社科院1999考博英语试题+答案

中国社会科学院研究生院1999博士研究生入学考试英语试题 Part Ⅰ V ocabulary (15％)

Section A

Directions ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle the answer that best completes the sentence ．

1．With her last child having left home ，she felt a________ need to fill her time ．

A ．tense

B ．thorough

C ．pressing

D ．small

2．It is generally thought that as teachers work with students ，psychology course work is________ to teacher-training ．

A ．indispensable

B ．inviolate

C ．indisposed

D ．invariable

3．The announcement of the death of their leader caused thereafter a feeling of great despair to________ heir lives ．

A ．overflow

B ．scatter

C ．permeate

D ．manipulate

4．Fear of pirate________ led the French to fortify their coastline ．

A ．excursions

B ．incursions

C ．transmigrations

D ．transmogrifications

5．During the oil crisis of the 1970s ，many states________ speed limits to reduce gasoline use ．

A ．implanted

B ．imposed

C ．impaired

D ．impressed

6．Over-taxation ，many argue ，impedes initiative ，so that government income may actually________．

A ．mushroom

B ．capsize

C ．shrink

D ．dispel

7．The assassin hid himself carefully from view before________ his future victim ．

A ．drawing from

B ．drawing up

C ．drawing with

D ．drawing on

8．He never exerts himself to aid those trying to________ a difficult situation ．

A ．rectify

B ．modify

C ．solidify

D ．verify

9．His alibi was fishy ，yet________ to close scrutiny ．

A ．stood still

B ．withstood

C ．stood up

D ．stood off

10．Practitioners of law and medicine are esteemed in many countries which seems to indicate that________ depends on profession or title ．

A ．prestige

B ．superiority

C ．privilege

D ．merit

11．After the demonstration the protestors________ quietly ．

A ．dismissed

B ．diffused

C dispatched

D ．dispersed

12．Mutual trade implies________ advantages ．

A ．allied

B ．cooperative

C ．periodical

D ．reciprocal

13．A virtual anchorite ，he________ to his self-sufficiency ．

A ．adheres

B ．confirms

C ．conforms

D ．admonishes

14．It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that during the Cold War period the threat________ by nuclear arms seemed an everpresent danger ．

A ．imposed

B ．convoked

C ．posed

D ．provoked

15．Scientific integrity is as much a matter of self-interest as it is of________．

A ．self-esteem

B ．self-deceiving 考博

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C ．selfishness

D ．self-improvement Section B

Directions ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle the letter that is the closest synonym to the underlined

word ．

16．The majority of the observers at the conference ，in contradistinction to the delegates ，were opposed to ratification ．

A ．adjournment

B ．distribution

C ．tabling

D ．approval

17．Although it was none of my business I asked her if the one she was lamenting for was in any way kin ．

A ．speaking for

B ．running risks for

C ．pleading for

D ．mourning for

18．I could never spend the tome that he does pouring over sports magazines ，compiling in tricate lists ，and calculating averages ．

A ．delicate

B ．incomprehensible

C ．meaningless

D ．complicated

19．In England ，Latin appears never to have superseded the old Gaelic speech among the people ．

A ．joined

B ．replaced

C ．influenced

D ．given way to

20．Landslides triggered by heavy rainfall impeded our best attempts at rescuing the victims ．

A ．encouraged

B ．hindered

C ．nullified

D ．crowned

21．Death ensued as a result of suffocation ．

A ．heart

failure B ．an accident C ．disease D ．asphyxiation 22．We must safeguard against coerced confessions ．

A ．bribed

B ．emotional

C ．unprofitable

D ．forced

23．My attention was engaged by the article's caption ．

A ．graph

B ．author

C ．contents

D ．title

24．The report was unusual in that it insinuated corruption on the part of the minister ．

A ．denied

B ．suggested

C ．proposed

D ．stated

25．When a newspaper prints an inaccurate date for an event ，universal chagrin results ．

A ．discomfiture

B ．amusement

C ．reprisal

D ．loss of profit

26．In various parts of the world ，the devoted and devout participate enthusiastically in public processions during the major events of the liturgical year ．

A ．pious

B ．serious

C ．diseased

D ．misled

27．Absent impartiality on the part of the psychotherapist ，a patient's conflicts may be exacerbated ．

A ．indifference

B ．objectivity

C ．voiced concern

D ．engagement

28．They awoke to find the maid had left the remnants of dinner on the table ．

A ．list of items for a

B ．invitations to a

C ．leftovers of

D ．preparations for a

29．The upshot of all this was that travelling had become precarious ．

A ．glorious

B ．fun

C ．expensive

D ．dangerous

30．Some would consider that an infringement of good manners whereas others would not ．

A ．an example

B ．a violation

C ．a problem

D ．an indication

Part Ⅱ Grammar (15％)

Section A

Directions ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle the letter that best completes the sentence ．

1．________ sugar________ salt is oil water ． 考博

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A ．Not as ．

．．as B ．No more than ．．．is C ．Not more than ．．．．is D ．Not more than ．．．as

2．His mother frequently denies him permission to do things ，and that is________．

A ．ever

B ．this

C ．that

D ．over

3．The staff in pediatrics________ rushed whereas the geriatric ward is not busy at all ．

A ．is nearly always

B ．nearly is always

C ．always is nearly

D ．is always nearly

4．Anais Nin's diaries are often scandalous ，probably because she describes herself as she is rather than________．

