2016-2020年考研英语一真题阅读理解

2016 英语（一）阅读理解

Text 1

France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runaways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.

Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death-as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.

The bans, if fully enforced,would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly,they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.

The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.

The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.

In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially

on young people.” The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.

Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.

21.According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?

[A]New runways would be constructed.

[B]Physical beauty would be redefined.

[C]Websites about dieting would thrive.

[D]The fashion industry would decline.

22.The phrase “impinging on” (Line2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to

[A]heightening the value of.

[B]indicating the state of.

[C]losing faith in.

[D]doing harm to.

23.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?

[A]New standards are being set in Denmark.

[B]The French measures have already failed.

[C]Models are no longer under peer pressure.

[D]Its inherent problems are getting worse.

24.A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for

[A]pursuing perfect physical conditions.

[B]caring too much about models’ character.

[C]showing little concern for health factors.

[D]setting a high age threshold for models.

25.Which of the following may be the best title of the text?

[A]A C hallenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals

[B]A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France

[C]Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty

[D]The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry

Text 2

For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political s upport.

A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to sa ve “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.” Hill’s pressures later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.

At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural deve lopment priority over conservation, even authorizing“off-plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.

The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area

alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.

The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?

Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowded country. Hal f a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.

26.Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside

[A]didn’tstart till the Shakespearean age.

[B]has brought much benefit to the NHS.

[C]is fully backed by the royal family.

[D]is not well reflected in politics.

27.According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being

[A]g radually destroyed.

[B]effectively reinforced.

[C]largely overshadowed.

[D]properly protected.

28.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?

[A]Labour is under attack for opposing development.

[B]The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building.

[C]The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.

[D]Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.

29.The author holds that George Osborne’s preference

[A]highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.

[B]shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.

[C]stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.

[D]reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.

30.In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of

[A]the size of population in Britain.

[B]t he political life in today’s Britain.

[C]the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.

[D]the town-and-country planning in Britain.

Text 3

“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Fiedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies–at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.

The largest firms is America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR , according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm,This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality.Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good cau ses is helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it

greater consideration from consumers and others.

Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.

The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.

In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seen to influenced by a company’s record in CSR. "We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials," says one researcher.

Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.

31.The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with

[A]tolerance

[B]skepticism

[C]uncertainty

[D]approval

32.According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company

[Al winning trust from consumers.

[B]guarding it against malpractices.

[C]protecting it from being defamed.

[D]raising the quality of its products.

33.Theexpression "more lenient" (Line 2, Para. 4)is closestin meaning to

[Al more effective.

[B]less controversial.

[C]less severe.

[D]more lasting.

34.When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record

[Al has an impact on their decision.

[B] comes across as reliable evidence.

[C]increases the chance of being penalized.

[D] constitutes part of the investigation.

35.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph ?

[Al Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.

[B]The necessary amount of companies's pending on it is unknown.

[C]Companies' financial capacity for it has been overestimated.

[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.

Text 4

There will eventually come a day when The New York Times cases to publish stories on newsprint .Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future “the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.

Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside ,there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print .The infrastructure required to make a physical newspapers

-printing presses .delivery truck-isn’t just expensive ;it’s excessive at a time when online-only competition don’t have the same set financial constraints . Readers are migrating away from print away,And although print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts revenue from print is still declining.

Overhead may be high and circulation lowe ,but rushing to eliminate its print editor would be a mistake, says Buzz Feed CEO Jonah Peretti. Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting of the print business, only if they go about doing it the right away “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them “he said, “but if you discontinue it, you're going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you."

Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway". Peretti gives example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. "It was seen as a blunder." he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the times? "l wouldn't pick year to end print."he said. “I would raise and make it into more of a legacy product.”

The most loyal costumer would still gel the product they favor. the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. "So if you're overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping," peretti said. "Then increase it at rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue." In other words, if you're going to print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year — more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.

"It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that Buzz Feed doesn't have a legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market.Change and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive than less aggressive."

36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due

[A]t he high cost of operation.

[B]the pressure form its investors.

[C]the complaints form its readers

[D]the increasing online ad asles.

37.Peretti suggests that,in face of the present situation,the Times should

[A]seek new sources of readership.

[B]e nd the print edition for goog.

[C]aim for efficitent management.

[D]make strategic adiustments.

38.It can inferred form Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product”

[A]helps restore the glory of former times.

[B]is meant for the most loyal customers.

[C]will have the cost of printing reduced.

[D]expands the popularity of the paper.

39.Peretti believes that,in a changing world,

[A]legacy businesses are becoming outdated

[B]cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.

[C]aggressiveness better meets challenges.

[D]traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.

40.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?

[A]Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once

[B]Cherish the Newspapers Still in Your Hand

[C]Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good

[D]Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion

Part B

Reading the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45)，There are two extra Subheadings, Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)

[A]Create a new image of yourself

[B]Have confidence in yourself

[C]Decide if the time is right

[D]Understand the context

[E]Work with professionals

[F]Mark it efficient

[G]Know your goals

No matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact.This is especially true in first impressions.According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence,Trustworthiness, and like ability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.

The different between today’s workplace and the “dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in other not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like Linked In. Chances are, your head shots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.

So how do we navigate this?How do we know when to invest in an upgrade?

And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals? Here are some tips:

41.As an executive coach, I’ve seen ima ge upgrades be particularly helpful during transitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and

in a rut, now may be a good ti me. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK.

42.Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you loo king to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look ore “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that.)

