高中英语语法grammar and usage必修3

M3 Unit 3 Grammar and Usage

宾语补足语

英语的五个基本句型结构：

S 十V 主谓结构He runs quickly．他跑得快。

S 十V 十P 主系表结构The story sounds interesting．这个故事听起来有趣。

S 十V 十O 主谓宾结构They built a house last year．他们去年建了一所房子。

S 十V 十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构He offered me his seat / his seat to me．他把座位让给我。S 十V 十O 十C 主谓宾补结构

They found her happy that day．他们发现那天她很高兴。

I found him out．我发现他出去了。

They named the boy Charlie．他们给这个男孩起名为查理。

I saw him come in and go out．我见他进来又出去。

They felt the car moving fast．他们感到汽车行驶得很快。

He found the door of study closed to him．他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。

说明：

S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾语补足语

一、可以充当宾语补足语的词和词组有：

1、名词：

We made him our monitor.

They thought this good advice.

They named their daughter Jenny.

注①：常用名词充当宾语补足语的动词有：call, name, elect, make, think, appoint, choose, find, consider, keep, wish, feel等。

注②：充当宾语补足语的名词若表示正式的或独一无二的头衔、职位时，前面一般不用冠词。

They elected John chairman of the committee.

2、形容词：

You should keep your room clean and tidy.

We’d better leave the door open.

注：常用形容词充当宾语补足语的动词有：believe, think, get, keep, make, find, set, like, wish, see, consider, prove, have, leave, 以及paint, drive, turn, cut 等。

3、现在分词：

I’m sorry to have you waiting for so long.

I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face.

At this moment she noticed the teacher coming in.

二、宾语和其补足语之间的逻辑关系：

1、当名词、形容词、副词和介词短语充当宾语补足语时，它们和宾语之间有着逻辑上的主谓关系（或称表语关系），若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。宾语补足语说明宾语的情况、性质、特征、状态、身份或属类等。试比较：

We made him our monitor. (He is our monitor.)

You should keep your room clean and tidy. (Your room is clean and tidy.)

We could hear the children playing outside. (The children are playing outside.)

3、当过去分词充当宾语补足语时，它与宾语之间有着动宾关系，即：宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：

I once heard this song sung in Japanese. (This song was once sung in Japanese.)

I didn’t want the children taken out in such weather.

(The children were taken out in such weather.)

三、在用现在分词或不定式作宾语补足语的动词中，有些只能用现在分词作宾语补足语；有些

只能用不定式作宾语补足语；还有的动词既能用现在分词又可用不定式作宾语补足语：1、只能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词有：catch, keep, mind, prevent, stop, smell, excuse 等。She caught her son smoking a cigarette.

His words started me thinking.

2、只能用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, trust, encourage, let,

allow, permit, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, remind, ask, invite, beg, request, worry, advise, persuade, call on, tell, order, command, require, make, force, drive, forbid, warn, help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, think, take, know, judge, consider, suppose, believe, allow, prove, declare等。

3、既能用现在分词又可用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：see, watch, notice, look at, observe, listen to, hear, feel, have, imagine, discover, like, want, understand, hate, get, set, leave等。

四、使用不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式符号to 的取舍问题：

1、在hear, listen to, let, have, make, see, watch, notice, observe 等动词后的不定式需省去to 。

2、feel 一词，跟be 型不定式带to；跟do 型不定式不带to。

3、help 一词后的不定式，可带to，也可以不带to。

五、在复合宾语中，宾语通常为名词或代词，但有时也可以用不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或that从句来充当。这时，应使用先行it代替宾语，而将真正的宾语移到句子的后部，

I felt it necessary to speak about our shortcomings.

Do you consider it any good trying again?

We all thought it a pity th at you couldn’t join us.

注意：在这种结构中，宾语补足语通常为名词或形容词；常用于这种结构的动词有：feel, find, think, make, take, judge, consider 等。

【小结】

1. 宾语补足语是补充宾语的成分,通常置于宾语之后。宾语+宾语补足语=>复合宾语。

2. 可以用作宾补的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词。

3. 能带宾补的动词一定是及物动词。

4. 主动语态句子中的宾语在被动语态句子中是主语，相应的宾补就成为主补。

常跟宾语补足语的动词：

第一类感官动词, 所接的宾补可以是不带to的动词不定式，也可以是现在分词或过去分词。

feel, hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, look at

I saw him cross/crossing the road. => He was seen___________/ ____________ the road.

但变为被动语态时,不定式的to要还原。

第二类, 使役动词, 所接的宾补多为动词不定式或过去分词。如：let, have, get, make, would like, want等。

This makes people know the importance of protecting the environment.

If you are back, will you please make yourself known to me?

The machine doesn’t work. I must have it repaired right now.