A ．others' define her

B ．as others define her

C ．her definition by others

D ．she is defined by others

5．________，the mayor conceded defeat in his bid for re-election ．

A ．Having racked up a lead of some 150，000 votes

B ．Having been racked up a lead of some 150，000 votes

C ．His opponent having racked up a lead of some 150，000 votes

D ．His opponent racking up a lead of some 150，000 votes

6．Never has a scientific explanation emerged________ someone somewhere has objected to it ．

A ．that

B ．which

C ．whom

D ．but

7．Your mentor and friend________ to support me in my financial undertaking ．

A ．have consented

B ．has consented

C ．have been consenting

D ．are consented

8．Due in large part to the complexity of its structure—over two hundred bones________ together by ligaments—the human skeleton is a marvel of architectural construction ．

A ．binding

B ．bound

C ．hounded

D ．bind

9．Inasmuch as a year does not elapse without a certain number of villagers falling victim to the ferocity of a tiger ，its roar is________ heard by the natives________ feelings of terror ．

A ．not ．．．with

B ．not ．．．without

C ．seldom ．．．with

D ．always ．．．without

10．I regret to say that your thesis requires more thinking than________ for the problem is exceedingly complex ．

A ．to be put in

B ．has been put in

C ．being put in

D ．have been put in

11．I must finish this assignment tonight ，________．

A ．it is ever so late

B ．be it ever so late

C ．it be ever so late

D ．so late it be

12．Science majors ，________，require a good basic foundation in the sciences as a whole ．

A ．whether they are future physicists and chemists

B ．be they future physicists or chemists

C ．they are future physicists or chemists

D ．whether they should be future physicists and chemists

13．Those are very important papers and I'd just as soon________ here ．

A ．as you leave them

B ．you leave them

C ．you will leave them

D ．that you will leave them

14．Anatomists generally maintain that the human heart is nearest________． 考博

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A ．to the size in our fist

B ．in the size to our fist

C ．in size to our fist

D ．to the size to our fist

15．Foreigners are very fussy about their phone calls ．They hate________ anyone eavesdropping ．

A ．there

B ．there be

C ．there to be

D ．being

Section B

Directions ：In the sentences below ，either A ，B ，C or D is the incorrect gramatical form for the

sentence ．Pick the incorrect form as your answer ，and on your Answer Sheet ，circle the corresponding letter ．

16．One of the more intriguing theories about the destruction of Ur is his contention that the A population may destroy their ziggurats and abandoned their metropolis in anger a gainst the deities

B C that permitted so long a famine ．

D

17．In the bush ，the ill took it to be only logical if the one who could dure an illness should also possess A B C the ability of causing it ，and that even at a distance ．

D

18．Ores which are occurred naturally as elements ，such as gold are of extreme rarity and

A B C are occasionally of high value ．

D

19．Unless they are so permitted by the attending physician ，no visitors or relatives can enter the

A B C patient's room ．

D

20．A rigorous alertness must be adhered when notetaking with the inessential ignored and the

A B C D superfluous eliminated ．

21．It is largely through perspiration ，or the evaporation of water through the pores ，that humans

A B C rid them of excess moisture ．

D

22．Provided the computer is given correct information to start ，accuracy is another out standing

A B C D

advantage ．

23．And so early every morning therefore ，but not before the infant bathed ， did she betake herself A B C D to the outhouse ．

24．He stood on tiptoe ，stretching as far as he could ，however ，still ，he could not reach the book ． A B C D

25．As gentle as possible ，and with help from an assistant ，the veterinarian examined the hippo to A B 考博

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determine if she was pregnant ．

C D

26．In a recent survey ，that responsiveness was that most of all made a woman dear to them was the

A B C opinion of three out of four men ．

D

27．All personnel will be required to undergo special sensitivity training programs prior to leaving

A B for aboard in order to be prepared against culture shock ．

C D

28．Among the many changes were those to the New Yorker book review ，and very shortsighted A B C they were ．

D

29．The majority of students ，preferring eternal verities ，rarely see that knowledge is subject A of growth and transformation ，and that it shifts in meaning and status with time ．

B C D

30．Because of the recent turmoil and until further notice ，any gathering of more than two people is

A B C prohibited in the interest of preserving the law and order ．

D

Part Ⅲ Cloze (10％)

Directions ：Choose as your answer the word that best fits the blank ．On your Answer Sheet ，circle

the corresponding letter ．

My knees were shaking ． 1 afraid 2 with them ， 3 Ⅰ 4 myself out on the path to follow them ．Amara's husband 5 coming back and saw me ．“ 6 my age mates 7 this

witchcraft ．You come back with me and keep watch 8 my wife ．

Help me guard 9 body ．He will kill her and I cannot prevent it ．But he 10 killed her in vain ．He shall not eat her body ．”It was dark inside the reception hut ，and very quiet ．The women 11 kept watch over Amara ，and her co-wife still sat with her ．The man stood looking down upon her ．A man must never call his wife 12 her name and may never touch her 13 public ．The man knelt 14 his

wife ．“Child of Lain ．

”She did not 15 ．Tentatively he 16 his hand on her forehead ．Perhaps he thought she heard ， 17 he added bravely ， 18 will happen to you ，Amara 19 wife ．”He clasped her hand in 20 ．We sat on in silence waiting for Amara to die ．

