral odes devoted to public praise of athletes (5thcenturyBC), and Horace’s more privately reflective odes in Latin (c.23~13BC). John Keats wrote many celebrated odes such as “Ode on a Grecian Urn” and “Ode to a Nig htingale” (both1820).

3. Byronic hero:A stereotyped character created by Byron. This kind of hero is usually a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority

in his passions and powers, he would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. He would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one o f rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions.

4. Ottava rima: A form of verse stanza consisting of eight lines rhyming abababcc, usually employed for narrative verse but sometimes used in lyric poems. In its original Italian form (“eighth rhyme”), pioneered by Boccaccio in the14th century and perfected by Ariostointhe16th.

It used hendecasyllables, but the English version uses iambic pentameters. It was introduced into English by Thomas Wyatt in the 16th century, and later used by Byron in Don Juan as well as by Keats, Shelley, and Yeats.

5. Terza rima: A verse form consisting of a sequence of interlinked tercets rhyming aba bcb cdc ded etc. Thus the second line of each tercet provides the rhyme for the first and third lines of the next, the sequence closes with one line (or in a few cases, two lines) rhyming with them idle line of the last tercet: yzy z (z). The form was invented by Dante Alighieri for his Divina Commedia (c.1320), using the Italian hendecasyllabic line. It has been adopted by several poets in English pentameters, notably by P. B. Shelley in his “Ode to the West Wind”.

6. Irony: A contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens. Three kinds of irony are: (1) verbal irony, in which a writer or speaker says one thing and means something entirely different; (2) dramatic irony, in which a reader or an audience perceives something that a character in the story or play does not kno w; (3) irony of situation, in which the writer shows a discrepancy between the expected results of some action or situation and its actual results.

7. Lyric:A poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speaker’s personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, ode, and sonnet are all forms of the lyric. As its Greek name indicates, a lyric was originally a poem sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, and lyrics to this day have retained a melodic quality. Lyrics may express a range of emotions and reflections. Robe rt Herrick’s “To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time” reflects on the brevity of life and the need to live for the moment, while T. S. Eliot’s “Preludes” observes the sordidness and depression of modern life.

8. Motif:A recurring feature (such as a name, an image, or a phrase) in a work of literature. A motif generally contributes in someway to the theme of a short story, novel, poem, or play. For example, a motif used by D. H. Lawrence in his story “The Rocking-Horse Winner” is the word luck. The main chara cter of the story, a boy named Paul, discovers that he has the power to predict the winner in a horse race. However, this becomes an ironic kind of luck, for Paul grows obsessed with his power and is finally destroyed by it. At times, motif is used to refer to some commonly used plot or character type in literature. The “ugly duckling motif” refers to a plot that involves the transformation of a plain-looking person into a beauty. Two other commonly used motifs are the “Romeo and Juliet motif” (about

doomed lovers) and the “Horatio Alger motif” (about the office clerk who becomes the corporation president).

9. Theme:The general idea or insight about life that a writer wishes to express in literary work. All the elements of a literary work—plot, setting, characterization, and figurative language contribute to the development of its theme. A simple theme can often be stated in a single sentence. But sometimes a literary work is rich and complex, and a paragraph or even an essay is needed to state the theme. Not all literary works have a controlling theme. For example, the purpose of some simple ghost stories is to frighten the reader, and some detective stories seek only to thrill.

10. Symbol: Any object, person, place, or action that has a meaning in itself and that also stands for something larger than itself, such as a quality, an attitude, a belief, or a value. A rose is often a symbol of love and beauty; a skull is often a symbol of death; spring and winter often symbolize youth and old age.

11. Imagery:A rather vague critical term covering those uses of language in a literary work that evoke sense-impressions by literal or figurative reference to perceptible or “concrete” objects, scenes, actions, or states as distinct from the language of abstract argument or exposition. The imagery of a literary work thus comprises the set of images that it uses; these need not be mental “pictures” but may appeal to senses other than sight.

12. Foil:A character whose qualities or actions serve to emphasize those of the protagonist (or of some other character) by providing a strong contrast with them. Thus in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, the passive obedience of Jane’s school-friend Helen Burns makes her a foil to the rebellious heroine.

