儒家思想英文介绍
Name: Jiawen Chen
Confucianism
Confucianism is created by Confucius. He is a great thinker, educator, and politician in ancient China between BC 551 to BC 479. However, he is not someone god, son of god, or prophet. He is only an ordinary people who has hundreds of thousand student in China. And he created the Confucianism theory which is the most influential theory in China and it continue to effect most Chinese in now a day. Some cities in China has the Confucius temple to worship him and regard him as sage. But Confucius was not his real name. It was a courtesy title, a Latinized form of “Kong Fuzi”, meaning “Master Kong”. His family name was Kong an d his given nameis Qiu. And he styled himself Zhongni. He was born at Zouyi, the State of Lu in ancient China.As one of the greatest thinkers and educators in the history of China, Confucius’ legacy lie s in the following three aspects: Firstly, he compiled and preserved the literary works, The Six Cl assics, including Shi, Shu, Li, Yue, Yi and Chun Qiu, which are regarded as the classics of Conf ucianism. The accomplishment makes a large impact on the succession and development of the tr aditional Chinese culture.
The Confucianism started at middle China. And it happened in the Spring and Autumn Period or Warring State Period. During that time, there are some states separated from the Zhou dynasty, and they fight each other year by year. And that division time, it caused too many great thinker exist and all of these great thinker wanted to introduce and spread out there theory to one of those kings and hope one of kings would like their theory and finally to conquer other states, and rule the whole China. Confucianism is one of the famous theory existed in that time. Even the Qin state conquer all other states without using the Confucianism. But after Qin dynasty,
Confucianism has become the mainstream theory for emperor used to rule China and educate Chinese, until today, Chinese people is still educated and effected by Confucianism.
Confucius built up a system of philosophical thoughts with Ren as its basic virtue, and Ren is core theory in Confucianism and this is what Chinses want to believe. First, Ren theory can be humanity, benevolence, humanness and selflessness, and Ren is the virtue of perfectly fulfilling one's responsibilities toward others.Secondly, Confucius built up a system of philosophical thoughts with Ren as its basic virtue. This virtue is the central theme of his Analects9. He considered Ren as the first and highest criterion of man’s behavior and the core of morality. Ren meant to “love other men”；to help others to be established when one wished to be established oneself; and help others to be successful when one wished to be successful oneself. Confucius’concept of Li refers to a set of ritual and musical systems, with the hierarchical system as its core. Ren and Li are complementary: Li is the exterior principle of Ren while Ren is Li’s intrinsic guiding power. To accomplish Ren, one must abide by Li, and Ren will be naturally generated in the process of practicing Li. Fundamentally, the purpose of Confucius’ Li is to restore the traditional rites of the Zhou Dynasty.
There is no certain god in Confucianism, they believe the sky is god, earth is god, we can say the nature is god, in Chinese called Tian. Chinese people worship Tian to hope they can have better future, they hope Tian can help them to achieve personal goal. For example, if a farm worship to Tian, he might hope the weather would be comfortable for the agriculture growth. And they are also afraid Tian. Like some nature disaster happened, people would think this is a penalty for people from Tian.
There is a few real believer is China, but almost Chinese were effected by Confucianism. In modern China, Confucianism is use to education in most time, but it is not like belief in China. Student would learn what Confucius said and wrote, and try to understand the theory. Because the theory is always right and accept by Chinese people, and they believe Confucianism theory can also help them be a better man if you learn Confucianism. And government also accept Confucianism as mainstream theory in society, because government also think it would help society become harmony.