第三类, 含命名意义的动词, 所接的宾补一般是名词。如：call, name, appoint, elect, make, consider 等。

Call me Joe, please. She was elected president of the company.

复合宾语和双宾语的区别:

They have made me the chairman. _______________ 选我当主席

They have made me a nice chair. _______________ 为我做了把好椅子

第四类, v + sb. + to do sth. 结构中的动词, 所接的宾补一般是不定式。

advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, expect, force, get, help, inspire, invite, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, require, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn, wish, report等

第五类, find, keep, leave 等几个词的用法非常灵活, 后面所接的宾补可以是形容词、副词、现在分词、过去分词等。

We found it very difficult to solve the problem.

How can you keep them waiting for so long?

Keep the door closed.

改出一处错并指出宾补：

1. None of us think likely that anyone survived the air crash. _______________

2. The government is considering a law to make it illegal advertising cigarette. _______________

主谓一致

在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。

1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形

式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.

Δ由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what 从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。

如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.

2、由连接词and或both … and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。Lucy and

Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.

Δ①若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come.

②由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰

时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / No boy and no girl likes it.

3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than,

more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.

4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都

作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.

Δ①在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting.

②若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，

它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.

5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数

一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.

6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.

Δpeople, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.

7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分

数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are

a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our

class are girls.

Δa number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“…的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。

8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many

pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.

（二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。

1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.

2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这

是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work.

3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。

如：“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.

4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复

数。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.

5、算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus

eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.

6、一些学科名词是以–ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都属

于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。

如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn’t easy to study.

7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair

of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.

8、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。

（三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。

1、当两个主语由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?

2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room..

注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。

1.填空

1) His Selected Poems ( be )first published in 1965．

2) Twenty dollars ( be )enough for the coat．

3) The poor woman with her two children ( see, beg ) in a street corner．

4) —Is there anybody in the classroom?

—No, the teacher as well as the students ( go ) to the playground．

5) Three-fourths of the land ( cover ) by forest and grass．

6) —Have you heard about the new school?

—No, when and where to build the new one ( not decide )

7) E-mail，as well as telephones，( play ) an important part in daily communication．

8) The worker and poet ( invite ) to the party the other day．

9) This morning I saw Mr. Lee ____ ___(kill) a chicken.

10) When I was here last year, the bridge was seen ____ __ (build)by the workers.

2.句型转换

1. Both his father and mother are fond of light music. (改为否定句)

_____________________________________________________________

2. We find that it is important to learn a foreign language well. (改为简单句)

_____________________________________________________________

3. If you can keep still, you can sit on this end of the boat and you can also sit on that end. (用either…or改变句型)

_____________________________________________________________

4. Helen is not good at French and John is not good at French, either.

( 用neither…nor改变句型)

______________________________________________________________

5. We believe that he is honest. (改为简单句)

______________________________________________________________

3.选择填空

1.Each of you ______ responsible for the accident.

A. am

B. be

C. is

D. are

2.Each man and woman ______ the same rights.

A. has

B. have

C. had

D. is having

3.Every means ______ tried but without much result.

A. has been

B. have been

C. are

D. is

4.The manager or his assistant ______ planning to go.

A. were

B. are

C. was

D. be

5.Not only I but also David and Iris ______ fond of playing basketball.

A .am B. is C. are D. was

6.Neither Tom nor his parents ______ at home.

A. is

B. are

C. has

D. was

7.Either the dean or the principal ______ the meeting.

A. attends

B. attend

C. are attending

D. have attended

8.______ was wrong.

A. Not the teacher but the students

B. Both the students and the teacher

C. Neither the teacher not the students

D. Not the students but the teacher

9.The committee ______ over the problem among themselves for two hours.

A. has argued

B. has been arguing

C. have argued

D. have been arguing

10.Tom is the only one of the stall members who ______ to be promoted.

A. is going

B. are going

C. has been going

D. have been going

11.______ is to attend our evening.

A. both the singer and the dancer

B. Either the singer or dancers

C. The singer or dancers

D. The singer and dancer

12.Interest, as well as prospects, ______ important when one looks for a job.

A. are

B. were

C. is

D. was

13.If a claim is kept ______, it is more likely to be recognized.

A. live

B. lived

C. alive

D. living

14.The president, together with his assistants, ______.

A. have arrived

B. are arriving

C. had arrived

D. has arrived

15. A number of cars ______ in front of the park

A. is parked

B. was parked

C. are parked

D. has parked

16. The number of articles published on smoking ______ amazing.

A. is

B. are

C. were

D. have been

17.Most of the doctors ______ smoking is harmful to health.

A. are believed

B. had believed

C. has believed

D. believe

18.The majority of the damage ______ easy to repair.

A. is

B. are

C. were

D. be

19. Not only the whole nation, but the whole Europe, indeed the whole human society ______ to

change its attitude to racial problems.