13. Synaesthesia: A blending or confusion of different kinds of sense-impression, in which one type of sensation is referred to in terms more appropriate to another. Common synaesthetic expressions include the descriptions of colours as “loud” or “warm”, and of sounds as “smooth”. This eff ect was cultivated consciously by the French Symbolists, but is often found in earlier poetry, not ably in Keats.

14. Character: Characters are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it—the dialogue—and from what they do—the action. The grounds in the characters’ temperament, desires, and moral nature fo r their speech and actions are called their motivation. A character may remain essentially “stable”, or unchanged in outlook and disposition, from beginning to end of a work (Prospero in Shakespeare’s The Tempest, Micawber in Charles Dickens’ David Copperfield,or may undergo a radical change, either through a gradual process of development (the title character in Jane Austen’s Emma) or as the result of a crisis (Shakespeare’s King Lear, Pip in Dickens’ Great Expectations).Whether a character remains stable or changes, the reader of a traditional and realistic work expects “consistency”—the character should not suddenly break off and act in a way not plausibly grounded in his or her temperament as we have already come to know it.

15. Flat character: A flat c haracter (also called a type, or “two-dimensional”) is built around “a single idea or quality” and is presented without much individualizing detail, and therefore can be fairly adequately described in a single phrase or sentence.

16. Round character:A round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity; such a character therefore is as difficult to describe with any adequacy as a person in real life, and like real persons, is capable of surprising us.

17. Negative capacity: The phrase used by the English poet John Keats to describe the quality of self lesser captivity necessary to a true poet. By negative capability, Keats seems to have meant a poetic capacity to efface one’s own mental identity by immersing it sympathetically and spontaneously within the subject described, as Shakespeare was thought to have done.

Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks.

1. William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Lyrical Ballads; Walter Scott

2. Lyrical Ballads

3. Walter Scott; Jane Austen

4. William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey

5. “The Prelude”

6. Medieval times/ the Middle Ages; the 18th century

7. Percy Shelley; John Keats

8. George Gordon Byron; Spenserian

9. Don Juan

10. Walter Scott

11. Prometheus Bound

12. personification

13. the happiness of the natural world; the agony of the human world

14. Appearance and reality

15. the ottava rima

16. Percy Bysshe Shelley

17. lyrics

18. Imagination; reason

19. Odes

20. The permanence of art, the transience of human passion

21. Jane Austen

22. the historical novel(s)

23. pride and prejudice; love and marriage

24. “Kubla Khan”

25. mysticism

26. William Wordsworth

27. nature

28. freedom

29. Perey Bysshe Shelley

30. the poetic revolution

31. The French Revolution, the English Industrial Revolution

32. William Hazlitt

33. Charles Lamb

Ⅳ. Choose the best answer.

1. C 2 .C 3. A 4. D 5. B

6. D

7. A

8. C

9. D 10. D

11. B 12. C 13. A 14. C 15. C

16. D 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D

21. C 22. B 23. D 24. A 25. A

26. D 27. D 28. B 29. A 30. A

31. B 32. A 33. C 34. A 35. B

36. C 37. C 38. D 39. C 40. D

Ⅴ. Short-answer questions.

1. This is the first sentence of Pride and Prejudice and stands as one of the most famous first lines in literature. It is significant in the following aspects:

(1) It briskly introduces the arrival of Mr. Bingley at Netherfield, the event that sets

the novel in motion.

(2) It offers a miniature sketch of the entire plot, which concerns itself with the

pursuit of “single men in possession of a good fortune” by various female characters.

(3) It sets the tone for the entire novel, in that the whole work is a masterpiece of

irony both structurally and verbally. The sentence begins as though the novel were going to be a great philosophical discourse, but the truth it is expected to explore is no more than a consideration of a common social situation. Thus there is an ironic difference between the formal manner of the statement and the ultimate meaning of the sentence.

(4) The view point of the first sentence is that of a woman. Only a female would

make this statement, and Austen is going to present most of the problems of the novel from the feminine view point.

2. To Shelley, the image of Prometheus unites four noble qualities: man’s shaping intellect, his heroic endurance, the defiance against tyranny and the love of mankind.