中国一些传统文化的英文介绍
一、过年由来- - 中国古时侯有一种叫”年”的怪兽，头长尖角，凶猛异常，”年”兽长年深居海底，每到除夕，爬上岸来吞食牲畜伤害人命，因此每到除夕，村村寨寨的人们扶老携幼，逃往深山，以躲避”年”的伤害．今年的除夕，乡亲们都忙着收拾东西逃往深山，这时候村东头来了一个白发老人对一户老婆婆说只要让他在她家住一晚，他定能将”年”兽驱走．众人不信，老婆婆劝其还是上山躲避的好，老人坚持留下，众人见劝他不住，便纷纷上山躲避去了．当”年”兽象往年一样准备闯进村肆虐的时候，突然传来白发老人燃响的爆竹声，”年”兽混身颤栗，再也不敢向前凑了，原来”年”兽最怕红色，火光和炸响．这时大门大开，只见院内一位身披红袍的老人哈哈大笑，”年”兽大惊失色，仓惶而逃。第二天，当人们从深山回到村里时，发现村里安然无恙，这才恍然大悟，原来白发老人是帮助大家驱逐”年”兽的神仙，人们同时还发现了白发老人驱逐”年”兽的三件法宝．从此，每年的除夕，家家都贴红对联，燃放爆竹，户户灯火通明，守更待岁．这风俗越传越广，成了中国民间最隆重的传统节日”过年”． 土家族民间体育活动之一--舞龙灯 二、舞龙灯的意义 舞龙灯，是中华民族的传统文化活动，各民族都有舞龙灯的习俗，传说，土家族在很早以前没有舞龙习惯。有一年，久旱不雨，禾苗枯黄，溪河断流，来了一位能算天气晴雨阴旱、人间祸福的鬼谷先生，对土家人说：“大家不要愁，今天午后未时排云，戌时下雨，城内下三分，城外下七分”。他这话，被治水的金勾老龙听到后心想，凡间有如此能人还要我管什么水？！顿生嫉妒，便赌气将玉皇大帝命他在城内城外的下雨量倒改过来分。结果，倾盆大雨，水淹城内，房屋倒塌，淹死了许多人这事被当坊土地向玉皇大帝启奏后，玉皇大帝把金勾老龙打入天牢，七天后斩首示众。观音菩萨知道此事向玉皇大帝求情保救老龙。没待观音开口，玉皇大帝就放阴剑把金勾老龙斩成九节。此后，鬼谷先生又来对土家人说：“老龙被斩，是和我赌气而丧命，但他对民间做了不少好事，他死了，你们要为他烧点香纸。”于是，土家人就制作九节金龙，到各村寨起舞，叫人们敬奉，求老龙保佑风调雨顺，五谷丰登。久之，舞龙亦成为土家族的传统习俗。但是，土家舞龙，在城镇是舞全国各地大同小异的布扎龙，在土家山寨舞龙与各地有别，其自成特色。 三、清明节的由来 我国传统的清明节大约始于周代，已有二千五百多年的历史。清明最开始是一个很重要的节气，清明一到，气温升高，正是春耕春种的大好时节，故有“清明前后，种瓜种豆”。“植树造林，莫过清明”的农谚。后来，由于清明与寒食的日子接近，而寒食是民间禁火扫墓的日子，渐渐的，寒食与清明就合二为一了，而寒食既成为清明的别称，也变成为清明时节的一个习俗，清明之日不动烟火，只吃凉的食品。 关于寒食，有这样一个传说： 相传春秋战国时代，晋献公的妃子骊姬为了让自己的儿子奚齐继位，就设毒
儒家思想英文介绍
Name: Jiawen Chen Confucianism Confucianism is created by Confucius. He is a great thinker, educator, and politician in ancient China between BC 551 to BC 479. However, he is not someone god, son of god, or prophet. He is only an ordinary people who has hundreds of thousand student in China. And he created the Confucianism theory which is the most influential theory in China and it continue to effect most Chinese in now a day. Some cities in China has the Confucius temple to worship him and regard him as sage. But Confucius was not his real name. It was a courtesy title, a Latinized form of “Kong Fuzi”, meaning “Master Kong”. His family name was Kong and his given name is Qiu. And he styled himself Zhongni. He was born at Zouyi, the State of Lu in ancient China. As one of the greatest thinkers and educators in the history of Ch ina, Confucius’legacy lies in the following three aspects: Firstly, he compiled and preserved the literary works, The Six Classics, in cluding Shi, Shu, Li, Yue, Yi and Chun Qiu, which are regarded as the classics of Confucianism. The accomplishment makes a large impa ct on the succession and development of the traditional Chinese cult ure. The Confucianism started at middle China. And it happened in the Spring and Autumn Period or Warring State Period. During that time, there are some states separated from the Zhou dynasty, and they fight each other year by year. And that division time, it caused too many great thinker exist and all of these great thinker wanted to introduce and spread out there theory to one of