1．A ．Am B ．Was C ．Will be D ．Have been

2．A ．I went B ．go C ．but D ．to go

3．A ．yet B ．moreover C ．even D ．soon

4．A ．obliged B ．constrained C ．coerced D ．forced

5．A ．is B ．was C ．will be D ．had been

6．A ．Grant B ．Let C ．Pardon D ．Forgive 考博家园

7．A ．take

care for B ．take care of C ．care of D ．care for 8．A ．around B ．with C ．by D ．for

9．A ．my B ．your C ．his D ．her

10．A ．is B ．was C ．will have D ．would have

11．A ．even B ．ever C ．still D ．while

12．A ．for B ．with C ．around D ．by

13．A ．around the B ．in C ．when D ．while

14．A ．along B ．beside C ．besides D ．thinking

15．A ．budge B ．mix C ．stir D ．bestir

16．A ．laid B ．lain C ．had lain D ．sat

17．A ．for B ．when C ．listening D ．quietly

18．A ．Nothing B ．Something C ．Anything D ．Everything

19．A ．my B ．your C ．his D ．her

20．A ．his B ．hers C ．theirs D ．ours

Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (30％)

Directions ：Read each passage and answer all the questions that follow the passage ．On your

Answer Sheet ，circle the letter that best answers the question ．

Passage 1

The sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex ．On the more intangible side ，there was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries ；there was an understandable tendency to seek an external scapegoat for internal disorders only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most important ，there was a virile tradition of ethnocentricism ，vented long before against Indian Buddhism ，which ，since the seventeenth century ，focused on Western Christianity ．Accordingly ，even before the missionary movement really got under way in the mid-nineteenth century ，it was already at a disadvantage ．After 1860，as missionary activity in the hinterland expanded ，it quickly became apparent that in addition to the intangibles ，numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded ．

In part ，the very presence of the missionary evoked attack ．They were ，after all ，the first foreigners to leave the treaty ports and venture into the interior ，and for a long time they were virtually the only foreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches of the Chinese empire ．For many of the indigenous population ，therefore ，the missionary stood as a uniquely visible symbol against which opposition to foreign intrusion could be vented ．

In part ，too ，the missionary was attacked because the manner in which he made his presence felt after 1860 seemed almost calculated to offend ．By indignantly waging battle against the notion that China was the sole fountainhead of civilization and ，more particularly ，by his assault on many facets of Chinese culture per se ，the missionary directly undermined the cultural hegemony of the gentry class ．Also ，in countless ways ，he posed a threat to the gentry's traditional monopoly of social leadership ．Missionaries ，particularly Catholics ，frequently assumed the garb of the Confucian literati ．They were the only persons at the local level ，aside from the gentry ，who were permitted to communicate with the authorities as social equals ．Amid they enjoyed an extraterritorial status in the interior that gave them greater immunity to Chinese law than had ever been possessed by the gentry ．

Although it was the avowed policy of the Chinese government after 1860 that the new 考博家园

treaties were to be strictly adhered to ，in practice implementation depended on the wholehearted accord of provincial authorities ．There is abundant evidence that cooperation was dilatory ．At the root of this lay the interactive nature of ruler and ruled ．

In a severely understaffed bureaucracy that ruled as much by suasion as by might ，the official ，almost always a stranger in the locality of his service ，depended on the active cooperation of the local gentry class ．Energetic attempts to implement treaty provisions concerning missionary activities ，in direct defiance of gentry sentiment ，ran the risk of alienating this class and destroying future effectiveness ．

1．In a vague way ，anti-Christian feeling stemmed from________．

A ．the mere presence of invaders

B ．a generalized unfocused feeling

C ．the introduction to the West

D ．none of the above

2．The author would agree that________．

A ．many problems in China came from internal disorders due to Western influence

B ．many problems in China came from China itself and were unrelated to the West

C scapegoats perform a necessary function and there should be more of them

D ．all of the above are true

3．With which of the following statements would the author agree?

A ．Ethnocentricism is a manly tradition ．

B ．The disdain toward Christianity was prefigured by a disdain toward Buddhism ．

C ．Although Christianity was not well received in China ，Buddhism was ．

D ．The author would agree with A and C

4．Missionaries________．

A ．often dressed the same way as Chinese scholars did

B ．were free of the legal constraints that bound the local indigenous population

C ．had greater access to authority than Chinese peasants

D ．may be described by all of the above

5．By which of the following statements may the dichotomy between government policy and its implementation be described?

A ．There's many a slip twixt the cup and the lip ．

B ．You can lead a horse to water but you cannot make him drink ．

C ．All that glitters is not gold ．

D ．All of the above apply in various ways to the dichotomy ．

6．Provincial authorities________．

A ．cooperated fully with the central government's policy

B ．were alive to local feelings

C ．were obliged to determine whether local sentiment tolerated implementation

D ．may be described by B and C

Passage 2

Proponents of creating large private sectors as quickly as possible in transition economies offer both political and economic arguments to support their view ．They argue that if democracy is to become a viable political system in the countries undergoing transition ，the state's monopoly 考博家园

over the bases of political power must be broken so that the countervailing sources of political influence may emerge (Berger ，1991)．Otherwise ，the nomenklatura ，managers of state-owned firms and former bureaucrats ，may sabotage or block economic reforms ，as well as loot ，dissipate or transfer to their own possession the assets of the firms they manage ．By creating property owners ，privatization can create an ascent middle class that has a stake in the creation and maintenance of an effective system of property rights and the pursuit of economic policies that would enable the private sector to flourish ．

