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混凝土配合比试验研究

confused. Flag of the CPC Ce ntral Committee and the Committee's requirement s into De partment's re que st, to a holistic a nd concerte d efforts, subject t o the overall situation. Se cond, ca dres a nd strive to play an exemplary r ole of party members a nd cadres of hardw orking a nd clean, empha sizes l ead, shift, led. Lea d is to a dhere to set a n example, to lea d by example, deal with t he relationship bet wee n indivi duals and partie s, real lead r ole shift is in order to strengt hen the sense of responsi bility, creating a fighting for ce; lea d is to a dhere t o strict requirements, strict manageme nt and strict supe rvision. T hree catch ba sis and strive to e nha nce t he combat effectivene ss of the party organizati on. T o a ccordi ng to Constituti on on grass-roots party of re quirement s, to impleme ntation g ood basi c system, for members for, regardle ss of party positi ons has more high, a dministrative terms ha more big, any w hen ar e to has Organizati on conce pt, active participate i n organi zation activities, consciously acce pt party of supervisi on; to do base d sex work , management g ood mem bers, service good mem bers, grass -roots party to using

members organization re ceive d turne d, and members t hought reported, a nd party of Confere nce a nd due s pay, opportunities, master members of ba sic sit uation, care members life. Four to focus and work har d to resolve. Comrades, t he above is w hat I give you g uida nce i n the new Constit ution. Hope every Member of the party to pa ss the t utor, dee pen our under standi ng of the Constitution in t he party's g uidi ng ide ology adva nci ng with t he times, consci ously li nk their own t hinki ng and practi ce, after careful st udy, read and carefully understa nd, thi nk, relate, a pply w hat they have le arne d. Not only r uns t hroug h the mass line of the party Constit ution t o learn t he new e ducational pra ctice all t he time, but also to harvest as a g ood starting point to lear n, study and work to do better in the fut ure, and strive to cre ate a new sit uation for school educati on contri bute their hank you very much. ----T he Constit ution Party rules a ddre ss the series really i s a qua lified party members earlier this yea r, all party members to the Central "serie s of party rules, and addre ss of the party Constituti on, be qualified party members" learn e ducation i s an important decisi on. XI Jinpi ng, Secretary Ge neral chaire d a Polit buro meeti ng in Febr uary, were dev oted to e ducational programmes a nd made a n important speech rece ntly personally approved spe cific pr ogrammes, many importa nt instructions. On A pril 6, 13t h, 15t h, the Central and aut onomous regional party Committee, the muni cipal party Committee hel d educati onal sym posi um, and related matters For specific deployment, w e hel d on March 4, Hongshan district party w orking Confere nce al so propose d to carry out thi s activity. All together t his forum today, main pur pose is to st udy a nd impleme nt in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on "two" important instr ucti ons for lear ning e ducation, studying a nd impleme nting the Central a nd utonomous region Party Committee and munici pal party Committee "two" spiritual education Symposium,

arrangements for distri ct-wi de lear ning e ducation. The foll owing, I would like t o stress four poi nts, mainly talk a bout "learning" and "doi ng" issue, and strive to make pe opl e really figure out w hy, w hat to lear n and how they lear n, what to do, how to do it, eve ntually rea che d little succe ss, is a lso le ading a lesson in party le cture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Bra nch Secretary or a n ordi nary party membe r, to impl ement certai n boundarie s education "give a Party lect ure" requireme nt, practi ce speaking, speak much f anfare, innovation way, dow n to Earth, e nsuring e ducati onal success. First, you know pay spe cial attenti on to e ducation a nd o resol utely overcome sl uggish t hinki ng, and boredom "two" study and educati on, possi bly quite a few comrades, saying "educati on every year, almost every year" fool fool , I feel that with this in mind who may be many. If carr ying this idea in mind, what doe s that tell, how the politi cal consciousness i s not strong a nd not see t he pulse of the situati on, no, the "Rip van Winkle", l ost or confused i n the e nd do not know what's g oing on. To realize "two a" lear ning

practice a ctivities a nd e ducation i s the e ducation of the party's mass line, "thre e-t hree" spe cial educati on wa s another important pra ctice i n impleme nting the re quireme nts of strictly a dministeri ng the part y. Comrade XI Jinpi ng pointed out: "the deployment of ' doing ' educati on, i s to pr omote the inner -party educati on from ' critical few ' their expansion into t he vast num ber of party members, extendi ng from the concentrated e ducation to regular e ducation. "After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle part y, strictly a dministeri ng the part y, and has carried out the party's mass li ne education pra ctice a nd" three -thre e "spe cial educati on, but focus on the l eadi ng cadre s abov e the county level. The "two" study a nd e ducation, is carrie d o ut in the w hol e party and all the party members. T his is im plemented strictly admi nistering the party, an important measur e to

毕业综合训练

(实习形式用)

课题名称 论混凝土配合比试验研究

学 院 土木工程

专 业 建筑工程技术

班 级 10建技4班

姓 名 柏成兵 学号 1

指导老师 李和志

江西科技学院

一、引言

配合比设计是实现预拌混凝土性能的一个重要过程,也是保证预拌混凝土质量的重要环节。施工配合比是以实验配合比为基础而确定的,普通混凝土的实验室配合比设计是确定了相应混凝土的施工配制强度后,按照《普通混凝土配合比设计规程》的方法和要求进行设计确定。

混凝土配合设计要满足强度结构设计的等级要求,施工的和易性,耐久性和经济性。

混凝土随着材料科学的不断发展,其用途也越来越广泛,已到了跨行业、跨学科、互相渗透的非常广泛的领域。混凝土只所以在土木工程中得到广泛的应用,是因为它的材料来源比较广泛,有较高的强度和耐久性等许多独特的技术性能。1混凝土配合比简介混凝土是由水泥、细骨料砂子、粗骨料石子及水等构成,混凝土中各种材料之间的比例关系称为混凝土的配合比。混凝土配合比是决定混凝土强度的一项重要技术指标,需要具体的设计试配等工作才能确定合适的混凝土配合比应用到工程当中去。

(一)混凝土配合比简介

1混凝土配合比设计依据

(1).混凝土的配合比,应以质量比计,并应通过设计和试配选定。试配时应使用施工实际采用的材料,配制的混凝土拌和物应满足和易性、凝结速度等施工技术条件,制成的混凝土应符合强度、耐久性(抗冻、抗渗、抗侵蚀)等质量要求。普通混凝土的配合比,可参照现行《普通混凝土配合比设计规程》(JGJ/T55),通过试配定。混凝土的试配强度,应根据设计强度等级,考虑施工条件的差异和变化以及材料质量可能的波动。对于有特殊要求的混凝土的配合比设计(包括抗渗混凝土、抗冻混凝土、高强混凝土、泵送混凝土、大体积混凝土),亦可参照上述规程经过试配确定。在施工过程中,应及时积累资料,为合理调整凝土配合比提供依据。配制混凝土时,应根据结构情况和施工条件确定混凝土拌和物的坍落度,浇筑时的坍落度可按表1.1.1选用。

表1.1.1混凝土浇筑入模时的坍落度

结构类别坍落度(一)(振动器振动)

小型预制块及便于浇筑振动的结构0~20

桥涵基础、墩台等无筋或少筋的结构10~30

普通配筋率的钢筋混凝土结构30~50

配筋较密、断面较小的钢筋混凝土结构50~70

配筋极密、断面高而窄的钢筋混凝土结

70~90

注:①水下混凝土、泵送混凝土的坍落度,另见本规范有关章节的规定;

confused. Flag of the CPC Ce ntral Committee and the Committee's requirement s into De partment's re que st, to a holistic a nd concerte d efforts, subject t o the overall situation. Se cond, ca dres a nd strive to play an exemplary r ole of party members a nd cadres of hardw orking a nd clean, empha sizes l ead, sh ift, led. Lea d is to a dhere to set a n example, to lea d by example, deal with t he relationship betwee n indivi duals and partie s, real lead r ole shift is in order to strengt hen the sense of responsi bility, creating a fighting for ce; lea d is to a dhere t o strict requirements, strict manageme nt and strict supe rvision. T hree catch ba sis and strive to e nha nce t he combat effectivene ss of t he party organizati on. T o a ccordi ng to Constituti on on grass-roots party of re quirement s, to impleme ntation g ood basi c system, for members for, regardle ss of party positi ons has more high, a dministrative terms ha more big, any w hen ar e to has Organizati on conce pt, active participate i n organi zation activities, consciously acce pt party of supervisi on; to do base d sex work , management g ood mem bers, service good mem bers, grass -roots party to using

members organization re ceive d turne d, and members t hought reported, a nd party of Confere nce a nd due s pay, opportunities, master members of ba sic sit uation, care members life. Four to focus and work har d to resolve. Comrades, t he above is w hat I give you g uida nce i n the new Constit ution. Hope every Member of the party to pa ss the t utor, dee pen our under standi ng of the Constitution in t he party's g uidi ng ide ology adva nci ng with t he times, consci ously li nk their own t hinki ng and practi ce, after careful st udy, read and carefully understa nd, thi nk, relate, a pply w hat they have le arne d. Not only r uns t hroug h the mass line of the party Constit ution t o learn t he new e ducational pra ctice all t he time, but also to harvest as a g ood starting point to lear n, study and work to do better in the fut ure, and strive to cre ate a new sit uation for school educati on contri bute their hank you very much. ----T he Constit ution Party rules a ddre ss the series really i s a qua lified party members earlier this yea r, all party members to the Central "serie s of party rules, an d addre ss of the party Constituti on, be qualified party members" learn e ducation i s an important decisi on. XI Jinpi ng, Secret ary Ge neral chaire d a Polit buro meeti ng in Febr uary, were dev oted to e ducational programmes a nd made a n important speech rece ntly personally approved spe cific pr ogrammes, many importa nt instructions. On A pril 6, 13t h, 15t h, the Central and aut onomous regional party Committee, the muni cipal party Committee hel d educati onal sym posi um, and related matters For specific deployment, w e hel d on March 4, Hongshan district party w orking Confere nce al so propose d to carry out thi s activity. All together t his forum to day, main pur pose is to st udy a nd impleme nt in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on "two" important instr ucti ons for lear ning e ducation, studying a nd impleme nting the Central a nd a utonomous region Party Committee and munici pal party Committee "two" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for distri ct-wi de lear ning e ducation. The foll owing, I would like t o stress four poi nts, mainly talk a bout "learning" and "doi ng" issue, and strive to make pe opl e really figure out w hy, w hat to lear n and how they lear n, what to do, how to do it, eve ntually rea che d little succe ss, is a lso le ading a lesson in party le cture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Bra nch Secretary or a n ordi nary party membe r, to impl ement certai n boundarie s education "give a Party lect ure" requireme nt, practi ce speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, dow n to Earth, e nsuring e ducati onal success. First, you know, pay spe cial attenti on to e ducation a nd t o resol utely overcome sl uggish t hinki ng, and boredom "two" study and educati on, possi bly quite a few comrades, saying "educati on every year, almost every year" fool fool , I feel that with this in mind who m ay be many. If carr ying this idea in mind, what doe s that tell, how the politi cal consciousness i s not strong a nd not see t he pulse of the situati on, no, the "Rip van Winkle", l ost or confused i n the e nd do not know what's g oing on. To realize "two a" lear ning

practice a ctivities a nd e ducation i s the e ducation of the party's mass line, "thre e-t hree" spe cial educati on wa s another important pra ctice i n impleme nting the re quireme nts of strictly a dministeri ng the part y. Comrade XI Jinpi ng pointed out: "the deployment of ' doing ' educati on, i s to pr omote the inner -party educati on from ' critical few ' their expansion into t he vast num ber of party members, extendi ng from the concentrated e ducation to regular e ducation. "After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle part y, strictly a dministeri ng the part y, and has carried out the party's mass li ne education pra ctice a nd" three -thre e "spe cial educati on, but focus on the l eadi ng cadre s abov e the county level. The "two" study a nd e ducation, is carrie d out in the w hol e party and all the party members. T his is im plemented strictly admi nistering the party, an important measur e to 2