如何用英文介绍中国传统文化
如何用英文介绍中国传统文化 春节文化 In the old days, New Year's money was given in the form of one hundred copper coins strung together on a red string and symbolized the hope that one would live to be a hundred years old. Today, money is placed inside red envelopes in denominations considered auspicious and given to represent luck and wealth。 辞旧岁：bid farewell to the old year 扫房：spring cleaning; general house-cleaning 新春佳节 1.传统中国节日：traditional Chinese festival 2.农历：lunar calendar 3.腊八节：Laba Festival 4.小年：Little New Year 5.除夕：Lunar New Year's Eve 6.春节：the Spring Festival 7.正月初一：Lunar New Year's Day 8.元宵节：the Lantern Festival 9.正月：the first month of the lunar year 10.二月二：Dragon Heads-raising Day 传统习俗 11.喝腊八粥：eat Laba porridge 12.扫尘：sweep the dust 13.扫房：spring cleaning 14.祭灶：offer sacrifices to the God of Kitchen 15.守岁：stay up 16.拜年：pay a New Year's call 17.祭祖：offer sacrifices to one's ancestors 18.祭财神：worship the God of Wealth 19.春联：Spring Festival couplets 20.贴倒福：paste the Chinese character "Fu" upside down 21.去晦气：get rid of the ill-fortune 22.辞旧岁：bid farewell to the old year 23.兆头：omen 24.禁忌：taboo 25.烧香：burn incense 阖家团圆
儒家思想与中国传统文化
儒家思想与中国传统文化 “修身、齐家、治国、平天下”是中国古代所有士子的目标。而这句话正是出自儒家的经典《礼记》。儒家学说是中国传统文化的主流和重要组成部分，或曰中华主流文化，是凝成中国民族精神的主流，是东亚文明的精神内核。 儒学的这种地位是历史形成的，在两千五百多年前，孔子创立儒家学说，不是凭空创造的，而是在社会的大动乱中通过对三代流传下来的中国传统文化遗产进行反思，认真清理和重新加以诠释而形成的思想学说体系。孔子提倡“信而好古”和“好古敏以求之”，使儒学具有深厚的历史渊源，成为中国原典的保存者和当时中国传统文化的集大成者。孔子非常注重实地考察，坚持“察知征信”与“因革损益”的原则，使儒学又具备审慎的因时制变的品格，在中国处在第一次社会形态大变革的时代，儒学应运而生，突出了中华传统文化需要保存、延续和发展的历史必然。 儒家思想之所以一直受推崇也与它所崇尚的价值观分不开。“仁、孝、义”是儒家道德体系的主要组成。 仁作为儒家文化的创始人，孔子首先提出了“仁”的思想，并以之作为治国使民的基本原则。“仁”作为儒家道德理论的基本原则，是各种道德规范，道德要求的基本出发点，在众道德体系中居于核心地位。 孝孝是中华民族传统文化的重要内容和特征之一，同时也是儒家伦理思想中基本行为规范和重要道德范畴。在儒家道德体系中，孝悌是仁德的开始和基础。“孝”是家庭和谐的重要因素，同时也是一个民族、一个国家文化的重要部分，“孝”更是作为一个人最基本的伦理道德准则。一个不“孝”的人，何谈为人，更何谈什么道德品行？ 义义是儒家文化的又一重要价值。孟子说：“生，亦我所欲也，义，亦我所欲也；二者不可兼得，舍生取义者也。”这里生命和道义是合理的存在的，但当两者发生冲突或利害关系时，对道义的追求就高于了对生命的追求，在只有牺牲生命才能坚持道义的时候，人就应该舍生取义。在当今物欲横流的社会中，“信”与“义”作为一枝独秀，将发挥无可替代的作用。 在今天，很多人仍是以这几点来判断一个人的道德修养。可以说，儒家为我们确立了正确的道德价值观。 在古代，自汉以来的各个朝代都是以儒治国，因此儒家文化也是一种政治文化。众所周知，“和”的思想是先秦儒家的重要思想，“和”不仅是一种政治手段，还是一种政治目的、政治价值，即儒家学者理想中的社会至少是一个和谐、团结、和平的社会，这与时下的和谐社会建设相似。尽管有其历史局限性，但它“礼治”的秩序思想、“德治”和“人治”主张，都对当今政治有借鉴意义。
儒家思想对中国文化的影响