The most compelling economic reason for privatizing state-owned enterprises in the transition economies is that as units of production—as distinct from providers of secure employment—they were a failure ．Private ownership is thus seen as the means of unlocking gains in productivity by stimulating productive efficiency ，offering greater motivation for both managers and workers ，and creating incentives to enter new markets and exit declining ones ．Privatization ，it is argued ，will unleash dynamic small businesses ，act as a lure for foreign direct investment and speed the painful process of restructuring industry ，and it would accomplish all this while returning property to its rightful historical owners and raising funds for the government ．

Despite this enticing list of promises ，many countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union remain reluctant to privatize ．Some of the opposition is ideological ．Some comes from insiders at state-owned enterprises ，both workers and managers ，who fear the loss of income and power ．More broadly ，there are fears that privatization will reduce employment as private owners dismiss redundant workers and that the new private sector will be unlikely to provide the social benefits—like housing ，health and nursery care ，and recreation ，sports and vacation facilities—that state-owned enterprises often provided ．At the extreme ，there are fears that if privatization exacerbates unemployment and causes declines in production ，reformist governments will be swept away ．

Practical difficulties have compounded this resistance to privatization ．The valuations of firms is difficult because capital markets barely exist ，accounting statements can be almost meaningless ，and profits and sales achieved in the communist era are a poor guide to future viability ．Households in these countries do not have sufficient sayings to purchase many of the largest firms ，and ，even if they did have the money ，they view former stateowned enterprises as dubious investments ．With a rudimentary banking system ，loans for the purchase of state property are seen as both risky and inflationary ．In this muddled situation ，suspicions naturally arise that buyers are benefiting from low prices at the expense of the state ．

7．The argument about democracy is________．

A ．a political argument

B ．an economic argument

C ．an argument based upon demonstrable proof

D ．an argument favored by all economists

8．The information contained between brackets refers to________．

A ．something unknown

B ．an American Supreme Court Justice's legal decision

C ．someone who does not in fact believe the arguments

D ．an author who deals with the topic being discussed

9．Which of the following statements is true? 考博

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A ．“Nomenklatura” is underlined because its meaning cannot be determined by the text ．

B ．“Nomenklatura” is different from managers and bureaucrats ．

C ．“Nomenklatura” is a foreign term whose meaning in English is managers and bureaucrats ．

D ．The origin of the word “nomenklatura” is well-known ．

10．The author would necessarily agree________．

A ．with the political arguments

B ．that state-owned enterprises were successful in providing secure employment

C ．that state-owned enterprises were successful as units of production

D ．that none of the above is true

11．In paragraph 3，the ultimate fear is that of________．

A ．the enterprise managers

B ．the workers

C ．the average citizen

D ．the government itself

12．The practical difficulties may be explained by________．

A ．theoretical arguments

B ．the state of the economic systems

C ．fears of privatization

D ．all of the above

Passage3

One traditional justification for greater judicial deference to agencies ，on legal questions in the U. S. administrative regime is she expertise argument ：This justification comports with traditional understandings about the respective roles of the different branches of government and agencies' place in modern government ．Agencies ，in this view ，are the technical experts that put into operation the policy judgments made by legislators ．Indeed ，technical expertise is the raison d'etre of agencies ；by focusing on a particular regulatory field ，or sector of the economy ，agencies can do what Congress lacks the time and other institutional resources to do ．Chevron v ．National Resources ，which presented the question whether the statutory term “stationary source” referred to an entire pollution—emitting plant or ，rather ，to every single smokestack within such a plant ，supplies an apt example of when an agency's special technical expertise can aid statutory interpretation ．According to the expertise argument ，agencies are deemed to understand even the legal ramifications of the problems agencies are created to work on ．Admittedly ，the dichotomy between legal and factual questions may at times be difficult to maintain ，but that observation argues asmuchin favor of as it does against Chevron deference ．

Agency expertise ，however ，is not the only common justification ，sometimes the doctrine is justified also on democratic grounds ．According to the argument from democracy ，it is agencies ，not courts ，that are answerable to both the executive and the legislative representatives of the citizenry ．Because judges are not elected ，while presidents and legislators are ，and because agencies but not judges are accountable to the President and to Congress ，judicial deference to agency decisions enhances the political legitimacy of the administrative regime ．

Finally ，Chevron may be justified also in the name of administrative efficiency or coordination ．Before Chevron ，different federal courts in different jurisdictions could interpret the same statutory provision differently ．Multiple interpretations by different federal courts would mean that the statute “said” different things in those different jurisdictions ．Such confusion could be eliminated by appellate review ，but agencies faced uncertainty pending review ，and the possibility of different interpretations across different appellate circuits remained ．Because multiple agencies do not typically interpret the same statutory language ，however ，Chevron 考博家园

deference allows the agency charged with administering a statute to interpret that statute ．One agency ，rather than many federal courts ，now resolves ambiguities in the statute that the agency in question is charged to administer ．Such interpretive streamlining not only reduces uncertainty but also promotes regulatory coordination ．Once an agency has settled on a reasonable interpretation ，it can act on the basis of that interpretation nationally ．

