多维分析、综合论命思路的探索(二)

多维分析、综合论命思路的探索（二）

金玉章/文

浅谈命理元规则

初学八字的人，学习大多数的八字理论流派，都要接触旺衰强弱、寒暖燥湿、格局用神喜忌等等这些术语。在分析八字的起手式上，尤其是“找用神”，几乎成为主流手法。

但什么叫“用神”？为什么要“找用神”？找到“用神”有什么用处？这些是初学者应该首先弄清楚的问题。

关于“用神”这个概念，命理界有诸多解释，用法也有不少差异。大概可以分为以下几类：

1、用神就是指某种格局。比如甲生酉月，酉中辛金是甲木的正官，故取正官格。而正官格就是这个八字的用神，又称“格局用神”，再来研究成格破格等问题。

2、八字里用来平衡几种五行力量的某个字。又称“平衡用神”，有的流派称为“扶抑用神”。概略言之，是旺者宜泄宜克，弱者宜生宜助。其中，以日元为中心的强弱平衡理论，是针对日元的强弱旺衰状态来确定平衡用神的。有些流派则不局限于日元，而是拓展到八字里的每一个字。

3、八字里出现寒暖燥湿的问题，要用到某种五行来调节，一般是水或者火，称为“调候用神”。（台湾梁湘润先生把《穷通宝鉴》一书中的十天干用神提要里的用神，称为“调候用神”，意义与此不完全一样）

4、通关用神。当八字里有两种五行产生相战，需要有另外一种

五行来通关调和，称为通关用神。

5、病药用神。病药用神可以基本涵盖2、3、4里的用神的概念，泛指八字里某种五行的状态或者某个组合出现不利的影响，即为“病”，则需要用其它的字来解决，即为“药”。有病有药即为吉象。病药理论是由明代命学家张楠提出的。他认为八字里有四种病最需要治：雕、枯、旺、弱。（具体可参阅《神峰通考》）

本文所述的“用神”，不包括“格局用神”，侧重于“病药用神”，与格局法里的“相神”和“喜神”有相通之处。

为什么要在八字里找用神呢？这个问题，就触及到命理的根本规则，即——我们评判一个八字所反映的命运特性，诸如富、贵、贫、贱、寿、夭等信息，有什么依据呢？

《月谈赋》有言：中和纯粹者吉，浊乱偏枯者凶。吉概指一切命运中有利的信息，包括了富贵康寿等；凶则指不利的信息，包括贫贱病夭等。找用神的目的，是为了评判命局呈现的吉凶祸福的基本特性。据此，判断一个八字有两大方向：中和、纯粹。

所谓纯粹，是指命局有某一种五行独旺局中，构成强大的气势，足以主导命局，即以维护这种五行的纯粹为最佳方向。若命局能呈现纯粹的气象，则可判定为“吉命”，富贵康寿等信息，则是在此基础上，需要进一步确认。如：

乾造：癸丑乙卯辛亥辛卯

地支亥卯合局，天干透出乙木，又有癸水来生，木的气势强旺之极。此时日元辛金有两条出路：克乙为财或顺从木之旺势。但显然，辛虽通根于丑，时干又有辛金相助，与乙木相比较，仍然衰弱无力。对辛金而言，顺势而从是最理想的出路。

结合大运来看，甲寅、癸丑、壬子、辛亥，四十年水木旺运，若按“身弱财多喜印比”的思路推断，必然是辛劳穷苦之命。但若按维护木的纯粹气势为理想出路来看，则以癸、亥转化辛金为用神，即从财用食伤。水运必是好运。实际上命主于2002年壬午开始创业发家，2003癸未即发财，到现在为止，开了几家公司，身家数千万。

乾造：壬寅癸卯辛亥辛卯

此命地支水木成势，气势纯粹，大运又走木火旺地，更有利于维护木之旺气，故资产比上造更加雄厚，身家数亿。

所谓中和，是指命局不能纯粹的时候，必然会有多种五行构成势力，形成错综复杂的局面，则以维护“中和”为最佳方向。若命局呈现出了中和的局面，则可判定为吉命。

需要走纯粹路线的八字，不能呈现出纯粹的气象，又不能求得中和，那就是“偏枯命”，必然凶险少福。需要走中和路线的八字，却一片混乱驳杂，自然难言好命。

在命局中，有利于促使八字实现纯粹状态的字，就是这类八字的“用神”，因为它发挥了“致纯粹”的功用。有利于促使八字解决失衡、不和谐等问题的字，就是这类八字的“用神”，因为它发挥了致“中和”的作用。

坤造：癸亥乙卯辛酉己丑

亥卯合局，天干癸水生乙，年月两柱形成木旺的气势，似乎从势为吉。但日时两柱，又构成土生金的气势，两股势力对战，不能再致纯粹了，只有考虑“致中和”，朝着身财两停的方向努力。用神即是己土偏印。己辛有力兼有情，必然事业有成。命主是一名艺术老师，姿容秀丽、气质出众。

此外，我们在评判八字的时候，不要只是以日元为中心，而是以“致中和”、“致纯粹”为方向，仔细辨察在命局中发挥最大功用的那个字，即是要有“功用”的思想。八个字作为一个整体，每个字，包括日元，都只是其中的一分子，既可能是不利于命局致中和或致纯粹的因素，也可能是有利的因素。这样思考八字，相信思路会十分开阔，对我们深入把握命运的特性和规律，有着指导意义。