儒家思想对中国文化的影响很深,几千年来的封建社会,所传授的不外<四书><五经>.传统的责任感思想,节制思想,和忠孝思想,都是它和封建统治结合的结果,因此,儒家思想是连同我们当代在内的主流思想. 在以自然经济为基础，以宗法关系为纽带的中国传统社会漫长的历史演进中，还没有一种学说能动摇儒学在中国思想界的地位，其深远影响辐射政治、经济、文化乃至中华民族的心理素质，是中华民族宝贵的历史文化遗产。在历史上，儒家思想几乎成为政治的玩偶，时而被全盘肯定，时而被全盘否定。其实，在一种思想的继承过程中，对它消极因素的批判也极为重要，它可以使我们得到更多的反面经验，走出自己在思想上的误区。下面就其中的几个方面作一下简要分析。 “仁”是儒家思想中的重量级元素，它以“爱人”为基础，儒家的伦理思想即由其发展而来，但它与封建宗法等级制是相互制约的，这就显示儒家伦理思想的二重性。儒学最初便明确了君臣、父子、夫妇等伦理关系，经汉代董仲舒“三纲”、“五常”的加强和宋明理学的进一步巩固，更上一层楼，完全迎合封建统治阶级的心意了。“君教臣死，臣不得不死：父教子亡，子不得不亡”竟被视为格言警语，至今尚在民间广为流传，而对于上层阶级的制约在不断减少，长期皇权、父权、夫权思想的侵蚀，使中国始终也没有建立完整的体制去规范人的行为，人治比法治更有市场。鲁迅曾深刻的揭露出，辛亥革命后封建专制表面上没有了，单家族制还活着，封建礼教还活着。 “托古改制”是儒家政治思想中的重要组成部分，凡事要“托古”似乎成了中国古代多数政治家的习惯。一位外国学者曾经把中国封建社会朝代的更迭比做一个立方体的翻转，只是换个面而已，其外表与内涵还是一如既往。一个封建王朝建立后，极少有革命性的创新举动，而是效仿前人，依样画葫芦。到了近代，某些政治家的习惯还是没有改，上演了“复辟”、“称帝”的闹剧。而历代改革者也很难越过“托古改制”这条思想鸿沟。改革者或被贬官，或被罢职，或被杀头，而且以最后一种结局居多。我们说人民是推动历史发展的动力，在中国历史上，动力不足的问题显得非常严重。这与儒家思想中的愚民政策不无关系，其主张“上智下愚”，“民可使由之，不可使知之”。历届朝代的改革运动，仿佛只有改革者再摇旗呐喊，而很少得下层民众的支持，这会令人想起一幅图景：“孤舟蓑笠翁，独钓寒江雪”。百日维新以失败告终，戊戌六君子被处以极刑，京城里的人对此事大多持观望态度：京城以外得百姓也只是把此事当做茶余饭后的谈资罢了。这与法国大革命时巴黎市警钟长鸣，巴黎市民武装起义保卫革命果实形成了鲜明的对比 古希腊柏拉图的《理想国》中有一段精彩的讨论，认为培养理想的公民必须高度重视音乐与体育，音乐可以使人文雅，体育可以使人强悍。而儒家思想则提倡“文”，贬低“野”，对人才要求“博学于文，约之以礼”，使人才创造力的发挥受到严重的思想束缚，轻视生产劳动本身的社会价值和意义的这一怪思
中国文化英文介绍
Confucius named Qiu styled Zhongni, a great thinker and educator in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and the founder of Confucianism. Confucius instructed more than 3000 disciples and some were from poor families. Confucius gradually changed the tradition that only nobilities had the right to receive education. In his later years , Confucius compiled many literary works of ancient times, including The Book of Songs ,The Book of Documents, and The Books of Changes. His saying and behaviors were compiled in The Analects of Confucius by his disciples. His ideology has been absorbed and carried composing the essential part of Chinese traditional ideology. It was also spread into the border regions and areas building up a circle of Confucianism. UNESCO labeled him one of the “Ten Culture Celebrities”. 孔子 孔子名丘字仲尼，春秋末期伟大的思想家和教育家，儒家学派创史人。孔子一共教授了三千多个学生，其中不乏贫困家庭的孩子，改变了只有贵族子女才有资格上学的传统。孔子晚年还编订上古书籍，《诗经》《尚书》《周易》等。孔子的言行被他的弟子们收集在《论语》中，他的思想也被后人吸收和发扬光大，成为中国传统思想最主要的组成部分，并逐渐传播到周边国家，形成了影响范围很广的儒家文化圈。联合国教科文组织曾将孔子列入世界十大文化名人之一。 Beijing Opera Beijing Opera is the most popular and influential opera in China with a history of almost 200 years. In development Beijing Opera has formed a number of fictitious props. For instance a pedal means a boat. Without any physical props involved , an actor may perform going upstairs or downstairs opening or closing a door by mere gestures. Though exaggerated those actions would give audience an impression with graceful movements. There are four main roles sheng dan jing and chou. A sheng or dan has the eyebrows painted and eyes circled. A jing and chou have their facial makeup ,for example, a red face depicts the loyalty and bravery and a white face symbolizes treachery and guile. 