13．The expertise argument assumes that________．

A ．an agency has experts but that Congress does not

B ．Congress is more interested in policy than in implementation

C ．modern agencies are more responsible than agencies were in the past

D ．all of the above are true

14．Chevron is underlined________．

A ．because it is the name of a company

B ．because it is one party to a law case

C ．because it is the title of a book

D ．because it is the title of a scholarly article

15．A “stationary source”________．

A ．refers to where one goes to buy writing paper

B ．may mean either a plant or a smokestack ，but not both

C ．is in this instance a legal term whose meaning is being questioned

D ．refers to something not covered by the above

16．We may assume that________．

A ．different lower federal courts may have different opinions about a law

B ．the decision of a lower federal court is not necessarily the final decision

C ．both of the above are true

D ．none of the above is true

17．The difference between an appellate circuit court and a given agency is________．

A ．that the latter is local whereas the former is national

B ．that a variety of appellate courts may review a given law in contradistinction to a given agency and its jurisdiction

C ．that albeit the former specializes in a given area ，the latter has a range of expertise across many different areas

D ．that the first is state—based while the latter is nationally—based

18．Throughout this passage ，“Chevron deference” refers to________．

A ．favoring Chevron

B ．favoring National Resources

C ．favoring the agency involved

D ．favoring none of the above

Passage 4

The main feature of a convention—a pattern of behavior that is customary ，expected ，and selg-enforced—is that ，out of a host of conceivable choices ，only one is actually used ．This fact also explains why conventions are needed ：they resolve problems of indeterminacy in interactions that have multiple equilibria ．Indeed ，from a formal point of view ，we may define a convention as an equilibrium that everyone expects in interactions that have more than one equilibrium ． 考博家园

The

economic significance of conventions is that they reduce transaction costs ．Imagine the inconvenience if ，whenever two vehicles approached one another ，the drivers had to get out and negotiate which side of the road to take ．Or consider the cost of having to switch freight from one type of railroad to another whenever a journey involves both a wide-gauge and a narrow-gauge railroad line ．This was a common circumstance in the nineteenth century and not unknown in the late twentieth ：until recently ，Australia had different rail gauges in the states of South Wales and Victoria ，forcing a mechanical switch for all trains bound between Sydney and Melbourne ． Conventions are also a notable feature of legal contracts ．People rely on standard leases ，wills ，purchasing agreements ，construction contracts and the like ，because it is less costly to fill in the blanks of a standard contract than to create one from scratch ．Even more important ，such agreements are backed up by legal precedent ，so the signatories have even greater confidence that ，their terms are enforceable ．

We may discern two ways in which conventions become established ．One is by central authority ．Following the French Revolution ，for example ，it was decreed that horse-drawn carriages in Paris should keep to the right ．The previous custom had been for carriages to keep left and for pedestrians to keep right ，facing the oncoming traffic ．Changing the custom was symbolic of the new order ：going on the left had become politically incorrect because it was identified with the privileged classes ：going on the right was the habit of the common many and therefore more “democratic”．

In Britain ，by contrast there seems to have been no single defining event that gave rise to the dominant convention of left-handed driving ．Rather ，it grew up by local custom ，spreading from one region to another ．This is the second mechanism by which conventions become established ：the gradual accretion of precedent ．The two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive ，of course ．Society often converges on a convention first by an informal process of accretion ：later it is codified into law to regulate exceptions ．In many countries ，rules of the road were not legislated until the nineteenth century ，but by this time the law was merely reiterating what had already become established custom ．

The surprising fact is that until the end of the eighteenth century ，the dominant convention was for horse-drawn carriages to keep to the left ．This situation obtained in Great Britain ，France ，Sweden ，Portugal ，Austria ，Hungary ，Bohemia and parts of Italy ．A chain of historical accidents—Napoleon adopting the new convention for his armies and imposing this convention in occupied countries ；Portugal sharing a common border with occupied Spain ；Austria ，Hungary and Bohemian Czechoslovakia falling under German rule ；Italy having elected a “modern” leader under a king—gradually tipped the balance ．

19．In the first sentence ，the word “convention” is underlined________．

A ．for personal reasons regarding style

B ．to stress the importance of the word

C ．because the author will define it

D ．for none of the above reasons

20．A synonym for “equilibria” is________．

A ．choices

B ．conventions

C ．problems

D ．interactions

21．We may assume that the cost in time of passenger traffic in Australia as a whole________．

A ．is great 考博

家园

B ．is greater than in other countries with uniform gauges

C ．is the same as the cost in other countries with multiple gauges

D ．was greater between South Wales and Victoria than within South Wales and Victoria

22．Traffic customs in pre-revolutionary France were________．

A ．undemocratic

B ．based on past traditions

C not cost effective

D ．none of the above

23．A convention is codified into law________．

A ．because not all follow the convention

B ．to keep legislators busy

C ．to reduce transportation costs

D ．for all of the above reasons

24．We may assume that________．

A ．Italy's king codified the new regulations

B ．Germany took its traffic customs from Austria ，Hungary and Bohemian Czechoslovakia