3. (1) Jane Austen’s main concern is about human beings in their personal relations,

human beings with their families and neighbors. She is particularly preoccupied with the relationship between men and women involved.

(2) She writes within a narrow sphere. The subject matter, the character range, the

moral setting, physical setting and social setting, and plots are all restricted to the provincial or village life of the 19th-century England, all concerning three or four landed gentry families with the trivial incidents of their everyday life.

(3) Her novels are surprisingly realistic, with keen observation and penetrating

analysis. She keeps the balance between fact and form as no other English novelist has ever done

(4) Austen uses dialogues to reveal the personalities of her characters. The plots of

her novels appear natural and unforced. Her characters are vividly portrayed and everyone comes alive.

(5) Her language, which is of typical neoclassicism, is simple, easy, naturally lucid

and very economical.

4. The poet has absorbed himself into the timeless beautiful scenery on the antique

Grecian urn: the lovers, musicians and worshippers carved on the urn exist simultaneously and forever in their intensity of joy. They are unaffected by time, stilled in expectation. This is at once the glory and the limitation of the world conjured up by an object of art. The urn celebrates but simplifies intuitions of ecstasy by seeming to deny our painful knowledge of transience and suffering. But in the last stanza, the urn becomes a “Cold Pastoral”, which presents his ambivalence about time and the nature of beauty. In this poem Keats shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion.

5. William Cobbett, Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt, De Quincey.

6. The plot of Shelley’s drama is borrowed from Prometheus Bou nd, a play of the Greek tragedian Aeschylus. But Shelley gives the myth his own interpretation.

Aeschylus made Prometheus finally become reconciled with Zeus. This ending was intolerable to Shelley, so he transformed the compromise into a struggle, which leads to the liberation of the oppressed. With the strong support of Earth, his mother; Asia, his bride and the help from Demogorgon and Hercules, Zeus is driven from the throne and Prometheus is unbound.

In this poem Prometheus represents mankind itself and Zeus, a symbol of all reactionary institutions. This radical transformation symbolizes the victory for man’s struggle against tyranny and oppression and expresses Shelley’s faith in the ultimate victory of the people.

7. Byron invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosity and frankness,

which, according to Byron, are virtues neglected by the modern society. By making use of Juan’s adventures, Byron presents a panoramic view of different types of society. Don Juan presents brilliant pictures of life in its various stages of love, joy, suffering, hatred and fear. The unifying principle in Don Juan is the basic ironic theme of appearance and reality, i.e. what things seem to be and what they actually are. With Don Juan, Byron launches satire on the hypocritical English society. He reveals the difference between life’s appearance and its actuality. As he says, his aim in writing it is “to remove the cloke (cloak) which the manners and maxims of [high] society throw over their secret sins, and shew (show) them to the world as they really are.” He always referred to Don Juan as being a “satire on abuses of the present state of society”.

8. “Ode to a Nightingale”, “To Autumn”, “Ode on Melancholy”, “Ode on a Grecian

Urn”, “Ode on Indolence”.

9. Poets of the first generation: Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey. Poets of the

second generation: Byron, Shelley and Keats.

10. Although Keats did not attack openly the political and social evils of the day as

did Byron and Shelley, yet his connections with the group of radical sin Leigh

英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案

考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s

英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结

《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题） 2. Romance （名词解释） 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad（名词解释） 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia 10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读） 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnet18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读） 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要，特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的，故事情节来自Old Testament，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。 16. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress 17. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 18. Enlightenment（名词解释） 19. Neoclassicism（名词解释） 20. Richard Steele——“The Tatler” 21. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。 22. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions 23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations 24. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A Modest Proposal”比较重要，要注意作者用的irony 也就是反讽手法。 25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. 26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要，剧情要清楚，Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature，另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。 27. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir Charles Grandison” 28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家，另外Fielding也被称为father of the English novel. 29. Laurence Sterne——“Tristram Shandy”项狄传 30. Richard Sheridan——“The School for Scandal” 31. Oliver Goldsmith——“The Traveller”(poem), “The Deserted V illage” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy),

2014-2015英国文学史及选读期末试题B

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班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

(完整word版)吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释

①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】

英国文学史及选读第一册复习题.doc

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