京剧 京剧是中国流行的最广泛影响最大的一个剧种，拥有两百多年的历史。在长期的发展过程中，京剧形成了一套虚拟表演动作，如一条桨就可以代表一只船。不需要任何的道具，演员就能表现出上楼、下楼，开门、关门等动作，虽然经赤了夸张但这些动作能给观众既真实又优美的感觉。京剧演员分生、旦、净、丑四个行当，生和旦的化痕迹要描眉、吊眉、画眼圈，净丑面部需要化妆，比如，红脸表示忠诚勇猛，白脸表示奸险。
梅尔维尔
赫尔曼·梅尔维尔（Herman Melville） （1819年8月1日—1891年9月28日） 一、图书馆资源： （一）图书 1、The Irony of Imperial Dream::a Postcolonial Study of Herman Melville's Billy Budd, Sailor 柯少芬著林斌副教授指导厦门:厦门大学外文学院英语语言文学系,2010 帝国梦的反讽:梅尔维尔小说《比利·巴德》的后殖民主义解读 2、The Cambridge introduction to Herman Melville Kevin J. Hayes著; 杨金才导读.上海: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2008. 3、The Cambridge companion to Herman Melville Robert S. Levine编.上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2001. 4、Herman Melville and Imperialism:A cultural critique of melville's polynesian trilogy （赫尔曼·麦尔维尔与帝国主义） 杨金才著南京:南京大学出版社,2001 5、Herman Melville :the tragedy of mind William Ellery Sedgwick. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1944. 6、《赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的白鲸》 (美)[L.麦克菲]Laurence MacPhee著王克非等译北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1997 （一）相关期刊193篇 1、张晓毓：《同质异构异趣同旨—从《红字》、《白鲸》比较霍桑、麦尔维尔的罪恶观》，阜阳师范学院学报（社会科学版），2002年第五期； 2、马庆霞：《麦尔维尔的悲剧倾向及其对小说<白鲸> 创作的影响》，文教资料，2007年7月号下旬刊； 3、杨金才：《异域想象与帝国主义—论赫尔曼·麦尔维尔的“波里尼西亚三部曲”》，国外文学( 季刊) ，2000 年第3 期( 总第79 期)； 4、曾艳兵：《麦尔维尔与大海》，东方论坛，一九九九年第四期； 5、项伟谊：《求索于海上：< 白鲸> 与西方文明》，国外文学( 季刊) ，2000 年第3 期( 总第79 期)；（三）学位论文16篇 （四）英文期刊 1、Stanley Brodwin，Herman Melville's Clarel: An Existential Gospel，PMLA, Vol. 86, No. 3 (May, 1971), pp. 375-387. 2、Ronald Mason, Herman Melville and "Billy Budd" ,Tempo, New Series, No. 21 (Autumn, 1951), pp. 6-8 3、Brian Way and David Corker, Herman Melville: Moby Dick ,Journal of American Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3 (Dec., 1980), pp. 467-468. 4、Henry W. Wells, Herman Melville's Clare, College English, V ol. 4, No. 8 (May, 1943), pp. 478-483. 5、C. Merton Babcock, Herman Melville's Whaling Vocabulary, American Speech, V ol. 29, No. 3 (Oct., 1954), pp. 161-174. 6、Joyce Sparer Adler, Billy Budd and Melville's Philosophy of War , PMLA, Vol. 91, No. 2 (Mar., 1976), pp. 266-278.
中国传统文化(英语专业英文版)