②用人工捣实时,坍落度宜增加20~30m 。当工程需要获得较大的坍落度时,可在不改变混凝土的

水灰比,不影响混凝土的质量的情况下,适当掺加外加剂。

混凝土的最大水灰比和最小水泥用量应符合表1.1.2的规定。

表1.1.2混凝土的最大水灰比和最小水泥用量 混凝土结构所处的环

无筋混凝土 钢筋混凝土 最大水灰比 最小水泥用量 (kg/m3) 最大水灰比 最小水泥用量 (kg/m3) 温暖地区或寒冷地

区,无侵蚀物质影响,

与土直接接触

0.60 250 0.55 275 严寒地区或使用除冰

盐的桥涵

055 275 0.50 300 受侵蚀性物质影响 0.45 300 0.40 325

注:① 本表中的水灰比,系指水与水泥(包括外掺混合材料)用量的比值。

②本表中的最小水泥用量,包括外掺混合材料。当采用人工捣实混凝土时,水泥用量应增加25kg/m 3。

当掺用外加剂且能有效地改善混凝土的和易性时,水泥用量可减少25kg/m 3。

③严寒地区系指冷月份平均气温≤-10℃且日平均温度在≤5℃的天数≥145d 的地区。

④混凝土的大水泥用量(包括代替部分水泥的混合材料)不宜超过500kg /m 3,大体积混凝土不宜超

过350kg /m 3。

⑤在混凝土中掺人外加剂时,除应符合1.2.5条的规定外,还应符合下列规定:

在钢筋混凝土中不得掺用氯化钙、氯化钠等氯盐。位于温暖或严寒地区、无侵蚀性物质影响及与土

直接接触的钢筋混凝土构件,混凝土中的氯离子含量不宜超过水泥用量的0.30%;位于严寒和海水区

域、受侵蚀环境和使用除冰盐的桥涵,氯离子含量不宜超过水泥用量的0.5%。从各种组成材料引入的

氯离子含量(折合氯盐含量)如大于上述数值时,应采取有效的防锈措施(如掺入阻锈剂、增加保护层厚

度、提高混凝土密实性等)。当采用洁净水和无氯骨料时,氯离子含量可主要以外加剂或混合材料的氯

离子含量控制。无筋混凝土的氯化钙或氯化钠掺量,以干质量计,不得超过水泥用量的3%。掺人加气

剂的混凝土的含气量宜为3.5%~5.5%。对由外加剂带人混凝土的碱含量应进行控制。每立方米混凝

土的总含碱量,对—般桥涵不宜大于3.0kg /m 3,对特殊大桥、大桥和重要桥梁不宜大于1.8kg /m 3;当

处于受严重侵蚀的环境,不得使用有碱活性反应的骨料。粉煤灰、火山灰及粒化高炉矿渣等混合材料作

为水泥代替材料或混凝土拌和物的填充材料掺于硅酸盐水泥、普通水泥或其他水泥配制的混凝土拌和物

中时,其掺量应通过试验确定,用于代替部分水泥时的掺量不应大于现行国家标准《矿渣硅酸盐水泥、火山灰质硅酸盐水泥及粉煤灰 硅酸盐水泥》(GBl344)的规定。

⑥泵送昆凝土的配合比宜符合下列规定:

通过0.315mm 筛孔的砂不应少于15%,砂率宜控制在40%~50%。小水泥用量280~300kg /m 3

(输

送管径100~150mm)。混凝土拌和物的坍落度宜为80~180mm 。宜掺用适量的外加剂或混合材料。

⑦通过设计和试配确定配合比后,填写试配报告单,提交施工监理或有关方面批准。混凝土配合比

使用过程中,应根据混凝土质量的动态信息,及时进行调整、报批

2 选用合适的材料

(1)水泥

水泥是决定混凝土成本的主要材料,同时又起到粘结、填充等重要作用,所以水泥的选用格外重要。水泥的选用主要是考虑到水泥的品种和强度等级。水泥的品种繁多。选择水泥应根据工程的特点和所处的环境气候条件等因素进行分析,并考虑当地水泥的供应情况作出选择。其中以硅酸盐系列水泥生产量最大、应用最为广泛。

①选用水泥时,应注意其特性对混凝土结构强度、耐久性和使用条件是否有不利影响。

②选用水泥时,应以能使所配制的混凝土强度达到要求、收缩小、和易性好和节约水泥为原则。

③水泥应符合现行国家标准,并附有制造厂的水泥品质试验报告等合格证明文件。水泥进场后,应按其品种、强度、证明文件以及出厂时间等情况分批进行检查验收。对所用水泥应进行复查试验。为快速鉴定水泥的现有强度,也可用促凝压蒸法进行复验。

④袋装水泥在运输和储存时应防止受潮,堆垛高度不宜超过10袋。不同强度等级、品种和出厂日期的水泥应分别堆放。

⑤散装水泥的储存,应尽可能采用水泥罐或散装水泥仓库。

⑥水泥如受潮或存放时间超过3个月,应重新取样检验,并按其复验结果使用。(2)粗骨料

粗骨料是指粒径大于4.755mm的岩石颗粒。人工破碎而形成的石子成为碎石。天然形成的石子称为卵石。施工中一般采用碎石,粒径5~25mm,含泥量不大于1时选用粒径较大、级配良好的石子配制的混凝土,和易性较好,抗压强度较高,同时可以减少用水量及水泥用量,从而使水泥水化热减少,降低混凝土温。桥涵混凝土的粗骨料,应采用坚硬的卵石或碎石,应按产地、类别、加工方法和规格等不同情况,分批进行检验,机械集中生产时,每批不宜超过400m3;人工分散生产时,每批不宜超过200m3。粗骨料的试验可按现行《公路工程集料试验规程》(JTJ058)执行。混凝土用的粗骨料,其最大粒径不得超过构件截面最小尺寸的1/4,且不得超过钢筋最小净间距的3/4。对混凝土的实心板,粗料的最大粒径不宜超过板厚的1/3,且不得超过40mm。

粗骨料的颗粒级配,可采用连续级配或连续级配与单粒级配合使用。在特殊情况下,通过试验证明混凝土无离析现象时,也可采用单粒级。

粗骨料大粒径应按混凝土结构情况及施工方法选取,但最大粒径不得超过结构最小边尺寸的1/4和钢筋最小净距的3/4;在两层或多层密布钢筋结构中,不得超过钢筋最小净距的1/2,同时最大粒径不得超过100mm。用混凝土泵运送混凝土时的粗骨料最大粒径,

confused. Flag of the CPC Ce ntral Committee and the Committee's requirement s into De partment's re que st, to a holistic a nd concerte d efforts, subject t o the overall situation. Se cond, ca dres a nd strive to play an exemplary r ole of party members a nd cadres of hardw orking a nd clean, empha sizes l ead, sh ift, led. Lea d is to a dhere to set a n example, to lea d by example, deal with t he relationship betwee n indivi duals and partie s, real lead r ole shift is in order to strengt hen the sense of responsi bility, creating a fighting for ce; lea d is to a dhere t o strict requirements, strict manageme nt and strict supe rvision. T hree catch ba sis and strive to e nha nce t he combat effectivene ss of t he party organizati on. T o a ccordi ng to Constituti on on grass-roots party of re quirement s, to impleme ntation g ood basi c system, for members for, regardle ss of party positi ons has more high, a dministrative terms ha more big, any w hen ar e to has Organizati on conce pt, active participate i n organi zation activities, consciously acce pt party of supervisi on; to do base d sex work , management g ood mem bers, service good mem bers, grass -roots party to using

members organization re ceive d turne d, and members t hought reported, a nd party of Confere nce a nd due s pay, opportunities, master members of ba sic sit uation, care members life. Four to focus and work har d to resolve. Comrades, t he above is w hat I give you g uida nce i n the new Constit ution. Hope every Member of the party to pa ss the t utor, dee pen our under standi ng of the Constitution in t he party's g uidi ng ide ology adva nci ng with t he times, consci ously li nk their own t hinki ng and practi ce, after careful st udy, read and carefully understa nd, thi nk, relate, a pply w hat they have le arne d. Not only r uns t hroug h the mass line of the party Constit ution t o learn t he new e ducational pra ctice all t he time, but also to harvest as a g ood starting point to lear n, study and work to do better in the fut ure, and strive to cre ate a new sit uation for school educati on contri bute their hank you very much. ----T he Constit ution Party rules a ddre ss the series really i s a qua lified party members earlier this yea r, all party members to the Central "serie s of party rules, an d addre ss of the party Constituti on, be qualified party members" learn e ducation i s an important decisi on. XI Jinpi ng, Secret ary Ge neral chaire d a Polit buro meeti ng in Febr uary, were dev oted to e ducational programmes a nd made a n important speech rece ntly personally approved spe cific pr ogrammes, many importa nt instructions. On A pril 6, 13t h, 15t h, the Central and aut onomous regional party Committee, the muni cipal party Committee hel d educati onal sym posi um, and related matters For specific deployment, w e hel d on March 4, Hongshan district party w orking Confere nce al so propose d to carry out thi s activity. All together t his forum to day, main pur pose is to st udy a nd impleme nt in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on "two" important instr ucti ons for lear ning e ducation, studying a nd impleme nting the Central a nd a utonomous region Party Committee and munici pal party Committee "two" spiritual education Symposium,

arrangements for distri ct-wi de lear ning e ducation. The foll owing, I would like t o stress four poi nts, mainly talk a bout "learning" and "doi ng" issue, and strive to make pe opl e really figure out w hy, w hat to lear n and how they lear n, what to do, how to do it, eve ntually rea che d little succe ss, is a lso le ading a lesson in party le cture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Bra nch Secretary or a n ordi nary party membe r, to impl ement certai n boundarie s education "give a Party lect ure" requireme nt, practi ce speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, dow n to Earth, e nsuring e ducati onal success. First, you know, pay spe cial attenti on to e ducation a nd t o resol utely overcome sl uggish t hinki ng, and boredom "two" study and educati on, possi bly quite a few comrades, saying "educati on every year, almost every year" fool fool , I feel that with this in mind who m ay be many. If carr ying this idea in mind, what doe s that tell, how the politi cal consciousness i s not strong a nd not see t he pulse of the situati on, no, the "Rip van Winkle", l ost or confused i n the e nd do not know what's g oing on. To realize "two a" lear ning

practice a ctivities a nd e ducation i s the e ducation of the party's mass line, "thre e-t hree" spe cial educati on wa s another important pra ctice i n impleme nting the re quireme nts of strictly a dministeri ng the part y. Comrade XI Jinpi ng pointed out: "the deployment of ' doing ' educati on, i s to pr omote the inner -party educati on from ' critical few ' their expansion into t he vast num ber of party members, extendi ng from the concentrated e ducation to regular e ducation. "After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle part y, strictly a dministeri ng the part y, and has carried out the party's mass li ne education pra ctice a nd" three -thre e "spe cial educati on, but focus on the l eadi ng cadre s abov e the county level. The "two" study a nd e ducation, is carrie d out in the w hol e party and all the party members. T his is im plemented strictly admi nistering the party, an important measur e to 4