43.Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audience? How do the people you respect and look up to prevent themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.

44.Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse of friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.

45.The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time discussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to opinions. Buy all your clothes once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing a time.

2017 英语（一）阅读理解

Text 1

First two hours, now three hours-this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.

Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.

Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons-both fake and real-past airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become-but the lines are obvious.

Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to over pack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.

There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA.Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved. TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.

It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.

The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.

21.The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to

[A]explain A merican’s tolerance of current security checks.

[B]stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.

[C]highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S.airports.

[D]emphasize the importance of privacy protection.

22.Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?

[A]New restrictions on carry-on bags.

[B]The declining efficiency of the TSA.

[C]An increase in the number of travellers.

[D]Frequent unexpected secret checks.

23.The word“expedited”(Liner 4,Para.5)is closet in meaning to

[A]quieter.

[B]cheaper.

[C]wider.

[D]faster.

24.One problem with the PreCheck program is

[A]a dramatic reduction of its scale.

[B]i ts wrongly-directed implementation.

[C]t he government’s reluctance to back it.

[D]an unreasonable price for enrollment.

25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A]Less Screening for More Safety

[B]PreCheck–a Belated Solution

[C]Getting Stuck in Security Lines

[D]Underused PreCheck Lanes

Text 2

“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897.Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.

At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.

Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect far sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.

Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the islands' inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a

relic of the past；it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.

Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going.Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.

The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.

26.Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates

[A]her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.

[B]the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.

[C]the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.

[D]her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her t ime.

27.Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to

[A]its geographical features.

[B]its protective surroundings.

[C]its religious implications.

[D]its existing infrastructure.

28.The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because

[A]it may risk ruining their intellectual life.

[B]it reminds them of a humiliating history.

[C]their culture will lose a chance of revival.

[D]they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.

29.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy

[A]is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.

[B]helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.

[C]may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.

[D]will eventually soften Hawaiians’hostility.

30.The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of

[A]severe criticism.

[B]passive acceptance.

[C]slight hesitancy.

[D]full approval.

Text 3

Robert F.Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures“everything except that which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.

The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?

A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated

into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.

While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn’t the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income equality and environment.

This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different.

So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes–all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.

The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth.But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.

31.Robert F.Kennedy is cited because he

[A]praised the UK for its GDP.

[B]identified GDP with happiness.

[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP.

[D]had a low opinion of GDP.

32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that

[A]t he UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.

[B]the UK will contribute less to the world economy.

[C]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK.

[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP.

33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?

[A]It excludes GDP as an indicator.

[B]I t is sponsored by 163 countries.

[C]Its criteria are questionable.

[D]Its results are enlightening.

34.In the last two paragraphs,the author suggests that

[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom.

[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline.

[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP.

[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues.

35.Which of the following is the best for the text?

[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being,a UK lesson

[B]GDP figures,a Window on Global Economic H ealth

[C]Robert F.Kennedy,a Terminator of GDP

[D]Brexit,the UK’s Gateway to Well-being

Text 4

In a rare unanimous ruling,the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government. The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts”, or the former governor’s decisions on “specific” and “unsettled” issues related to his duties.

Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear

intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption,the justices found.

The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful” and “nasty”. But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting,making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act”.

The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal.Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery. “The basic compact under lying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”

But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires will-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying,and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.

Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy.If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society–that all are equal in treatment by government-is undermined. Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.

The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.

36.The underlined sentence(Para.1)most probably shows that the court

[A]avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.

[B]made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.

[C]was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.

[D]refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.

37.According to Paragraph 4,an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves

[A]concrete returns for gift-givers.

[B]sizable gains in the form of gifts.

[C]leaking secrets intentionally.

[D]breaking contracts officially.

38.The court’s ruling is d on the assumption that public officials are

[A]allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.

[B]qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.

[C]justified in addressing the needs of their constituents. [D]exempt

from conviction on the charge of favoritism.

39.Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to

[A]awaken the conscience of officials.

[B]guarantee fair play in official access.

[C]allow for certain kinds of lobbying.

[D]inspire hopes in average people.

40.The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is

[A]sarcastic.

[B]tolerant.

[C]skeptical.

[D]supportive.

Part B

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs B and D have been

2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—医学

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考研英语阅读理解

考研英语：阅读理解之八大考点 考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料（生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%），还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。对所读材料，考生应能： 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，共20小题，每小题2分，共40分 一、

1.提问方式： 1)直接提问(Main idea型) ?The text intends to express the idea that. . . ?We can draw a conclusion from the text that. . . ?What is the passage mainly about? ?The passage is mainly. ?From the passage we learn that. . . ?The passage is mainly about. . . ?he key point of the passage is that. . . ?This passage mainly deals with. . . ?The main point the author makes in the passage is. ?What does this passage mainly discuss? ?The general/ main/ central idea of the passage is. ?The passage is primarily concerned with. . . 2)给文章定标题 The best title for the text may be. . . Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?' A best title for the passage could be. A best title for the passage might be. This passage can be entitled. . . 3)提问写作目的( Purpose型) ?The article is written to explain. ?The purpose of the passage is. ?This passage is intended to… 2.解题技巧： 1) ①.重点读文章的首段开头部分，如果文章中有这样的主旨句， 那么再看四个选择项，如其中一项所含的信息同主旨句中的信息相似，该项即为正确答案 ②.重点读各段的开头和结尾，四个选项中能涵盖文章各段内容的一项， 就是正确答案