C ．Napoleon conquered Portugal

D ．Napoleon conquered Spain

Passage 5

The study of literary influence among women writers has frequently adopted a model of sororal or matrilineal sharing in an often explicitly stated contrast to Harold Bloom's wel-established theory of the “anxiety of influence” besetting male writers ．In Bloom's powerfully influential vision ，that anxiety is posed as a kind of Freudian agon of sons against fathers ，a struggle of self-definition through resistance and mastery ．Feminist critics have generally agreed with the Bloomian model as applied to male authors but have demurred with respect to women writers ，whom we have tended to see in familial terms ．The model of a separate women's tradition in literature ，its inner coherence maintained by resistance to male dominance ，that was posited in the 1970s by Ellen Moers ，Elaine Showaher ，and Sandra M ．Gilbert and Susan Gubar has been widely accepted ．As Betsy Erkkila points out ，these groundbreaking feminist critics may not have significantly challenged the Bloomian model as applied to women writers and women precursors ，but they did at any rate establish their resistance to the masculine literary establishment and the masculine model of rivalry ．Their successors and elaborators have argued forcefully that a women's tradition is constituted of a supportive community whose members welcome the all-too-rare voices of foremothers calling to them across the ages ．Even the literary foremothers nearer at hand ，according to this prevailing vision ，have served as models for emulation rather than hegemonic powers to be challenged ．Erkkila ，for example ，asks pointedly ，“How useful is the Bloomian model when the poet attempts to define herself not in relation to her poetic fathers but in relation to her poetic mothers ．”Her answer (later modified because of greater complexity) is not very ．A metaphor of motherhood and daughterhood has ，in the words of Linda R ．Williams's recent revisionist theory ，“profoundly affected our reading of women's literary history ．”Citing Alice Walker's argument about “nebulous forms of knowing” in In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens ，Luce Irigary's concept of connectedness (“One doesn't stir without the other”) and Helene Cixous's version of the authentic woman writer's writing in the “white ink” of her mother's milk in “The Laugh of the Medusa”，Williams calls for an interpretation of literary connectedness not as a revision of the Freudian and Bloomian system—which Erkkila ，by retaining the familial 考博家园

language ，has in a sense retained—but as a way “outside of an oedipal dynamic” altogether ． The revisionist views of Williams and Erkkila are useful corrections of the prevailing mode of feminist theories that “romanticize ，maternalize ，essentialize ，and eternalize women writers and the relationships among them ．”Neither ，however ，asks if women writers may not sometimes exhibit ，rather than either revise or escape ，the Bloomian model of literary rivalry ．It is a prospect ，perhaps ，that we would prefer not to entertain ．But it is a prospect that ，while clearly not typical ，may be less atypical than feminist critics may have supposed in our at times too idealizing and essentializing theories ．

An instance of such a female adoption (and adaptation) of the Bloomian model of male writers' anxiety is Katherine Anne Porter's anxious and artfully duplicitous essay on a literary elder sister ，“Reflections on Willa Cather ．”Operating in the loosely narrative fashion that characterized not only Porter's nonfiction but her very mode of thought ，the essay purports to pay retrospective tribute to one of the preeminent women writers of the early and mid-twentieth century ，but in fact asserts Porter's own stature in the world of letters ．In the story of her essay ，the protagonist is not Cather ，as one would expect from the title ，but Porter herself ．The essay is cast in a pervasive first-person mode in which the observing or commenting “I” becomes the active principle and its putative topic a passive reflector ，a mirror reflecting Katherine Anne Porter ．

25．The best title for this passage is________．

A ．Freud and Bloom ：Father and Son

B ．Erkkila and Williams ：Mother and Daughter

C ．Fathers and Sons ：The Limits of Literary Theory

D ．Mothers and Daughters ：The Limits of Literary Theory

26．Feminist critics would agree________．

A ．that “anxiety of influence” applies to Freudian writers

B ．that “anxiety of influence” applies to female writers

C ．that “anxiety of influence” applies to male writers but not to female writers

D ．to none of the above

27．The words “we” and “our” in this passage________．

A ．are intended to include the reader in the statements

B ．indicate that the author is a woman

C ．are a literary form used instead of “I”

D ．refer to something other than the above

28．Ellen Moers ，Elaine Showalter ，Sandra M ．Gilbert and Susan Gubar ，Betsy Erkkila ，Linda R ．Williams ，Alice Walker ，Luce Irigary ，and Helene Cixous are________．

A ．in agreement about women writers

B ．challengers of the Bloomian model as it applies to male writers

C ．female critics

D ．all of the above

29．The heart of the disagreement over literary influence as discussed in this passage lies in________．

A ．the question of whether male writers are different from female writers

B ．the belief that women are supportive whereas men are combative 考博

家园

C ．the assertion that women are family—oriented whereas men are not

D ．all of the above

30．With regard to the statement about romanticizing ，maternalizing ，essentializing ，and eternalizing women writers and the relationships among them ，the author's attitude would be to________．

A ．agree ．

B ．disagree

C ．be neutral

D ．be indifferent

Part Ⅴ Translation (30％)

Section A

Directions ：Write your student ID number on the composition book you have been given ，and in it

translate into good Chinese only those sentences below that are numbered and underlined ．