除应符合规定外,对碎石不宜超过输送管径的1/3;对于卵石不宜超过输送管径的1/2.5,同时应符合混凝土泵制造厂的规定。粗骨料的技术要求及有害物质含量的规定见表

1.2.2-3及表1.2.2-4

表1.2.2-3粗集料的技术要求 项目

混凝土强度等级

C55~C40

≤C35 ≥C30 <C30 石料压碎指标(%)

针片状颗粒含量(%)

≤12 — ≤16 — — ≤15 — ≤25 含泥量(按质量计)(%)

— — ≤1.0 ≤2.0 泥块含量(按质量计)(%)

— — ≤0.5 ≤0.7 小于2.5m 的颗粒含量(按

质量计)(%) ≤5 ≤5 ≤5 ≤5

注:①混凝土强度等级为60C 及以上时应进行岩石抗压强度检验,其他情况下,如有必要时也可进

行岩石的抗压强度检验。岩石的抗压强度与混凝土强度等级之比对于大于或等于30C 的混凝土,不应小

于2,其他不应小于1.5,且火成岩强度不宜低于80MPa ,变质岩不宜低于60MPa ,水成岩不宜低于30MPa 。岩石的抗压强度试验可按现行《公路工程石料试验规程》(JTJ054)执行。

②混凝土强度在 C10及以下时,针片状颗粒最含量可为40%。

表1.2.2-4碎石或卵石中的有害物质含量

项目

品质指标 硫化物及硫酸盐折算SO (按质量计)不大

于(%) Ⅰ

卵石中有机物含量(用比色法试验) 颜色不应深于标准色,如深于标准色,则应

配制混凝土进行强度试验,抗压强度应不低

于95%

注:如含有颗粒硫酸盐或硫化物,则要进行混凝土耐久性试验,确认能满足要求时方能用。

混凝土结构物处于表1.2.2-5所列条件下时,应对碎石或卵石进行坚固性试验,试验结果应符合表

内的规定。

表1.2.2-5碎石或卵石的坚固性试验

混凝土所处环境条件

在溶液中循环次数 试验后质量损失不大于(%) 寒冷地区,经常处于干湿交替状

5 5 严寒地区,经常处于干湿交替状

5 3 混凝土处于干燥条件,但粗集料

风化或软弱颗粒过多时

5 12 混凝土处于干燥条件,但有抗疲

劳、耐磨、抗冲击要求高或强度

大于40C

5 5 注:有抗冻、抗渗要求的混凝土用硫酸钠法进行坚固性试验不合格时,可再进行直接冻融试验。

施工前应对所用的碎石或卵石进行碱活性检验,在条件许可时尽量避免采用有碱活性反应的骨料,或采取必要的措施。具体试验方法可参照现行《公路工程集料试验规程》(JTJ058)进行。骨料在生产、采集、运输与储存过程中,严禁混入影响混凝土性能的有害物质。骨料应按品种规格分别堆放,不得混杂。在装卸及存储时,应采取措施,使骨料颗粒级配均匀,并保持洁净。1.2.2-5拌和用水拌制混凝土用的水,应符合下列要求:

①水中不应含有影响水泥正常凝结与硬化的有害杂质或油脂、糖类及游离酸类等。计超过水的质量

0.27mg/cm3水不得使用。

②不得用海水拌制混凝土。

③供饮用的水,一般能满足上述条件,使用时可不经试验。

(3)细骨料

细骨料是指粒径小于4.75mm的岩石颗粒,通常称为砂。施工中一般采用中砂,山砂(45%)+人工砂(55%),平均粒径大于0.5mm,含泥量不大于5,选用平均粒径较大的中、粗砂拌制的混凝土比采用细砂拌制的混凝土可减少用水量10%左右,同时相应减少水泥用量,使水泥水化热减少,降低混凝土温升,并可减少混凝土收缩。桥涵混凝土的细骨料,应采用级配良好、质地坚硬、颗粒洁净、粒径小于5mm的河砂,河砂不易得到时,也可用山砂或用硬质岩石加工的机制砂。细骨料不宜采用海砂,不得不采用海砂时,其氯离子的含量对于钢筋混凝土应符合规定。细骨料的试验可按现行《公路工程集料试验规程》(JTJ058)执行。

砂的筛分应符合下列规定:

砂的分类见表1.2.3-1。

表1.2.3-1砂的分类

砂组粗砂中砂细纱

细度模量 3.7~3.1 3.0~2.3 2.2~1.6 注:细度模数主要反映全部颗粒的粗细程度,不完全反映颗粒的级配情况,混凝土配制时应同时考虑砂的细度模数和级配情况。

砂的级配应符合表1.2.3-2中任何一个级配区所规定的级配范围。

表1.2.3-2砂的分区及级配范围

标准筛筛孔尺寸(mm)

级配区标准筛

筛孔尺

寸(mm)

级配区

Ⅰ区Ⅱ区Ⅲ区Ⅰ区Ⅱ区Ⅲ区累计筛率(%)累计筛率(%)

10.00 0 0 0 0.63 85~74 70~41 40~16

5.00 10~0 10~0 10~0 0.315 95~80 92~70 85~55

2.50 35~5 25~0 15~0 0.16 100~90 100~90 100~90

1.25 65~35 50~10 25~0

①表中除5mm、0.63mm、0.16mm筛孔外,其余各筛孔累计筛余允许超出分界线,但其总量不得大于5%。

confused. Flag of the CPC Ce ntral Committee and the Committee's requirement s into De partment's re que st, to a holistic a nd concerte d efforts, subject t o the overall situation. Se cond, ca dres a nd strive to play an exemplary r ole of party members a nd cadres of hardw orking a nd clean, empha sizes l ead, sh ift, led. Lea d is to a dhere to set a n example, to lea d by example, deal with t he relationship betwee n indivi duals and partie s, real lead r ole shift is in order to strengt hen the sense of responsi bility, creating a fighting for ce; lea d is to a dhere t o strict requirements, strict manageme nt and strict supe rvision. T hree catch ba sis and strive to e nha nce t he combat effectivene ss of t he party organizati on. T o a ccordi ng to Constituti on on grass-roots party of re quirement s, to impleme ntation g ood basi c system, for members for, regardle ss of party positi ons has more high, a dministrative terms ha more big, any w hen ar e to has Organizati on conce pt, active participate i n organi zation activities, consciously acce pt party of supervisi on; to do base d sex work , management g ood mem bers, service good mem bers, grass -roots party to using

members organization re ceive d turne d, and members t hought reported, a nd party of Confere nce a nd due s pay, opportunities, master members of ba sic sit uation, care members life. Four to focus and work har d to resolve. Comrades, t he above is w hat I give you g uida nce i n the new Constit ution. Hope every Member of the party to pa ss the t utor, dee pen our under standi ng of the Constitution in t he party's g uidi ng ide ology adva nci ng with t he times, consci ously li nk their own t hinki ng and practi ce, after careful st udy, read and carefully understa nd, thi nk, relate, a pply w hat they have le arne d. Not only r uns t hroug h the mass line of the party Constit ution t o learn t he new e ducational pra ctice all t he time, but also to harvest as a g ood starting point to lear n, study and work to do better in the fut ure, and strive to cre ate a new sit uation for school educati on contri bute their hank you very much. ----T he Constit ution Party rules a ddre ss the series really i s a qua lified party members earlier this yea r, all party members to the Central "serie s of party rules, an d addre ss of the party Constituti on, be qualified party members" learn e ducation i s an important decisi on. XI Jinpi ng, Secret ary Ge neral chaire d a Polit buro meeti ng in Febr uary, were dev oted to e ducational programmes a nd made a n important speech rece ntly personally approved spe cific pr ogrammes, many importa nt instructions. On A pril 6, 13t h, 15t h, the Central and aut onomous regional party Committee, the muni cipal party Committee hel d educati onal sym posi um, and related matters For specific deployment, w e hel d on March 4, Hongshan district party w orking Confere nce al so propose d to carry out thi s activity. All together t his forum to day, main pur pose is to st udy a nd impleme nt in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on "two" important instr ucti ons for lear ning e ducation, studying a nd impleme nting the Central a nd a utonomous region Party Committee and munici pal party Committee "two" spiritual education Symposium,

arrangements for distri ct-wi de lear ning e ducation. The foll owing, I would like t o stress four poi nts, mainly talk a bout "learning" and "doi ng" issue, and strive to make pe opl e really figure out w hy, w hat to lear n and how they lear n, what to do, how to do it, eve ntually rea che d little succe ss, is a lso le ading a lesson in party le cture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Bra nch Secretary or a n ordi nary party membe r, to impl ement certai n boundarie s education "give a Party lect ure" requireme nt, practi ce speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, dow n to Earth, e nsuring e ducati onal success. First, you know, pay spe cial attenti on to e ducation a nd t o resol utely overcome sl uggish t hinki ng, and boredom "two" study and educati on, possi bly quite a few comrades, saying "educati on every year, almost every year" fool fool , I feel that with this in mind who m ay be many. If carr ying this idea in mind, what doe s that tell, how the politi cal consciousness i s not strong a nd not see t he pulse of the situati on, no, the "Rip van Winkle", l ost or confused i n the e nd do not know what's g oing on. To realize "two a" lear ning

practice a ctivities a nd e ducation i s the e ducation of the party's mass line, "thre e-t hree" spe cial educati on wa s another important pra ctice i n impleme nting the re quireme nts of strictly a dministeri ng the part y. Comrade XI Jinpi ng pointed out: "the deployment of ' doing ' educati on, i s to pr omote the inner -party educati on from ' critical few ' their expansion into t he vast num ber of party members, extendi ng from the concentrated e ducation to regular e ducation. "After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle part y, strictly a dministeri ng the part y, and has carried out the party's mass li ne education pra ctice a nd" three -thre e "spe cial educati on, but focus on the l eadi ng cadre s abov e the county level. The "two" study a nd e ducation, is carrie d out in the w hol e party and all the party members. T his is im plemented strictly admi nistering the party, an important measur e to 6

②I 区砂宜提高砂率以配低流动性混凝土;Ⅱ区砂宜优先选用以配不同等级的混凝土;Ⅲ区砂宜适

当降低砂率以保证混凝土的强度。

③对于高强泵送混凝土用砂宜选用中砂,细度模数为2.9~2.6。2.5mm 筛孔的累计筛余量不得大

于15%,0.315mm 筛孔的累计筛余量宜在85%~92%范围内。

当对河砂、海砂或机制砂的坚固性有怀疑时,应用硫酸钠进行坚固性试验,试验时循环5次,砂的

总质量损失应符合表1.2.3-3的规定。

砂中杂质的含量应通过试验测定,其最含量不宜超过表1.2.3-4的规定。

表1.2.3-3砂的坚固性指标 混凝土所处的环境条件

循环后的质量损失 在寒冷地区室外使用、并经常处于潮湿或干燥交替状态下的混凝

≤8 在其他条件下使用的混凝土 ≤12

注:①寒冷地区系指最冷月份的月平均温度为 0~-10℃且日平均温度≤5℃的天数不超过145d

的地区;

②对同一产源的砂,在类似的气候条件下使用已有可靠经验时,可不做坚固性检验;

③对于有抗疲劳、耐磨、抗冲击要求的混凝土用砂,或有腐蚀介质作用或经常处于水位变化区的地

下结 构混凝土用砂,其循环后的质量损失率应小于8%。

表1.2.3-4砂中杂质的最大含量 项目

≥30C 的混凝土 <30C 的混凝土 含砂量(%)