秦始皇： The First Emperor united the language,the measurement system and the currency, set up the prefectures and countries system, constructed the famous Great Wall and built extravagant palaces and mausoleums. 独生子女政策： Since the late 1970s, the Chinese government has been implementing the policy of family planning, or “one child policy”, hoping to control the population increase, improve population quality, promote the development of the economy and society, and protect the environment. 中国哲学发展六个时期： The philosophy in pre-Qin times The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin Dynasties The Buddhist philosophy during the Sui and Tang dynasties Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing dynasties 中国伦理道德的特点 1.Seeking harmony and maintaining equilibrium: harmony seeks peace, compromise, concord, and unison. Maintaining equilibrium is the ultimate purpose of harmony. 2.Collectivism over individualism: traditional Chinese values attach great importance to collective interest. The interest of the society, the country and the family has always been given top prioity. An individual’s value can be realized within the group. 道家： Taoism is a school founded by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi. The school advocates the doctrine that the Dao is the course, the principle, the substance, and the standard of all things, to which people must conform. Based one the work of Lao Zi or Dao De Jing. Taoism promotes the belief that a person should live a simple life, not to strive for wealth, fame or power, which will only give one worries and trouble.The school favors the political of “achieving good government through non-action”. 四书五经： The Great Learning, The Doctrine Of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius; The Book of Poems, The Book of History, The Book of Rites, The Book of Changes, And The Book of Spring and Autumn Annals. 活字印刷术： Block printing was probably invented between the Sui and Tang dynasties. The process of block printing started with the cutting of wood into blocks, and then characters were engraved in relief on the blocks. Ink was brushed on the engraved block and a white sheet of paper was spread across it and then brushed with a clean brush one its back, leaving an image when the paper was removed. 北京四合院屏风的作用： To prevent outsiders from peeping in, apart from security, it provides protection against dust and storms.offers space, comfort and privacy. 八大菜系： Shandong Guangdong Sichuan Jiangsu Zhejiang Hunan Anhui Fujian cuisines 五茶：green tea，black tea, oolong tea,compressed tea,and scented tea.