1．Major breakthroughs were made in the reform aimed at establishing a socialist market economy ；a framework for the new macro-control system was erected preliminarily and the fundamental role of the market in the allocation of resources was notably bolstered ．During the past five years ，in accordance with the reform objectives defined by the 14th National Congress of the CPC ，the government took strides in promoting reform of the finance ，taxation ，banking ，foreign exchange ，planning ，pricing and investment and fundraising systems ．New financial and taxation systems have been established and are functioning smoothly ．The financial resources of both the central government and local governments have increased considerably ．2．Non-commercial banking has been preliminarily separated from commercial banking ，and the central bank is playing an increasingly important role in financial control ，supervision and management ．3．A single exchange rate for the RMB was successfully introduced ；the exchange rate of the RMB remained stable ；and the RMB was made convertible under current accounts ．As planning regulations which were carried out mainly in the form of guidance plans constantly improved ，and as the control over prices further relaxed ，prices of an overwhelming majority of consumer goods and means of production are now being set by the market ．As a result ，the market is playing an increasingly evident role in augmenting supply ，regulating demand and enriching people's lives ．4．In the reform of investment and fund—raising ，we introduced a system whereby a legal person is held responsible for projects ，a capital system and public bidding system ．Safeguards against investment risks were gradually strengthened and enterprises had more channels through which to raise funds ．The reform of state—owned enterprises has been intensified and is progressing steadily through conscientious experimentation ．5．The direction objectives ，guiding policies and priorities of the reform have been defined ．We have explored many means and have accumulated valuable experience in tackling difficult points ．

Section B

Directions ：In the composition book you have been given ，translate into good English the

sentences below ．

1．成功的谎言是加倍的谎言，必须纠正的谬误是比真理更重的负担，只有不屈的“诚实”才能达到体面的岩基。

2．特别是，科学技术把人从长期束缚它们的桎梏中解放出来。但不幸的是，它们也增加并完善了损害人的个性和正直的工具，同时又限制了人的基本自由和个人权利。

3．当敬老养老蔚然成风时，各个年龄层的人都会有一种安全感，有一天每个人都会变老。考博家园

如果人们确信老年时生活一定幸福安乐，就会全力以赴地投入工作。

4．当今，我们所处的世界正在发生迅速变化。不仅政治体制在发生迅速巨变，而且在我们星球上的各族人民的生活方式，也在发生巨变。

5．发展危机，特别是反映在发展中国家外债问题中的危机，是全球性经济不平衡的令人震惊的表现。危机要求我们寻求创造性的解决办法。

中国社会科学院研究生院1999博士研究生入学考试英语试题 参考答案

Part

V ocabulary Ⅰ 1．C 2．A 3．C 4．B 5．B 6．C 7．D 8．A 9．C 10．A 11．D 12．D

13．A 14．C 15．A 16．D 17．D 18．D 19．B 20．B 21．D 22．D 23．D

24．B 25．A 26．A 27．B 28．C 29．D 30．B

Part Grammer Ⅱ

1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B 5．C 6．D 7．B 8．B 9．B 10．B 11．B 12．B

13．B 14．C 15．C 16．B 17．B 18．A 19．C 20．B 21．D 22．C 23．C 24．C

25．A 26．B 27．C 28．B 29．B 30．D

Part Cloze Ⅲ

1．B 2．D 3．A 4．D 5．B 6．B 7．B 8．C 9．D 10．C 11．C 12．D

13．B 14．B 15．C 16．A 17．A 18．A 19．A 20．A

Part Reading Comprehension Ⅳ

1．A 2．B 3．B 4．D 5．D 6．D 7．A 8．D 9．C 10．B 11．D 12．B

13．D 14．B 15．C 16．C 17．B 18．C 19．C 20．A 21．D 22．B 23．A 24．D

25．D 26．C 27．B 28．D 29．D 30．B

Part Translation Ⅴ

Section A

1．以建立社会主义市场经济体制为目标的改革取得重大突破，新的宏观调控体系框架初步建立，市场在资源配置中的基础性作用显著增强。

2．政策性金融和商业性金融初步分开，中央银行的调控和监管职能开始增强。

3．人民币汇率顺利并轨，汇价保持稳定，实现了在经常项目下的可兑换。

4．在投融资领域进行了改革，推行项目法人责任制，资本金制度和指标制度。

5．改革的方向、目标、方针和重点已经明确，我们对解决难点问题进行了多方面的探索，积累了可贵的经验。

Section B

1．A successful lie is doubly a lie ；an error which has to be corrected is a heavier burden than truth ；only uncompromising “honesty” can reach the bedrock of decency which you should always expect to find ，even under deep layers of evil ．

2．In particular ，scientific and technological advances have provided new means of freeing man from the shackles in which he has been held ．Unfortunately ，they have also increased and perfected the means of compromising his personality and his integrity while at the same time restricting his fundamental freedoms and individual rights ． 考博

家园

3．When respecting and providing for the elderly becomes common practice，people of all generations will have a sense of security．For everyone get old some day，and when people feel perfectly secure of a happy and comfortable life in old age，they will devote themselves whole heartedly to work．

4．The world in which we live today is being swept by far—reaching changes．It is undergoing swift and drastic transformations not only in its political institutions but also in the ways of life of the various peoples inhabiting our planet．

5．The crisis in development，especially as reflected in the external debt situation of developing countries，is an alarming symptom of the disequilibrium in the global economy．It calls for imaginative solutions．