≤3 ≤5 其中泥块含量(%)

≤1.0 ≤2.0

云母含量(%)

<2 轻物质含量(%)

<1 硫化物及硫酸盐折算为Sq (%)

<1 有机质含量(用比色法试验) 颜色不应该深于标准色,如深于水泥砂浆进行抗压强

度对比试验,加以复核 注:①对有抗冻、抗渗或其他特殊要求的混凝土用砂,总含泥量应不大于3%,其中泥块含量应不

大于1.0%,云母含量不应超过1%;

②对有机质含量进行复核时,用原状砂配制的水泥砂浆抗压强度不低于用洗除有机质的砂所配制的

砂浆的95%时为合格;

③砂中如含有颗粒状的硫酸盐或硫化物,则要进行混凝土耐久性试验,满足要求时方能使用;

④杂质含量均按质量计。

(4)粉煤灰

由于混凝土的浇筑方式为泵送,为了改善混凝土的和易性便于泵送,考虑掺加适量的粉煤灰。按照规范要求,采用矿渣硅酸盐水泥拌制大体积粉煤灰混凝土时,其粉煤灰取代水泥的最大限量为25%。粉煤灰对水化热、改善混凝土和易性有利,但掺加粉煤灰的混凝土早期极限抗拉值均有所降低,对混凝土抗渗抗裂不利,因此粉煤灰的掺量控制在10以内,采用外掺法,即不减少配合比中的水泥用量。按配合比要求计算出每立方米混凝土所掺加粉煤灰量。

(5)混凝土外加剂

混凝土外加剂可分为四类:改善混凝土拌合物流变性的外加剂。如减水剂、引气剂;调节混凝土凝结时间、硬化性能的外加剂。如缓凝剂;改善混凝土耐久性的外加剂。如引气剂;改善混凝土其它性能的外加剂,如膨胀剂。

①、外加剂应根据外加剂的特点,结合使用目的,通过技术、经济比较来确定外加剂的使用品种。如果使用一种以上的外加剂,必须经过配比设计,并按要求加入到混凝土拌和物中。在外加剂的品种确定后,掺量应根据使用要求、施工条件、混凝土原材料的变化进行调整。

②、所采用的外加剂,必须是经过有关部门检验并附有检验合格证明的产品,其质量应符合现行《混凝土外加剂》(GB8076)的规定,使用前应复验其效果,使用时应符合产品说明及本规范关于混凝土配合比、拌制、浇筑等各项规定以及外加剂标准中的有关规定。有关混凝土外加剂现场复试检测项目及标准见附录F-2。不同品种的外加剂应分别存储,做好标记,在运输与存储时不得混入杂物和遭受污染。

3、配合比设计的基本要求

(1).要满足混凝土结构设计及施工要求的强度等级和混凝土配制强度。

(2).要使混凝土拌合物具有足够的坍落度、良好的和易性、可塑性、不易产生离析现象。

(3).要满足工程使用环境及气候条件所要求的抗渗、抗冻、耐腐蚀等耐久性。

4、配合比设计前的准备工作

(1).掌握设计图纸对混凝土结构的全部要求,重点是各种强度和耐久性要求及结构件截面的大小、钢筋布置的疏密,以考虑采用水泥品种及石子粒径的大小等参数。

(2).了解是否有特殊性能要求,便于决定所用水泥的品种和粗骨料粒径的大。

(3).了解施工工艺,如输送、浇筑的措施,使用机械化的程度,主要是对工作性和凝

confused. Flag of the CPC Ce ntral Committee and the Committee's requirement s into De partment's re que st, to a holistic a nd concerte d efforts, subject t o the overall situation. Se cond, ca dres a nd strive to play an exemplary r ole of party members a nd cadres of hardw orking a nd clean, empha sizes l ead, sh ift, led. Lea d is to a dhere to set a n example, to lea d by example, deal with t he relationship betwee n indivi duals and partie s, real lead r ole shift is in order to strengt hen the sense of responsi bility, creating a fighting for ce; lea d is to a dhere t o strict requirements, strict manageme nt and strict supe rvision. T hree catch ba sis and strive to e nha nce t he combat effectivene ss of t he party organizati on. T o a ccordi ng to Constituti on on grass-roots party of re quirement s, to impleme ntation g ood basi c system, for members for, regardle ss of party positi ons has more high, a dministrative terms ha more big, any w hen ar e to has Organizati on conce pt, active participate i n organi zation activities, consciously acce pt party of supervisi on; to do base d sex work , management g ood mem bers, service good mem bers, grass -roots party to using

members organization re ceive d turne d, and members t hought reported, a nd party of Confere nce a nd due s pay, opportunities, master members of ba sic sit uation, care members life. Four to focus and work har d to resolve. Comrades, t he above is w hat I give you g uida nce i n the new Constit ution. Hope every Member of the party to pa ss the t utor, dee pen our under standi ng of the Constitution in t he party's g uidi ng ide ology adva nci ng with t he times, consci ously li nk their own t hinki ng and practi ce, after careful st udy, read and carefully understa nd, thi nk, relate, a pply w hat they have le arne d. Not only r uns t hroug h the mass line of the party Constit ution t o learn t he new e ducational pra ctice all t he time, but also to harvest as a g ood starting point to lear n, study and work to do better in the fut ure, and strive to cre ate a new sit uation for school educati on contri bute their hank you very much. ----T he Constit ution Party rules a ddre ss the series really i s a qua lified party members earlier this yea r, all party members to the Central "serie s of party rules, an d addre ss of the party Constituti on, be qualified party members" learn e ducation i s an important decisi on. XI Jinpi ng, Secret ary Ge neral chaire d a Polit buro meeti ng in Febr uary, were dev oted to e ducational programmes a nd made a n important speech rece ntly personally approved spe cific pr ogrammes, many importa nt instructions. On A pril 6, 13t h, 15t h, the Central and aut onomous regional party Committee, the muni cipal party Committee hel d educati onal sym posi um, and related matters For specific deployment, w e hel d on March 4, Hongshan district party w orking Confere nce al so propose d to carry out thi s activity. All together t his forum to day, main pur pose is to st udy a nd impleme nt in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on "two" important instr ucti ons for lear ning e ducation, studying a nd impleme nting the Central a nd a utonomous region Party Committee and munici pal party Committee "two" spiritual education Symposium,

arrangements for distri ct-wi de lear ning e ducation. The foll owing, I would like t o stress four poi nts, mainly talk a bout "learning" and "doi ng" issue, and strive to make pe opl e really figure out w hy, w hat to lear n and how they lear n, what to do, how to do it, eve ntually rea che d little succe ss, is a lso le ading a lesson in party le cture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Bra nch Secretary or a n ordi nary party membe r, to impl ement certai n boundarie s education "give a Party lect ure" requireme nt, practi ce speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, dow n to Earth, e nsuring e ducati onal success. First, you know, pay spe cial attenti on to e ducation a nd t o resol utely overcome sl uggish t hinki ng, and boredom "two" study and educati on, possi bly quite a few comrades, saying "educati on every year, almost every year" fool fool , I feel that with this in mind who m ay be many. If carr ying this idea in mind, what doe s that tell, how the politi cal consciousness i s not strong a nd not see t he pulse of the situati on, no, the "Rip van Winkle", l ost or confused i n the e nd do not know what's g oing on. To realize "two a" lear ning

practice a ctivities a nd e ducation i s the e ducation of the party's mass line, "thre e-t hree" spe cial educati on wa s another important pra ctice i n impleme nting the re quireme nts of strictly a dministeri ng the part y. Comrade XI Jinpi ng pointed out: "the deployment of ' doing ' educati on, i s to pr omote the inner -party educati on from ' critical few ' their expansion into t he vast num ber of party members, extendi ng from the concentrated e ducation to regular e ducation. "After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle part y, strictly a dministeri ng the part y, and has carried out the party's mass li ne education pra ctice a nd" three -thre e "spe cial educati on, but focus on the l eadi ng cadre s abov e the county level. The "two" study a nd e ducation, is carrie d out in the w hol e party and all the party members. T his is im plemented strictly admi nistering the party, an important measur e to 8

结时间的要求,便于选用外加剂及其掺量。

(4).了解所能采购到的材料品种、质量和供应能力。

5配合比设计的基本步骤

(1)初步计算配合比

①确定混凝土的配制强度

σ?+=645.1..k cu o cu f f

②确定水灰比 ()ce b a o cu ce a f f f C W

??+?=ααα.

③确定水泥用量 ()C W M M wo CO =

④计算砂率 ⑤确定砂石用量 101.0=+++w wo g go c co M M M ;%

100so s s ?+=go o M M M β

(2)、基本配合比

①.检验调整动作性

②.试拌材料总量

拌制混凝土配料时,各种衡器应保持准确。对骨料的含水率应经常进行检测,雨天施

工应增加测定次数,据以调整骨料和水的用量。配料数量的允许偏差(以质量计)见表

1.4.2-1。

表1.4.2-1配料数量允许偏差

材料类别 允许偏差(%)

现场拌制 预制场或集中搅拌站拌制

水泥、混合材料 ±2

±1 粗、细骨料 ±3

±2 水、外加剂

±1 ±1 放人拌和机内的第一盘混凝土材料应含有适量的水泥、砂和水,以覆盖拌和筒的内壁

而不降低拌和物所需的含浆量。每一工作班正式称量前,应对计量设备进行重点校核。计

量器具应定期检定,经大修、中修或迁移至新的地点后,也应进行检定。混凝土应使用机械搅拌,零星工程的塑性混凝土也可用人工拌和。用机械搅拌时,自全部材料装入搅拌筒至开始出料的最短搅拌时间应按设备出厂说明书的规定,并经试验确定,且不得低于表1.4.2-2的规定。

表1.4.2-2混凝土最短搅拌时间

搅拌机类别搅拌机容量(L)

混凝土坍落度(一)

<30 30~70 >70 混凝土最短搅拌时间(min)

自落式

≤400 2.0 1.5 1.0 ≤800 2.5 2.0 1.5 ≤1200 2.5 1.5

强制式

≤400 1.5 1.0 1.0 ≤1500 2.5 1.5 1.5

注:①搅拌细砂混凝土或掺有外加剂的混凝土时,搅拌时间应适当延长1~2min;

②外加剂应先调成适当浓度的溶液再掺人;

③搅拌机装料数量(装入粗骨料、细骨料、水泥等松体积的总数)不应大于搅拌机标定容量的110%;

④搅拌时间不宜过长,每一工作班至少应抽查两次;

⑤表列时间为从搅拌加水算起;

⑥当采用其他形式的搅拌设备时,搅拌的最短时间应按设备说明书的规定或经试验确定。

(3)试验室配合比

1.根据基准配合比和水灰比,配制一组混凝土试件。

2.检验混凝土拌合物的性能

3.确定水灰比,并重新计算水泥和砂石用量。

(4)施工配合比

①.测定现场砂石料的实际含水率

②.将砂石中含水量扣除,并相应的增加砂石料的称量纸。

对于在施工现场集中搅拌的混凝土,应检查混凝土拌和物的均匀性。

①混凝土拌和物应拌和均匀,颜色一致,不得有离析和泌水现象。

②混凝土拌和物均匀性的检测方法应按现行国家标准《混凝土搅拌机技术条件》(GB9142)的规定进行。

检查混凝土拌和物均匀性时,应在搅拌机的卸料过程中,从卸料流的1/4至3/4之间部位,采取试样,进行试验,其检测结果应符合下列规定:

混凝土中砂浆密度两次测值的相对误差不应大于0.8%;单位体积混凝土中粗骨料含

confused. Flag of the CPC Ce ntral Committee and the Committee's requirement s into De partment's re que st, to a holistic a nd concerte d efforts, subject t o the overall situation. Se cond, ca dres a nd strive to play an exemplary r ole of party members a nd cadres of hardw orking a nd clean, empha sizes l ead, sh ift, led. Lea d is to a dhere to set a n example, to lea d by example, deal with t he relationship betwee n indivi duals and partie s, real lead r ole shift is in order to strengt hen the sense of responsi bility, creating a fighting for ce; lea d is to a dhere t o strict requirements, strict manageme nt and strict supe rvision. T hree catch ba sis and strive to e nha nce t he combat effectivene ss of t he party organizati on. T o a ccordi ng to Constituti on on grass-roots party of re quirement s, to impleme ntation g ood basi c system, for members for, regardle ss of party positi ons has more high, a dministrative terms ha more big, any w hen ar e to has Organizati on conce pt, active participate i n organi zation activities, consciously acce pt party of supervisi on; to do base d sex work, management g ood mem bers, service good mem bers, grass-roots party to using members organization re ceive d turne d, and members t hought reported, a nd party of Confere nce a nd due s pay, opportunities, master members of ba sic sit uation, care members life. Four to focus and work har d to resolve. Comrades, t he above is w hat I give you g uida nce i n the new Constit ution. Hope every Member of the party to pa ss the t utor, dee pen our under standi ng of the Constitution in t he party's g uidi ng ide ology adva nci ng with t he times, consci ously li nk their own t hinki ng and practi ce, after careful st udy, read and carefully understa nd, thi nk, relate, a pply w hat they have le arne d. Not only r uns t hroug h the mass line of the party Constit ution t o learn t he new e ducational pra ctice all t he time, but also to harvest as a g ood starting point to lear n, study and work to do better in the fut ure, and strive to cre ate a new sit uation for school educati on contri bute their

量两次测值的相对误差不应大于5%。

混凝土搅拌完毕后,应按下列要求检测混凝土拌和物的各项性能:

混凝土拌和物的坍落度,应在搅拌地点和浇筑地点分别取样检测,每一工作班或每一单元结构物不应少于两次。评定时应以浇筑地点的测值为准。如混凝土拌和物从搅拌机出料起至浇筑入模的时间不超过15min时,其坍落度可仅在搅拌地点取样检测。根据需要还应检测混凝土拌和物的其他质量指标并应符合本章的其他规定掺用高效减水剂或速凝剂且混凝土运距较远时,可运至浇筑地点再掺人重拌。

5、生产配合比的调整及施工中的控制

(1).严格控制混凝土施工时的用水量;

(2).调整生产配合比时,应准确测量生产现场砂、石的实际含水量;

(3).砂、石材料应准确计量

6、混凝土的运输

(1).混凝土的运输能力应适应混凝土凝结速度和浇筑速度的需要,使浇筑工作不间断并使混凝土运到浇筑地点时仍保持均匀性和规定的坍落度。当混凝土拌和物运距较近时,可采用无搅拌器的运输工具运输;当运距较远时,宜采用搅拌运输车运输。运输时间不宜超过表1.6.1的规定。

表1.6.1混凝土拌和物运输时间限制

气温(℃)无搅拌设施运输(min)有搅拌设施运输(min)

20~30 30 60

10~19 45 75

5~9 60 90

注:Ⅰ当运距较远时,可用搅拌运输车运干拌料到浇筑地点后再加水搅拌;

Ⅱ掺用外加剂或采用快硬水泥拌制混凝土时,应通过试验查明所配制混凝土的凝结时间后,确定运输时间限制;

Ⅲ表列时间系指从加水搅拌至人模时间。

①用无搅拌运输工具运送混凝土时,应采用不漏浆、不吸水、有顶盖且能直接将混凝土倾人浇筑位置的盛器。

②采用泵送混凝土应符合下列规定:

混凝土的供应必须保证输送混凝土的泵能连续工作。输送管线宜直,转弯宜缓,接头应严密,如管道向下倾斜,应防止混入空气,产生阻塞。泵送前应先用适量的、与混凝土内成分相同的水泥浆润滑输

hank you very much. ----T he Constit ution Party rules a ddre ss the series really i s a qua lified party members earlier this yea r, all party members to the Central "serie s of party rules, an d addre ss of the party Constituti on, be qualified party members" learn e ducation i s an important decisi on. XI Jinpi ng, Secret ary Ge neral chaire d a Polit buro meeti ng in Febr uary, were dev oted to e ducational programmes a nd made a n important speech rece ntly personally approved spe cific pr ogrammes, many importa nt instructions. On A pril 6, 13t h, 15t h, the Central and aut onomous regional party Committee, the muni cipal party Committee hel d educati onal sym posi um, and related matters For specific deployment, w e hel d on March 4, Hongshan district party w orking Confere nce al so propose d to carry out thi s activity. All together t his forum to day, main pur pose is to st udy a nd impleme nt in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on "two" important instr ucti ons for lear ning e ducation, studying a nd impleme nting the Central a nd a utonomous region Party Committee and munici pal party Committee "two" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for distri ct-wi de lear ning e ducation. The foll owing, I would like t o stress four poi nts, mainly talk a bout "learning" and "doi ng" issue, and strive to make pe opl e really figure out w hy, w hat to lear n and how they lear n, what to do, how to do it, eve ntually rea che d little succe ss, is a lso le ading a lesson in party le cture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Bra nch Secretary or a n ordi nary party membe r, to impl ement certai n boundarie s education "give a Party lect ure" requireme nt, practi ce speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, dow n to Earth, e nsuring e ducati onal success. First, you know, pay spe cial attenti on to e ducation a nd t o resol utely overcome sl uggish t hinki ng, and boredom "two" study and educati on, possi bly quite a few comrades, saying "educati on every year, almost every year" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who m ay be many. If carr ying this idea in mind, what doe s that tell, how the politi cal consciousness i s not strong a nd not see t he pulse of the situati on, no, the "Rip van Winkle", l ost or confused i n the e nd do not know what's g oing on. To realize "two a" lear ning

practice a ctivities a nd e ducation i s the e ducation of the party's mass line, "thre e-t hree" spe cial educati on wa s another important pra ctice i n impleme nting the re quireme nts of strictly a dministeri ng the part y. Comrade XI Jinpi ng pointed out: "the deployment of ' doing ' educati on, i s to pr omote the inner-party educati on from ' critical few ' their expansion into t he vast num ber of party members, extendi ng from the concentrated e ducation to regular e ducation. "After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle part y, strictly a dministeri ng the part y, and has carried out the party's mass li ne education pra ctice a nd" three-thre e "spe cial educati on, but focus on the l eadi ng cadre s abov e the county level. The "two" study a nd e ducation, is carrie d out in the w hol e party and all the party members. T his is im plemented strictly admi nistering the party, an important measur e to10

送管内壁。混凝土出现离析现象时,应立即用压力水或其他方法冲洗管内残留的混凝土,泵送间歇时间不宜超过15min。

③在泵送过程中,受料斗内应具有足够的混凝土,以防止吸人空气产生阻塞。

④用带式运输机运送混凝土时,应符合下列规定:

传送带的倾斜度不应超过表1.6.4的规定。混凝土卸于传送带上和由传送带卸下时,应通过漏斗等设施,保持垂直下料。传送带上应设置刮刀等清理设备。传送带运转速度不应超过1.2m/s。

⑤做配合比设计时,应考虑有2%~3%的砂浆损失。

表1.6.4传送带最大倾斜角度

最大倾斜角度(°)

混凝土坍落度(mm)

向上运送向下运送

<40 18 12

40~80 15 10

⑥用搅拌运输车运输已拌成的混凝土时,途中应以2~4r/min的慢速进行搅动,混凝土的装载量约为搅拌筒几何容量的2/3。

⑦混凝土运至浇筑地点后发生离析、严重泌水或坍落度不符合要求时,应进行第二次搅拌。二次搅拌时不得任意加水,确有必要时,可同时加水和水泥以保持其原水灰比不变。如二次搅拌仍不符合要求,则不得使用。

7、混凝土的浇筑

(1)一般要求

①.浇筑混凝土前,应对支架、模板、钢筋和预埋件进行检查,并做好记录,符合设计要求后方可浇筑。模板内的杂物、积水和钢筋上的污垢应清理干净。模板如有缝隙,应填塞严密,模板内面应涂刷脱模剂。浇筑混凝土前,应检查混凝土的均匀性和坍落度。

②.自高处向模板内倾卸混凝土时,为防止混凝土离析,应符合下列规定:

从高处直接倾卸时,其自由倾落高度不宜超过2m,以不发生离析为度。当倾落高度超过2m时,应通过串筒、溜管或振动溜管等设施下落;倾落高度超过l0rn时,应设置减速装置。在串筒出料口下面,混凝土堆积高度不宜超过1m。

③.混凝土应按一定厚度、顺序和方向分层浇筑,应在下层混凝土初凝或能重塑前浇筑完成上层混凝土。上下层同时浇筑时,上层与下层前后浇筑距离应保持1.5m以上。在倾斜面上浇筑凝土时,应从低处开始逐层扩展升高,保持水平分层。混凝土分层浇筑厚度不宜超过表1.7.1-1的规定。

表1.7.1-1混凝土分层浇筑厚度

confused. Flag of the CPC Ce ntral Committee and the Committee's requirement s into De partment's re que st, to a holistic a nd concerte d efforts, subject t o the overall situation. Se cond, ca dres a nd strive to play an exemplary r ole of party members a nd cadres of hardw orking a nd clean, empha sizes l ead, sh ift, led. Lea d is to a dhere to set a n example, to lea d by example, deal with t he relationship betwee n indivi duals and partie s, real lead r ole shift is in order to strengt hen the sense of responsi bility, creating a fighting for ce; lea d is to a dhere t o strict requirements, strict manageme nt and strict supe rvision. T hree catch ba sis and strive to e nha nce t he combat effectivene ss of t he party organizati on. T o a ccordi ng to Constituti on on grass-roots party of re quirement s, to impleme ntation g ood basi c system, for members for, regardle ss of party positi ons has more high, a dministrative terms ha more big, any w hen ar e to has Organizati on conce pt, active participate i n organi zation activities, consciously acce pt party of supervisi on; to do base d sex work, management g ood mem bers, service good mem bers, grass-roots party to using members organization re ceive d turne d, and members t hought reported, a nd party of Confere nce a nd due s pay, opportunities, master members of ba sic sit uation, care members life. Four to focus and work har d to resolve. Comrades, t he above is w hat I give you g uida nce i n the new Constit ution. Hope every Member of the party to pa ss the t utor, dee pen our under standi ng of the Constitution in t he party's g uidi ng ide ology adva nci ng with t he times, consci ously li nk their own t hinki ng and practi ce, after careful st udy, read and carefully understa nd, thi nk, relate, a pply w hat they have le arne d. Not only r uns t hroug h the mass line of the party Constit ution t o learn t he new e ducational pra ctice all t he time, but also to harvest as a g ood starting point to lear n, study and work to do better in the fut ure, and strive to cre ate a new sit uation for school educati on contri bute their

捣实方法浇筑层厚度(mm)

用插入式振动器300

用附着式振动器300

无筋或配筋稀疏时250

用表面振动器

配筋较密时150

无筋或配筋稀疏时200

人工捣实

配筋较密时150

注:表列规定可根据结构物和振动器型号等情况适当调整。

④.浇筑混凝土时,除少量塑性混凝土可用人工捣实外,宜采用振动器振实。用振动器振捣时,应符合下列规定:

使用插入式振动器时,移动间距不应超过振动器作用半径的1.5倍;与侧模应保持50~l00mm的距离;插入下层混凝土50~l00mm;每一处振动完毕后应边振动边徐徐提出振动棒;应避免振动棒碰撞模板、钢筋及其他预埋件。表面振动器的移位间距,应以使振动器平板能覆盖已振实部分l00mm左右为宜。附着式振动器的布置距离,应根据构造物形状及振动器性能等情况并通过试验确定。对每一振动部位,必须振动到该部位混凝土密实为止。密实的标志是混凝土停止下沉,不再冒出气泡,表面呈现平坦、泛浆。

⑤.混凝土的浇筑应连续进行,如因故必须间断时,其间断时间应小于前层混凝土的初凝时间或能重塑的时间。混凝土的运输、浇筑及间歇的全部时间不得超过表1.7.1-2的规定。当需要超过时应预留施工缝。

表1.7.1-2混凝土的运输、浇筑及间歇的全部允许时间(min)

混凝土强度等级气温不高于25℃气温高于25℃

≤C30210 180

>C30 180 150

注:当混凝土中掺有促凝或缓凝剂时,其允许时间应根据试验结果确定。

⑥.施工缝的位置应在混凝土浇筑之前确定,宜留置在结构受剪力和弯矩较小且便于施工的部位,并应按下列要求进行处理:

应凿除处理层混凝土表面的水泥砂浆和松弱层,但凿除时,处理层混凝土须达到下列强度:用水冲洗凿毛时,须达到0.5MPa;用人工凿除时,须达到2.5MPa;用风动机凿毛时,须达到10MPa。经凿毛处理的混凝土面,应用水冲洗干净,在浇筑次层混凝土前,对垂直施工缝宜刷一层水泥净浆,对水平缝宜铺一层厚为10~20mm的1∶2的水泥砂浆。重要部位及有防震要求的混凝土结构或钢筋稀疏的钢筋混凝土结构,应在施工缝处补插锚

hank you very much. ----T he Constit ution Party rules a ddre ss the series really i s a qua lified party members earlier this yea r, all party members to the Central "serie s of party rules, an d addre ss of the party Constituti on, be qualified party members" learn e ducation i s an important decisi on. XI Jinpi ng, Secret ary Ge neral chaire d a Polit buro meeti ng in Febr uary, were dev oted to e ducational programmes a nd made a n important speech rece ntly personally approved spe cific pr ogrammes, many importa nt instructions. On A pril 6, 13t h, 15t h, the Central and aut onomous regional party Committee, the muni cipal party Committee hel d educati onal sym posi um, and related matters For specific deployment, w e hel d on March 4, Hongshan district party w orking Confere nce al so propose d to carry out thi s activity. All together t his forum to day, main pur pose is to st udy a nd impleme nt in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on "two" important instr ucti ons for lear ning e ducation, studying a nd impleme nting the Central a nd a utonomous region Party Committee and munici pal party Committee "two" spiritual education Symposium,

arrangements for distri ct-wi de lear ning e ducation. The foll owing, I would like t o stress four poi nts, mainly talk a bout "learning" and "doi ng" issue, and strive to make pe opl e really figure out w hy, w hat to lear n and how they lear n, what to do, how to do it, eve ntually rea che d little succe ss, is a lso le ading a lesson in party le cture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Bra nch Secretary or a n ordi nary party membe r, to impl ement certai n boundarie s education "give a Party lect ure" requireme nt, practi ce speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, dow n to Earth, e nsuring e ducati onal success. First, you know, pay spe cial attenti on to e ducation a nd t o resol utely overcome sl uggish t hinki ng, and boredom "two" study and educati on, possi bly quite a few comrades, saying "educati on every year, almost every year" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who m ay be many. If carr ying this idea in mind, what doe s that tell, how the politi cal consciousness i s not strong a nd not see t he pulse of the situati on, no, the "Rip van Winkle", l ost or confused i n the e nd do not know what's g oing on. To realize "two a" lear ning practice a ctivities a nd e ducation i s the e ducation of the party's mass line, "thre e-t hree" spe cial educati on wa s another important pra ctice i n impleme nting the re quireme nts of strictly a dministeri ng the part y. Comrade XI Jinpi ng pointed out: "the deployment of ' doing ' educati on, i s to pr omote the inner-party educati on from ' critical few ' their expansion into t he vast num ber of party members, extendi ng from the concentrated e ducation to regular e ducation. "After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle part y, strictly a dministeri ng the part y, and has carried out the party's mass li ne education pra ctice a nd" three-thre e "spe cial educati on, but focus on the l eadi ng cadre s abov e the county level. The "two" study a nd e ducation, is carrie d out in the w hol e party and all the party members. T his is im plemented strictly admi nistering the party, an important measur e to12

固钢筋或石榫;有抗渗要求的施工缝宜做成凹形、凸形或设置止水带。施工缝为斜面时应浇筑成或凿成台阶状。施工缝处理后,须待处理层混凝土达到一定强度后才能继续浇筑混凝土。需要达到的强度,一般最低为1.2MPa,当结构物为钢筋混凝土时,不得低于2.5MPa。

(2).在浇筑过程中或浇筑完成时,如混凝土表面泌水较多,须在不扰动已浇筑混凝土的条件下,采取措施将水排除。继续浇筑混凝土时,应查明原因,采取措施,减少泌水。(3).结构混凝土浇筑完成后,对混凝土裸露面应及时进行修整、抹平,待定浆后再抹第二遍并压光或拉毛。当裸露面面积较大或气候不良时,应加盖防护,但在开始养生前,覆盖物不得接触混凝土面。

(4).浇筑混凝土期间,应设专人检查支架、模板、钢筋和预埋件等稳固情况,当发现有松动、变形、移位时,应及时处理。

(5).浇筑混凝土时,应填写混凝土施工记录。

8墩台混凝土的浇筑

(1).对墩台基底的处理,除应符合天然地基的有关规定外,尚应符合下列规定:

①基底为非粘性土或干土时,应将其润湿。

②基面为岩石时,应加以润湿,铺一层厚20~30mm 的水泥砂浆,然后于水泥砂浆凝结前浇筑第一层混凝土。

(2).一般墩台及基础混凝土,应在整个平截面范围内水平分层进行浇筑。

(3).较大体积的混凝土墩台及其基础,在混凝土中埋放石块时应符合下列规定:

①可埋放厚度不小于150mm的石块,埋放石块的数量不宜超过混凝土结构体积的25%。

②应选用无裂纹、无夹层且未被烧过的、具有抗冻性能的石块。

③石块的抗压强度不应低于30MPa及混凝土的强度。

④石块应清洗干净,应在捣实的混凝土中埋人一半左右。

⑤石块应分布均匀,净距不小于l00mm,距结构侧面和顶面的净距不小于150mm,石块不得接触钢筋和预埋件。

⑥受拉区混凝土或当气温低于0℃时,不得埋放石块。

9.采用滑升模板浇筑墩台混凝土时,应符合下列规定:

(1)宜采用低流动度或半干硬性混凝土。

(2)浇筑应分层分段进行,各段应浇筑到距模板上口不小于10~150mm的位置为止。若为排柱式墩台,各立柱应保持进度一致。

(3)应采用插入式振动器振捣。

(4)为加速模板提升,可掺人一定数量的早强剂。

confused. Flag of the CPC Ce ntral Committee and the Committee's requirement s into De partment's re que st, to a holistic a nd concerte d efforts, subject t o the overall situation. Se cond, ca dres a nd strive to play an exemplary r ole of party members a nd cadres of hardw orking a nd clean, empha sizes l ead, sh ift, led. Lea d is to a dhere to set a n example, to lea d by example, deal with t he relationship betwee n indivi duals and partie s, real lead r ole shift is in order to strengt hen the sense of responsi bility, creating a fighting for ce; lea d is to a dhere t o strict requirements, strict manageme nt and strict supe rvision. T hree catch ba sis and strive to e nha nce t he combat effectivene ss of t he party organizati on. T o a ccordi ng to Constituti on on grass-roots party of re quirement s, to impleme ntation g ood basi c system, for members for, regardle ss of party positi ons has more high, a dministrative terms ha more big, any w hen ar e to has Organizati on conce pt, active participate i n organi zation activities, consciously acce pt party of supervisi on; to do base d sex work, management g ood mem bers, service good mem bers, grass-roots party to using members organization re ceive d turne d, and members t hought reported, a nd party of Confere nce a nd due s pay, opportunities, master members of ba sic sit uation, care members life. Four to focus and work har d to resolve. Comrades, t he above is w hat I give you g uida nce i n the new Constit ution. Hope every Member of the party to pa ss the t utor, dee pen our under standi ng of the Constitution in t he party's g uidi ng ide ology adva nci ng with t he times, consci ously li nk their own t hinki ng and practi ce, after careful st udy, read and carefully understa nd, thi nk, relate, a pply w hat they have le arne d. Not only r uns t hroug h the mass line of the party Constit ution t o learn t he new e ducational pra ctice all t he time, but also to harvest as a g ood starting point to lear n, study and work to do better in the fut ure, and strive to cre ate a new sit uation for school educati on contri bute their (5)在滑升中须防止千斤顶或油管接头在混凝土或钢筋处漏油。

(6)每一整体结构的浇筑应连续进行,若因故中途停工,应按施工缝处理。

(7)混凝土脱模时的强度宜为0.2~0.5MPa,脱模后如表面有缺陷时,应及时予以修理。

10.大体积墩台基础混凝土,当平截面过大,不能在前层混凝土初凝或能重塑前浇筑完成次层混凝土时,可分块进行浇筑。分块浇筑时应符合下列规定:

(1)分块宜合理布置,各分块平均面积不宜小于50m2。

(2)每块高度不宜超过2m。

(3)块与块间的竖向接缝面应与基础平截面短边平行,与平截面长边垂直。

(4)上下邻层混凝土间的竖向接缝,应错开位置做成企口,并按施工缝处理。

11.大体积混凝土的浇筑应在一天中气温较低时进行。应参照下述方法控制混凝土的水化热温度:

(1)用改善骨料级配、降低水灰比、掺加混和料、掺加外加剂等方法减少水泥用量。

(2)采用水化热低的大坝水泥、矿渣水泥、粉煤灰水泥或低强度水泥。

(3)减小浇筑层厚度,加快混凝土散热速度。

(4)混凝土用料要遮盖,避免日光曝晒,并用冷却水搅拌混凝土,以降低人仓温度。

(5)在混凝土内埋设冷却管通水冷却。

(6)在遇气温骤降的天气或寒冷季节浇筑混凝土后,应注意覆盖保温,加强养生。注:混凝土的浇筑温度是指混凝土振捣后,在其50~100mm深处的温度。

(二)混凝土配合比试配的调整

1、混凝土配合比试配前的调整

(1).依据企业自身的生产试验、统计数据,来提高单方混凝土的水泥用量,降低水灰比。

(2)提高砂率使用单粒级混凝土配料,由于粗集料间的空隙率较大,必须提高砂率,用较多的砂浆来填充粗集料间空隙,以保证混凝土的密实性和流动性。

(3)提高砂浆稠度。由于16~35mm单粒级石子,自重较大,容易下沉,必须提高砂浆稠度,以增加对石子的下沉阻力,防止混凝土离析、泌水。

hank you very much. ----T he Constit ution Party rules a ddre ss the series really i s a qua lified party members earlier this yea r, all party members to the Central "serie s of party rules, an d addre ss of the party Constituti on, be qualified party members" learn e ducation i s an important decisi on. XI Jinpi ng, Secret ary Ge neral chaire d a Polit buro meeti ng in Febr uary, were dev oted to e ducational programmes a nd made a n important speech rece ntly personally approved spe cific pr ogrammes, many importa nt instructions. On A pril 6, 13t h, 15t h, the Central and aut onomous regional party Committee, the muni cipal party Committee hel d educati onal sym posi um, and related matters For specific deployment, w e hel d on March 4, Hongshan district party w orking Confere nce al so propose d to carry out thi s activity. All together t his forum to day, main pur pose is to st udy a nd impleme nt in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on "two" important instr ucti ons for lear ning e ducation, studying a nd impleme nting the Central a nd a utonomous region Party Committee and munici pal party Committee "two" spiritual education Symposium,

arrangements for distri ct-wi de lear ning e ducation. The foll owing, I would like t o stress four poi nts, mainly talk a bout "learning" and "doi ng" issue, and strive to make pe opl e really figure out w hy, w hat to lear n and how they lear n, what to do, how to do it, eve ntually rea che d little succe ss, is a lso le ading a lesson in party le cture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Bra nch Secretary or a n ordi nary party membe r, to impl ement certai n boundarie s education "give a Party lect ure" requireme nt, practi ce speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, dow n to Earth, e nsuring e ducati onal success. First, you know, pay spe cial attenti on to e ducation a nd t o resol utely overcome sl uggish t hinki ng, and boredom "two" study and educati on, possi bly quite a few comrades, saying "educati on every year, almost every year" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who m ay be many. If carr ying this idea in mind, what doe s that tell, how the politi cal consciousness i s not strong a nd not see t he pulse of the situati on, no, the "Rip van Winkle", l ost or confused i n the e nd do not know what's g oing on. To realize "two a" lear ning practice a ctivities a nd e ducation i s the e ducation of the party's mass line, "thre e-t hree" spe cial educati on wa s another important pra ctice i n impleme nting the re quireme nts of strictly a dministeri ng the part y. Comrade XI Jinpi ng pointed out: "the deployment of ' doing ' educati on, i s to pr omote the inner-party educati on from ' critical few ' their expansion into t he vast num ber of party members, extendi ng from the concentrated e ducation to regular e ducation. "After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle part y, strictly a dministeri ng the part y, and has carried out the party's mass li ne education pra ctice a nd" three-thre e "spe cial educati on, but focus on the l eadi ng cadre s abov e the county level. The "two" study a nd e ducation, is carrie d out in the w hol e party and all the party members. T his is im plemented strictly admi nistering the party, an important measur e to14

(4)控制好混凝土坍落度。混凝土坍落度过大,更易离析泌水。

(5)选择合适的外加剂用量。在外加剂的用量上,必须综合平衡减水、缓凝、增稠这三项功能,最大限度满足实际工程要求,用单粒级石子配料时的外加剂用量,要首先满足混凝土工作性的要求。在满足工作性要求的前提下,考虑最大限度满足减水要求强度要求2、混凝土配合比试配后的调整

(1).通过检查试拌混凝土的坍落度和工作性,确定适宜的用水量。

(2).通过检查试拌混凝土的工作性和凝结时间,确定适宜的外加剂用量及砂率。如保水性不好,凝结时间过长的可适当减少外加剂使用量及适当提高砂率。如果拌和稠度过大,坍损较高,可适当增加外加剂用量或适当降低砂率。当然,外加剂用量的调整,必然会影响到减水效果,必须调整水灰比及用水量。

(3).以混凝土强度检验结果,确定混凝土水灰比,并以此为依据,计算各种胶凝材料用量。强度检验结果偏高,可适度提高水灰比,强度检验结果偏低,可适当降低水灰比。水灰比的调整幅度参照水灰比和强度关系曲线,并根据试配结果来确定。

(4).以实测的混凝土容重和试拌时确定的砂率为依据,分别计算粗、细集料的用量。

(三)混凝土的成型于养护

1、混凝土试块制作

(1)目的与适用范围

本方法仅限于普通混凝土在常温环境中试验时使用,轻混凝土、防水混凝土、碾压混凝土等其他特种混凝土的一般性能试验,可以参照本标准进行,但对于它们的特殊性能检验以及因为特殊性能所引起的对试验设备及方法的特殊要求,均应遵照这些混凝土的有关技术规定执行。

(2)仪具与材料

拌和机;球座;振动器;压力机或万能试验机;试模

(3)材料要求

①.拌制混凝土所使用的材料,应符合技术要求,并与施工实际用料相符,材料拌和前温度与室温相同。材料的取样应具有代表性。拌制混凝土的材料以质量计。称量的精度:集料为±1%,水、水泥及砂、石拌和物为±0.5%。测试拌和物性质时,应在拌和后5min

confused. Flag of the CPC Ce ntral Committee and the Committee's requirement s into De partment's re que st, to a holistic a nd concerte d efforts, subject t o the overall situation. Se cond, ca dres a nd strive to play an exemplary r ole of party members a nd cadres of hardw orking a nd clean, empha sizes l ead, sh ift, led. Lea d is to a dhere to set a n example, to lea d by example, deal with t he relationship betwee n indivi duals and partie s, real lead r ole shift is in order to strengt hen the sense of responsi bility, creating a fighting for ce; lea d is to a dhere t o strict requirements, strict manageme nt and strict supe rvision. T hree catch ba sis and strive to e nha nce t he combat effectivene ss of t he party organizati on. T o a ccordi ng to Constituti on on grass-roots party of re quirement s, to impleme ntation g ood basi c system, for members for, regardle ss of party positi ons has more high, a dministrative terms ha more big, any w hen ar e to has Organizati on conce pt, active participate i n organi zation activities, consciously acce pt party of supervisi on; to do base d sex work, management g ood mem bers, service good mem bers, grass-roots party to using members organization re ceive d turne d, and members t hought reported, a nd party of Confere nce a nd due s pay, opportunities, master members of ba sic sit uation, care members life. Four to focus and work har d to resolve. Comrades, t he above is w hat I give you g uida nce i n the new Constit ution. Hope every Member of the party to pa ss the t utor, dee pen our under standi ng of the Constitution in t he party's g uidi ng ide ology adva nci ng with t he times, consci ously li nk their own t hinki ng and practi ce, after careful st udy, read and carefully understa nd, thi nk, relate, a pply w hat they have le arne d. Not only r uns t hroug h the mass line of the party Constit ution t o learn t he new e ducational pra ctice all t he time, but also to harvest as a g ood starting point to lear n, study and work to do better in the fut ure, and strive to cre ate a new sit uation for school educati on contri bute their

内进行试验,在浇制试件时,须在拌和之后的15min内装入试模并在45min内成型完毕。

②.制作前应检查试模,确认无翘曲变形现象后,将其组装好,在内壁涂刷一层机油。

③.拌制的混凝土时,应在每盘混凝土出料至1/3左右的时候,盛取约一组试模的需用量倒入试模内。向试模中倾倒混凝土时,要注意将粒径过大的骨料及混杂在其中的杂物等拣出。

④.试件可采用人工或振动器成型。人工成型时,混凝土应分2层装模。捣棒可采用?16的圆钢制作,长度约为600mm,一端磨成半球形。插捣时按一定的旋转方向由外向内均匀进行。插捣底层时,捣棒应达到试模底面;插捣上层时,捣棒应穿入下层2~3cm。插捣时捣棒要保持垂直;对150mm×150mm×150mm标准试件,插捣次数以26~30次为宜。在插捣过程中,还要用抹刀沿试模内壁插入数次,排出气泡,防止试件表面产生麻面。最后刮除多余的混凝土,用抹刀抹平。

⑤.采用插入式振动棒成型时,应将混凝土一次装满试模,振动棒在试模中心插入,插入深度以达到离底模3~5cm为宜。插振捣至表面泛出水泥浆时,将振动棒徐徐向上拔起,并向试模中补充部分混凝土,拔出振动棒后,用抹刀抹平。

⑥.试件成型完毕,在混凝土初凝后进行抹面,沿试模口表面抹平压光,用塑料布或湿布覆盖,在20±5℃的室内静置1d后,用墨汁标上制作日期和编号。

⑦.拆模后的试件应根据需用要求(标准养护或随结构同条件养护)留作抗压试验用。(4)试验步骤

①.将拌和机等在试验中用到的仪器设备擦干净,检验准确。配备齐全,备齐原料,做好养护。

②.拌和前,用少量水灰比、砂石比与正式的水泥混凝土配合比相同的沙浆进行涮膛。

③.按规定称好原料,往拌和机里依次装入石子、砂、水泥。水在拌和的同时徐徐加入。全部加料时间不宜超过2min。全部加入后,继续拌和约2min,而后将拌和物倾出在铁板上,人工翻拌1~2min。

④.取出试样,进行坍落度或维勃试验,认为合格之后在进行试验或制作试件。

⑤.一般情况下,当坍落度小于70mm时,用标准振动台成型。振动结束后抹平,收浆后再抹一次。表面与试模边缘的高低差,不得超过0.5mm。

⑥.坍落度不小于70mm,用人工成型。

2、养护

(1)设计依据

hank you very much. ----T he Constit ution Party rules a ddre ss the series really i s a qua lified party members earlier this yea r, all party members to the Central "serie s of party rules, an d addre ss of the party Constituti on, be qualified party members" learn e ducation i s an important decisi on. XI Jinpi ng, Secret ary Ge neral chaire d a Polit buro meeti ng in Febr uary, were dev oted to e ducational programmes a nd made a n important speech rece ntly personally approved spe cific pr ogrammes, many importa nt instructions. On A pril 6, 13t h, 15t h, the Central and aut onomous regional party Committee, the muni cipal party Committee hel d educati onal sym posi um, and related matters For specific deployment, w e hel d on March 4, Hongshan district party w orking Confere nce al so propose d to carry out thi s activity. All together t his forum to day, main pur pose is to st udy a nd impleme nt in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on "two" important instr ucti ons for lear ning e ducation, studying a nd impleme nting the Central a nd a utonomous region Party Committee and munici pal party Committee "two" spiritual education Symposium,

arrangements for distri ct-wi de lear ning e ducation. The foll owing, I would like t o stress four poi nts, mainly talk a bout "learning" and "doi ng" issue, and strive to make pe opl e really figure out w hy, w hat to lear n and how they lear n, what to do, how to do it, eve ntually rea che d little succe ss, is a lso le ading a lesson in party le cture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Bra nch Secretary or a n ordi nary party membe r, to impl ement certai n boundarie s education "give a Party lect ure" requireme nt, practi ce speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, dow n to Earth, e nsuring e ducati onal success. First, you know, pay spe cial attenti on to e ducation a nd t o resol utely overcome sl uggish t hinki ng, and boredom "two" study and educati on, possi bly quite a few comrades, saying "educati on every year, almost every year" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who m ay be many. If carr ying this idea in mind, what doe s that tell, how the politi cal consciousness i s not strong a nd not see t he pulse of the situati on, no, the "Rip van Winkle", l ost or confused i n the e nd do not know what's g oing on. To realize "two a" lear ning practice a ctivities a nd e ducation i s the e ducation of the party's mass line, "thre e-t hree" spe cial educati on wa s another important pra ctice i n impleme nting the re quireme nts of strictly a dministeri ng the part y. Comrade XI Jinpi ng pointed out: "the deployment of ' doing ' educati on, i s to pr omote the inner-party educati on from ' critical few ' their expansion into t he vast num ber of party members, extendi ng from the concentrated e ducation to regular e ducation. "After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle part y, strictly a dministeri ng the part y, and has carried out the party's mass li ne education pra ctice a nd" three-thre e "spe cial educati on, but focus on the l eadi ng cadre s abov e the county level. The "two" study a nd e ducation, is carrie d out in the w hol e party and all the party members. T his is im plemented strictly admi nistering the party, an important measur e to16