浅谈儒家思想对现代社会的影响
浅谈儒家思想对现代社会的影响 [摘要] 儒家思想对现代社会的影响，是探讨传统思想文化与现代思想和经济发展关系的一个重要内容。现代社会思想的变化，经济的高速发展与儒家思想有着密切的联系，儒家思想在文化、伦理道德层面上给予现代社会的启发具有深刻的影响。本文探讨儒家思想的主要内容及其对现代社会影响，以期加深了解儒家思想的特点、变化、价值和它的现代指导意义，抓住儒家思想的本质和精髓，古为今用，推陈出新，实事求是，与时俱进，为构建社会主义和谐社会，建设中国特色社会主义提供点滴经验和参考。 思想是一个社会的基本行为准则，从某种程度上讲对一个社会起着一定的约束力，因此思想对一个社会能够产生重大的影响，作为中国社会传统思想主流的儒家思想在中国古代社会发挥了重大作用，时至今日，时代在变化，思想也在变化，面对文化多元、中西融合碰撞的文化发展趋势，对一种文化或者说思想的重视关系到一个社会的稳定与发展，关系到一个社会的文明进程，因此要引起足够的重视，集千古圣贤众多儒流于一体的历经变化的儒家思想对现代社会又会产生什么样的影响呢？ [关键词] 思想、作用、价值。 一、儒家思想的内涵 儒家思想讲求“孝、弟、忠、信、礼、义、廉、耻”,其基本核心是“仁”，以“仁”为基础和精髓的儒家思想具有丰富的内涵。儒家思想影响中国两千多年，从古至今长盛不衰，对中国文化的发展起了决
定性的作用,中国文化的伦理和观念中,无不打着儒家思想的烙印。儒家思想发展到今天与原来的“孔孟之道”在内容和实质上已经有很大不同。儒家的“仁治”“礼治”“德治”“孝道”“大一统”“天人合一”“民贵君轻”“有教无类”等思想主张依然光芒四射。对儒家思想的发掘和借鉴，对儒家思想中的精华发展和弘扬，可以更加丰富儒家思想的内涵，这对建设中国特色社会主义文化，构建社会主义和谐社会，实现中华民族的伟大复兴具有重大作用。 二、儒家思想对中国现代社会的作用 1、儒家的仁政思想及道德观念对构建和谐社会的作用 “仁政”学说是贯穿于儒家思想的核心，其“敬得保民”“仁政爱民”“民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻。”“君者，舟也；庶人者，水也。水则载舟，水则覆舟。”等仁政理念的变革和发展对社会的安定、和谐的构建起到了很大的作用。儒家思想的精髓在于它的社会伦理思想，而这种社会伦理观正是基于从国家统治阶级的高度期望出发将人们现实生活中的行为规范用通俗的语言或道德意识加以规范以此来实现社会的统治和管理。抛开阶级意识而言，这种社会伦理对社会的有效管理还是可以起到很大作用的。 儒家思想在长期的历史实践和社会演变中形成了众多优秀的认识和思想，而这些认识和思想又被后来者奉为准则或规范。如：“天行健，君子以自强不息”的奋斗精神，“舍生取义、见利思义”的生死道义观，“三军可夺帅也，匹夫不可夺其志也”的坚毅品质，“士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远”的探索精神，“老吾老，以及人之老；幼吾幼，
关于中国文化的英语介绍
Chinese Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion. 对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。Dumplings Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year. 饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括：1）擀皮、2）备馅、3）包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。 Acupuncture Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels”theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.” 针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。 Chinese Kung Fu Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a