考博

家

园

15中科院考博英语部真题

词汇（无） 完型（网络上找到的原文，试题没有这么长，压缩了。划线部分为虫友考后忆起的待选空及答案） In the last post, we discussed why fabrication and falsification are harmful to scientific knowledge-building. The short version is that if you’re trying to build a body of reliable knowledge about the world, making stuff up (rather than, say, making careful observations of that world and reporting those observations accurately) tends not to get you closer to that goal. Along with fabrication and falsification, plagiarism is widely recognized as a high crime against the project of science, but the explanations for why it’s harmful generally make it look like a different kind of crime than fabrication and falsification. For example, Donald E. Buzzelli (1999) writes: [P]lagiarism is an instance of robbing a scientific worker of the credit for his or her work, not a matter of corrupting the record. (p. 278) Kenneth D, Pimple (2002) writes: One ideal of science, identified by Robert Merton as ―disinterestedness,‖ holds that what matters is the finding, not who makes the finding. Under this norm, scientists do not judge each other’s work by reference to the race, religion, gender, prestige, or any other incidental characteristic of the researcher; the work is judged by the work, not the worker. No harm would be done to the Theory of Relativity if we discovered Einstein had plagiarized it… [P]lagiarism … is an offense against the community of scientists, rather than against science itself. Who makes a particular finding will not matter to science in one hundred years, but today it matters deeply to the community of scientists. Plagiarism is a way of stealing credit, of gaining credit where credit is not due, and credit, typically in the form of authorship, is the coin of the realm in science. An offense against scientists qua scientists is an offense against science, and in its way plagiarism is as deep an offense against scientists as falsification and fabrication are offenses against science. (p. 196) Pimple is claiming that plagiarism is not an offense that undermines(zqc2849) the knowledge-building project of science per se. Rather, the crime is in depriving other scientists of the reward they are due for participating in this knowledge-building project. In other words, Pimple says that plagiarism is problematic not because it is dishonest, but rather because it is unfair. While I think Pimple is right to identify an additional component of responsible conduct of science besides honesty, namely, a certain kind of fairness to one’s fellow scientists, I also think this analysis of plagiarism misses an important way(whj19890715) in which misrepresenting the source of words, ideas, methods, or results can undermine the knowledge-building project of science. On the surface, plagiarism, while potentially nasty to the person whose report is being stolen, might seem not to undermine the scientific community’s evaluation(zqc2849) of the phenomena. We are still, after all, bringing together and comparing a number of different observation reports to determine the stable features of our experience of the phenomenon. But this comparison often involves a dialogue as well. As part of the

2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案【十篇】

2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案【十篇】 仰望天空时，什么都比你高，你会自卑;俯视大地时，什么都比你低，你会自负;只有放宽视野，把天空和大地尽收眼底，才能在苍穹泛土之间找到你真正的位置。无须自卑，不要自负，坚持自信。以下我无忧考网为考生整理的《2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案第二部分【十篇】》供您查阅。 2018考博英语翻译练习：泡腊八蒜 考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英，各博士招生院校大多都有此题型，考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整理了一些考博英语翻译练习，供大家平日复习。 泡腊八蒜是中国北方，尤其是华北地区的一个习俗。顾名思义，就是在阴历腊月初八的这天来泡制大蒜。其实材料非常简单，就是醋和大蒜瓣儿。做法也是极其简单，将剥了皮的蒜瓣儿放到一个可以密封的罐子、瓶子之类的容器里面，然后倒入醋，封上口放到一个冷的地方。慢慢地，泡在醋中的蒜就会变绿，最后会变得通体碧绿的，如同翡翠碧玉。老北京人家，一到腊月初八，过年的气氛一天赛过一天，

华北大部分地区在腊月初八这天有用醋泡蒜的习俗。 译文参考： Laba garlic bulbs in the north,particularly in North China,a custom. As the name suggests,at the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar day the Chinese people are apt to cook garlic.In fact,the materials is very easy, that is,vinegar and garlic petal.Approach is extremely simple too,the rinded garlic cloves can be sealed into a jar,flasks and the favor inside the container,then pour vinegar,sealed port into a cold location. Slowly, the garlic drenched in vinegar ambition turn green,and finally transform entire body green as emerald jade.Old Beijing human,1 to the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar month,one day outdo the air of Chinese New Year day in most parts of north China this day be serviceable in the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month vinegar and garlic bulbs custom. 解析： 大蒜：garlic

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2017年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解 PART Ⅰ Cloze (20 points) Directions: Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank. During the mid–1980s, my family and I spent a (1)_____ year in the historic town of St. Andrews, Scotland. Comparing life there with life in America, we were impressed by a (2)_____ disconnection between national wealth and well-being. To most Americans, Scottish life would have seemed (3)_____. Incomes were about half that in the U.S. Among families in the Kingdom of Fife surrounding St. Andrews, 44 percent did not own a car, and we never met a family that owned two. Central heating in this place (4)_____ south of Iceland was, at that time, still a luxury. In hundreds of conversations during our year there and during three half summer stays since, we (5)_____ notice that, (6)_____ their simpler living, the Scots appeared (7)_____ joyful than Americans. We heard complaints about Margaret Thatcher, but never about being underpaid or unable to afford wants. Within any country, such as our own, are rich people happier? In poor countries, being relatively well off does make (8)_____ somewhat better well off. But in affluent countries, where nearly everyone can afford life’s necessities, increasing affluence matters (9)_____ little. In the U.S., Canada, and Europe, the correlation between income and happiness is, as University of Michigan researcher noted in a 1980s 16–nation study, “virtually (10)_____”. Happiness is lower (11)_____ the very poor. But

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