A. need

B. needs

C. has a need

D. have a need

20. In the busiest season the farmers are seen their tractors from morning till night．

A．to have；working B．have；work C．have；working D．had；worked

Not only was Rome a city and a republic, but it was also to become the capital of one of the largest empires in history.（Page58, Line1-2）

【析】这里Not only…but also连接句子时, not only 可以置于句首表示强调, 这时第一分句要采用部分倒装结构, 第二分句正常语序。

Not only do the professors have their own ideas on the matter, but the students have theirs too.

对这件事不仅教授们有自己的看法，学生们也有自己的想法.

倒装句的要点讲解：

主语和谓语有两种顺序：一是主语在前，叫自然语序。反之，如果谓语在主语前就是倒装语序，又分全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是把全部谓语放在主语之前，部分倒装是把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前。

（1）在以there、here、now、then、such引导的，引起人们注意的招呼句要完全倒装。

There goes the bell. Here comes the bus.

（2）表示动态的状语，置于句首时，句子要完全倒装。

Off went the horse. In came the boss.

From the speaker comes the doctor’s voice.

（3）表示地点的词语置于句首或强调地点概念时，句子要完全倒装。

South of the town lie two steel factories.

Between the two buildings stands a tall tree.

注意：句子的主语为人称代词时，句子不倒装。Here it is. Away they went.

（4）否定词never、seldom、hardly、scarcely、barely、rarely、little、not、nowhere、by no means、at no time、neither、nor等放在句首时，句子常倒装。如：

By no means shall we give up.

Never have I been to the USA.

Seldom does she get up late in the morning.

（5）在not only … but also …、no sooner … than …、hardly … when …、scarcely … when …、not until …、so … that …、such … that …句型中，主句倒装，从句不倒装，

但要注意：neither … nor … 连接的句子前后两个分句都要倒装。

Not only is she smart but also she is beautiful.

Such great progress did he make that he was praised.

So heavy is the box that I can’t carry it.

Neither has he a pencil, nor has he a pen.

（6）Only + 状语或状语从句+其他（only在句首时要倒装）。

Only then did I realize the importance of learning English.

（7）so、neither、nor放在句首时，表示前面的情况也适用于另一个人或物时，用部分倒装。（8）表语或状语或动词原形+ as/though+主语+其他时，句子要倒装。（在让步状语从句中）（9）虚拟语气中用倒装代替if。

Were I you, I would go there at once. =(If I were you)

Had you come yesterday, you could have helped us. =(If you had come yesterday)

（10）在一些表示祝愿的句子中。May your Christmas be happy!

任务型阅读

请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。

注意：每个空格只填1个单词。

Traditionally, customers may consider more about what they buy the product for. However, the image of product and the consuming circumstance have become the key points to attract customer awareness and stimulate their buying needs. Frequently, customers buy goods just because they are cute, lovely and unique. With a less emphasis on functional utilities, the experience and imaginative space are placed into an increasingly important role. The image of product is emphasized（强调）, as well as the communication between products and consumers. “Customer behavior, which appears to be focused and directed at the object and at pleasure, in fact responds to quite different objectives: displaced expression of desire, and the production of a code of social values through the use of differential signs”(Baudrillard) . The reason for image-oriented customer behavior is probably that customers’ lifestyle has been continuously virtualized by paying much attention to “Virtual Reality”. The evidences can be traced from computer games and Hollywood movies, in which customers’ preference for fleeing reality is perfectly matched.

This change requires us to take efforts to enhance product image by integrating style, color, taste, shape and material, and communicate with customers creatively, imaginatively and innovatively, and enable them to enjoy the distinctive experience image brings. “[A] need is not a need for a particular object as much as it is a ‘need’ for difference” ( Baudrillard). The typical example is Apple Computer’s IMAC, which has strong visual impact and outstanding dynamics. By this way, customer relationship can be set up through image, and brand can be treated as living that can transform people. Other examples commonly used are Disney Fairyland and Las Vegas, where new experience and imagination are fully demonstrated. In sum, consumption is negotiation, a never-ending conversation held in the languages of advertising, packaging, branding, fashion, and entertainment.

Keys:

1) was 2) is 3) was seen begging 4) has gone 5) is covered

6) is not decided 7) is playing 8) was invited 9)killing 10）being built

1. Neither his father nor his mother is fond of light music.

2. We find it important to learn a foreign language well.

3. If you can keep still, you can sit either on this end of the boat or on that end.

4. Neither Helen nor John is good at French.

5. We believe him to be honest.

1-5 CAACC 6-10 BADDA 11-15 DCCDC 16-20 ADABA

1.Attention

2. past

3. use/ function

4. attracted

5. ways

6. communication

7. worth

8. reason

9. lifestyle 10. Examples

高中语文必修一必背课文

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