从麦尔维尔的反超验主义看《白鲸》的主题思想
!［收稿日期］! ""#"#$$! ［基金项目］湖北省教学研究项目（!""$$##）。!［作者简介］张立玉（$ %&$），女，$%’!年大学毕业，硕士，副教授，现主要从事应用语言学的教学与研究工作。从麦尔维尔的反超验主义看!白鲸"的主题思想 !!张立玉!（中南民族大学外语学院，湖北 武汉!"##$! ）#摘要$介绍了麦尔维尔反超验主义形成的历史背景及反超验主义文学的社会基础!讨论了麦尔维尔作品"白鲸#的主要思想和从中受到的启迪$认为浪漫主义文学是不成熟的现实主义文学%是现实主义文学的萌芽$它所包括的现实主义的成份必然会随着人类社会的政治&经济的发展而发展%随着人的认识能力的提高而逐步发展%逐步过渡到现实主义文学阶段$ #关键词$美国文学!浪漫主义!超验派!反超验派!"白鲸##中图分类号$()$!*+)+ #文献标识码$,!#文章编号$$""%""$"%!""#&"!""’+"# !! !!赫尔曼!麦尔维尔是$ %世纪美国的小说家"他以自己独立的思想观察社会#理解人生$参与独立的美国文学的创建"然而他的文学见解$他的创作思想和他的作品所反映的主题都不能为当时的文坛所接受"他的文学巨著%白鲸&被$%世纪美国文学的大潮所淹没"!"世纪$文学评论家在他那里得到了许多论题$得到了许多创作的灵感"麦尔维尔重新受到!"世纪美国文坛的关注" 一、麦尔维尔反超验主义形成的历史背景 !! $%世纪的美国人有理由乐观向上"他们看到$没有费特别大的力气$便摧毁了英国人在北美的统治’不过几十年的功夫$他们就将自己的领土从!""多万平方公里扩展到%""多万平方公里’辽阔的国土为他们的经济发展提供了丰富的自然资源’大西洋的阻隔使他们远离欧洲各国的纷争$顺利地实施( 门罗主义)$保护既得利益$推行区域霸权主义$发展经济$增加财富**"他们相信$上帝特别恩惠美国人$上帝是仁慈的$大自然是美好的"这便是$%世纪美国文学创建之初的浪漫主义和作为美国浪漫主义文学思想基础的超验主义产生 的背景"超验派浪漫主义文学思想所反映的是$%世纪美国社会积极向上的一面$人性善良的一面$大自然美好的一面"而麦尔维尔让读者看到的是它的残缺#险恶和阴暗的一面$自然不被当时(蒸蒸日上)的潮流所重视" 麦尔维尔正视人生与社会的创作思想实际上推动着浪漫主义文学向现实主义文学的转化’他的作品中的人物怀着坚定的信念#勇于冒险#执着奋进#敢于与大自然中的各种艰难险阻抗争到底的精 神在!"世纪许多作家的作品中得到再现$并为全社会所接受$演化成为一种(美国精神)’麦尔维尔小说中的故事惊险曲折又不乏浪漫情调$这已成为当代许多畅销小说共同的写作特点’更重要的是$他在超验主义十分盛行的年代$高举反超验主义的旗帜$对社会#人生#自然等这些当时人们普遍关心的问题提出自己独到的见解"面对社会#人生和大自然的残缺#险恶和阴暗仍然浪漫乐观$奋斗向上"在他的一些作品中这种反超验主义精神得到充分体现$这些都表明麦尔维尔具有!"世纪美 国作家的许多气质"二、反超验主义文学的社会基础 !!赫尔曼!麦尔维尔生于$ ’$%年$由于家庭经营的生意破产$青少年时期他不得不辍学"为养 家$他曾做过海员#律师等$最后从事写作"丰富的生活经历$扩大了他的创作领域"他曾说海上生活的经历是他的(哈佛)和(牛津)"麦尔维尔从事创作之初$声誉很高"他擅长描写海上生活$尤以反映富于浪漫色彩的南方海域奇特的冒险生活著名"他的海上传奇小说虽然充满幻想$但却具有生 活的真实性$因为他把故事背景置于他的生活时代之中"与同时代的心理小说分析家爱伦!坡相比$他的故事更加可信"麦尔维尔的作品在文学技巧方面虽然不如% 红字&的作者内森尼尔!霍桑娴熟$而对人物性格的刻画却比霍桑更加深刻"他的作品反映的反超验主义思想在当时受到了众多非难"特别是他的巨著%白鲸&$在当时倍受冷落$使他的文学地位每况愈下"$’%$年$他实际上是在贫困 和被遗忘之中死去+$, " ! +’!江汉石油学院学报（社科版）!""#年&月第-卷第!期 !"#$%&’"(!)&%* +&%,-.$"’-#/0%1.).#.-（2"3)&’23)-%3-45*）./0*!""#!123*-!42*!