水泥混凝土试件标准养护条件,一是保温(20±3)℃;二是保湿,要求相对湿度大于90%,没有上限。所以标准养护室宜建成地下室或半地下室型,有利于保温,且可使影响温度升降的因素减少。又混凝土试件的养护,不怕湿度大,所以地下或半地下型的标准养护室,不需要考虑防潮防渗水的问题,对地下水位的要求也不高。养护室的底部可以在地下水位附近,甚至低于地下水位约20cm也无妨。

(2)简易混凝土标准养护室设计的共点

①.为利于保温、保湿,养护室的门宜小不宜大,以方便单人搬运,传递试件即可。

②.养护室不怕渗水,永久性养护室可以用水泥砂浆抹面,但宜设置一个坑沟,便于

掏水,排水清洗。3.地下、半地下型养护室,宜装置简易塑料排气孔及排气装备,小型养护室,装置一个类似厨房排气用的塑料排风扇即可。既有利清洁空气,夏季还有利排出热气,降温。排气孔管露出地面部分宜短,不宜高、长。4.搁置混凝土试件的台架。

(3)混凝土标准养护室升温设施

根据养护室大小,设置1个~2个电热水槽,加热较少量的水,产生热蒸汽的办法,达到升温要求。简易恒温控制电热水槽,自己组装容易,维修简便。

装置说明:

①恒温控制器应该在养护室外面,置于试验室内方便观察,操作处或在简易养护室旁设控制箱。集中放置电源及其他电源开关和恒温控制器等。

②根据养护室大小,设置1支~2支感温探头或接点式温度计,注意控制湿度范围、型号和恒温控制器配套。选用控温范围为0℃~50℃,接近养护湿度条件的控温设备,较合适。感温探头应放置在养护室的北面或西面墙,感温探头离墙面15cm。若用二支感温探头,使其约有30cm的高低差较妥。注意养护室的感温探头不能放在水槽内。选用电热管功率注意和湿度控制器配套,1kW~2kW的电热管较适用。

③电热水槽容积、形状可视养护室条件自行设计。一般宜使水的表面积大些。使用时注意水槽的蓄水情况,随时加水,防止烧干,损坏电热管。

(4)混凝土标准养护室降温设施

夏季,尤其闷热少风天气,混凝土标准养护室的降温问题,解决较困难。使用空调设备降温,不仅耗资、耗能,且许多单位实践证明由于养护室内湿度太大,空调设备长时间运转,极易损坏,最终流于虚设。若采用水池养护混凝土试件,在夏季要求用流动水降温,浪费水量很大。使养护室温度在夏季不超过23℃。

confused. Flag of the CPC Ce ntral Committee and the Committee's requirement s into De partment's re que st, to a holistic a nd concerte d efforts, subject t o the overall situation. Se cond, ca dres a nd strive to play an exemplary r ole of party members a nd cadres of hardw orking a nd clean, empha sizes l ead, sh ift, led. Lea d is to a dhere to set a n example, to lea d by example, deal with t he relationship betwee n indivi duals and partie s, real lead r ole shift is in order to strengt hen the sense of responsi bility, creating a fighting for ce; lea d is to a dhere t o strict requirements, strict manageme nt and strict supe rvision. T hree catch ba sis and strive to e nha nce t he combat effectivene ss of t he party organizati on. T o a ccordi ng to Constituti on on grass-roots party of re quirement s, to impleme ntation g ood basi c system, for members for, regardle ss of party positi ons has more high, a dministrative terms ha more big, any w hen ar e to has Organizati on conce pt, active participate i n organi zation activities, consciously acce pt party of supervisi on; to do base d sex work , management g ood mem bers, service good mem bers, grass -roots party to using

members organization re ceive d turne d, and members t hought reported, a nd party of Confere nce a nd due s pay, opportunities, master members of ba sic sit uation, care members life. Four to focus and work har d to resolve. Comrades, t he above is w hat I give you g uida nce i n the new Constit ution. Hope every Member of the party to pa ss the t utor, dee pen our under standi ng of the Constitution in t he party's g uidi ng ide ology adva nci ng with t he times, consci ously li nk their own t hinki ng and practi ce, after careful st udy, read and carefully understa nd, thi nk, relate, a pply w hat they have le arne d. Not only r uns t hroug h the mass line of the party Constit ution t o learn t he new e ducational pra ctice all t he time, but also to harvest as a g ood starting point to lear n, study and work to do better in the fut ure, and strive to cre ate a new sit uation for school educati on contri bute their hank you very much. ----T he Constit ution Party rules a ddre ss the series really i s a qua lified party members earlier this yea r, all party members to the Central "serie s of party rules, an d addre ss of the party Constituti on, be qualified party members" learn e ducation i s an important decisi on. XI Jinpi ng, Secret ary Ge neral chaire d a Polit buro meeti ng in Febr uary, were dev oted to e ducational programmes a nd made a n important speech rece ntly personally approved spe cific pr ogrammes, many importa nt instructions. On A pril 6, 13t h, 15t h, the Central and aut onomous regional party Committee, the muni cipal party Committee hel d educati onal sym posi um, and related matters For specific deployment, w e hel d on March 4, Hongshan district party w orking Confere nce al so propose d to carry out thi s activity. All together t his forum to day, main pur pose is to st udy a nd impleme nt in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on "two" important instr ucti ons for lear ning e ducation, studying a nd impleme nting the Central a nd a utonomous region Party Committee and munici pal party Committee "two" spiritual education Symposium,

arrangements for distri ct-wi de lear ning e ducation. The foll owing, I would like t o stress four poi nts, mainly talk a bout "learning" and "doi ng" issue, and strive to make pe opl e really figure out w hy, w hat to lear n and how they lear n, what to do, how to do it, eve ntually rea che d little succe ss, is a lso le ading a lesson in party le cture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Bra nch Secretary or a n ordi nary party membe r, to impl ement certai n boundarie s education "give a Party lect ure" requireme nt, practi ce speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, dow n to Earth, e nsuring e ducati onal success. First, you know, pay spe cial attenti on to e ducation a nd t o resol utely overcome sl uggish t hinki ng, and boredom "two" study and educati on, possi bly quite a few comrades, saying "educati on every year, almost every year" fool fool , I feel that with this in mind who m ay be many. If carr ying this idea in mind, what doe s that tell, how the politi cal consciousness i s not strong a nd not see t he pulse of the situati on, no, the "Rip van Winkle", l ost or confused i n the e nd do not know what's g oing on. To realize "two a" lear ning

practice a ctivities a nd e ducation i s the e ducation of the party's mass line, "thre e-t hree" spe cial educati on wa s another important pra ctice i n impleme nting the re quireme nts of strictly a dministeri ng the part y. Comrade XI Jinpi ng pointed out: "the deployment of ' doing ' educati on, i s to pr omote the inner -party educati on from ' critical few ' their expansion into t he vast num ber of party members, extendi ng from the concentrated e ducation to regular e ducation. "After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle part y, strictly a dministeri ng the part y, and has carried out the party's mass li ne education pra ctice a nd" three -thre e "spe cial educati on, but focus on the l eadi ng cadre s abov e the county level. The "two" study a nd e ducation, is carrie d out in the w hol e party and all the party members. T his is im plemented strictly admi nistering the party, an important measur e to 18

①简易临时性混凝土标准养护室,采用以下措施:a 、多洒水,若用温度较低的地下水

更佳;b 、用排风扇强制通风,排出热气。养护室顶部在室外的,距顶部约30cm ~50cm 处,加防晒隔层,防止太阳直晒养护室顶部。防晒层采用木板、瓦楞板、席子等均可,且不必

求新,能利用旧物就行。实践证明,设此举措,养护室降温明显。显然,防晒层距顶部高

些好,利于通风,但装置有难度。

②于永久性混凝土标准养护室,考虑到使养护室保持(20±3)℃,从低温升至20℃容

易,而从高温降至20℃很困难,在建造时,养护室位置应选在建筑物北侧、底层,且能防

止太阳直晒的地方。同前所述,在建筑物北侧底层建成地下或半地下的混凝土养护室,在

北方地区配合多喷洒凉水,强制通风措施,基本能控制养护室温度在23℃以下。

(四)混凝土的抗压试验

1、实验步骤

①至试验龄期时,自养护室取出试件,应尽快试验,避免其湿度变化。

②取出试件,检查其尺寸及形状,相对两面应平行。量出棱边长度,精确至lmm 。试

件受力截面积按其与压力机上下接触面的平均值计算。在破型前,保持试件原有湿度,在

试验时擦干试件。

③以成型时侧面为上下受压面,试件中心应与压力机几何对中。

④强度等级小于30C 的混凝土取0.3MPa/s~0.5MPa/s 的加荷速度;强度等级大于30C 小

于60C 时,则取0.5MPa/s~0.8MPa/s 的加荷速度;强度等级大于60C 的混凝土取

0.8MPa/s~1.0MPa/s 的加荷速度。当试件接近破坏而开始迅速变形时,应停止调整试验机

油门,直至试件破坏,记下破坏极限荷载F(N)。

2、实验结果

混凝土立方体试件抗压强度按下式计算:

A F

f cu

式中:cu f ——混凝土立方体抗压强度(MPa);

F ——极限荷载(N);

A ——受压面积(mm2)。

以3个试件测值的算术平均值为测定值,计算精确至0.1MPa 。三个测值中的最大值或

最小值中如有一个与中间值之差超过中间值的15%,则取中间值为测定值;如最大值和最

小值与中间值之差均超过中间值的15%,则该组试验结果无效。混凝土强度等级小于60

C

时,非标准试件的抗压强度应乘以尺寸换算系数,并应在报告中注明。当混凝土强度等级大于等于

C时,宜用标准试件,使用非标准试件时,换算系数由试验确定。

60

立方体抗压强度尺寸换算系数

试件尺寸(mm) 尺寸换算系数试件尺寸(mm) 尺寸换算系数

100×100×1000.95 200×200×2001.05

3、实验报告

试验报告应包括以下内容:

(1).要求检测的项目名称和执行标准;

(2).原材料的品种、规格和产地;

(3).仪器设备的名称、型号及编号;

(4).环境温度和湿度;

(5).水泥混凝土立方体抗压强度值;

(6).要说明的其它内容

(五)结论

在实习期间,通过自己的亲身实践,混凝土的配合需要良好的试验经验和耐心的去按步骤试验,否则混凝土的质量得不到良好效果,既浪费了材料又耽误了时间,更加严重的是如果按照不符合要求的配合比制作出来的混凝土,达不到抗压抗折强度,制作出来的桩和桥梁将会产生不可估计的工程失误,酿成了悲剧,造成不必要的损失,给国家给社会给公司会造成不可逆转的后果。

由于目前混凝土配合比报批时须提供原材料检验报告和总碱量,氯离子指标的计算成果,因此,混凝土配合比设计试验前应按《铁路混凝土工程施工质量验收补充标准》﹙铁建设【2005】160号﹚要求对水泥,粗细骨料,拌合用水,外加剂,粉煤灰,矿渣粉等原材料进行全部指标检验,再配合比试验前完成常规项目的试验。合理的配合比设计应该在符合相关规范给出的包括强度、耐久性、均匀性、和易性、渗透性和经济性等要求的前提下,确定各种成分的用量,从而获得最经济和适用的混凝土。

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