坤造：丙戌甲午辛酉己亥

辛生午月透丙，七杀格，喜佩己土偏印扶身，又有亥水调候润燥，由于用神有力又有情，故为富贵双全之命。此一部长的八字。

此命中，己土偏印即发挥了功用，十分得力。

致纯粹、致中和、致功用，这即是命理的三个元规则。

多维教程探索课后题整理

A 1、A deficiency in educational 2、A survey shows that ambitious 3、All the children in deficient 4、Although he was confronted with 5、Electronic art is a 6、After his graduation from try his luck 7、As you are married spouse 8、A person who has therapist 9、An overwhelming majority 10、A number of formidable 11、a number of (hypotheses) 12、About 100 years theorized 13、After cutting the wheat glean 14、After two hours .manifest 15、almost all the real (stipulate) 16、All the survivors psychotherapy 17、Americans are tilt 18、As a top student. .initiated 19、Any action disrupt B 1、Between Christmas list 2、Because he was driving deviate 3、Bert*s wife stick by 4、Buying a stretch cost big bucks 5、Bill disliked？was mutual 6、Both sides have？binding on C1、Could you spare me 2、Climate is especil in the case of 3、Chronic in digestion come in forms D1、During the interview, certainty 2、Do you kown was referred to as 3、Death was criminologist 4、During negotiation contentious E1、Examples extracted from 2、European TV in comparison 3、Electronic art 4、Examples of successful initiative 5、Educators are worried cocoon F 1、Foreign language learners courtesy 2、for different endowments 3、Faced with the to the hilt 4、Feeling a threat depreciate H1、He is loved by sense 2、He met with be having an affair with 3、He has been watching for every mail 4、He is of American origins 5、He was arrested and committing 6、He is a shrewd 7、He left his seek his fortune 8、He capabilities opening 9、Having the car screwed up 10、His behavior is depressive 11、His friends slapped 12、He showed us all gleanings 13、He took her alarmingly 14、He wangted to to the hilt 15、His life was compartmentalized 16、He was a famous articulately 17、he is a very (sheer) 18、He is quite different s s parkles I1、It is important that functional 2、In spite of a good confronted 3、It is a very demanding novelty 4、In order to make some lease 5、It is very interesting prevalent 6、It is reported that extracting 7、I couldn*t believe he had a stroke 8、It is really amazing stroke 9、If you want to quit goes with 10、I was born and grew up 11、I still feel it draw a line between 12、I should not let him take on 13、In that country, piled up 14、It is unlikely that amount to 15、If you don*t kown end up 16、I asked him was working out 17、In order to have a touchy 18、In order to prevent in public 19、It is a place where dignity 20、It is the accumulated differentiates 21、I have been ashamed of my refusal 22、I could hear (blundering ) 23、In many places laissez-faire 24、In order to attract fluctuates 25、in order to (get into tamper) 26、it is unrealistic(infallible) 27、it is reported that (conned) 28、It was too dark identify 29、It is always prudent 30、It is wrong for destiny L1、Long time tension deviantly 2、Lioyd has carved a niche for 3、Life was pure misery M1、Many discoveries sensitivity 2、Many teenagers compulsion 3、Many new and lease 4、Many immigrants deficiency 5、More than twenty confrontation 6、Many people in China going through 7、Most foreign visitors on their own 8、My university, excellence 9、My friends and I overly violent 10、Many people feel run amok 11、Many people stand manifestation 12、Many countries have victims 13、Many people enjoy wrestling 14、Mr.Steele thinks victimization 15、more and more people (wincing) N1、Nowadays the tradition prevalent 2、Not many people beyond their dreams 3、Nowdays the (instantaneously) 4、Nowadays,some monsters O1、One evening, stroke 2、On children*s Day, waiting around 3、On this hot irresistible 4、on a hot day (fling off) P1、People who are sensitive 2、People feel sorry stroking 3、People are expecting be done with it 4、People*s appearance makes a difference 5、Ping Smulling penalty S1、Some people are very sensitive 2、Statistics reveal prevalent 3、Some scientists and doctor purified 4、Sometimes, leasing an 5、Some people believe hold our people together 6、Sometimes, the subtle 7、She likes her new job gallivant 8、Some educators holding back 9、She is quite comfortable with 10、She had a talent for 11、She sang an emotional 12、She suffered burnout 13、She was absent a touch of 14、She bought a stroll 15、she is a good (choked) 16、She's an excellent conscientious 17、Some people want prestige 18、Some problem student identity 19、students who by the book 20、such a kind (After all) 21、surveys made by (fallible) T1、This book is highlights 2 The applicants documents withheld 3、The Chinese government compulsory 4、Those who plan compulsory 5、The investigation deviation 6、The prevalence of complaints 7、The demerits deficient 8、There is no need extracts 9、Two U.S Army confronted 10、The proverb“spare the rod and spoil the child” 11、The documents came in response to 12、That pop singer teamed up with 13、They look upon training 14、Ted cleaned out his desk 15、The young generation hates slaving away 16、The big company corporate 17、The consulant even devious 18、The actress now estate 19、The young woman greed 20、The policeman took away violated 21、These were creatures so to speak 22、The strange noise turned out 23、They went into a small bar counterpart 24、The experienced businessman counseled 25、The director told the prospective 26、The problem of some adorable 27、The projector is connected with 28、Aside from taking twenty 29、The cultural argument heritage 30、The vegetarian ingredients 31、They are convinced in corporate 32、The minister mandatory 33、The tragedy could averted 34、The U.S. government rash of 35、The best moral sanction 36、There was a definite bias 37、The British Army in the throes of 38、The identical twins adjoining 39、These community are likely to 40、The investigation bureaucrats 41、The university priority 42、Through long-time currency 43、The people’s shrine 44、The differences irreconcilable 45、The governing body constituted 46、The football match wrestling 47、They wrestled the whole day 48、The salesman talked victimized 49、The colour and manifests 50、The saying he gleaned 51、The boy said impulsion 52、The newly-unearthed embodies 53、These sculptures are embodiment 54、The arrangement and embodies 55、The suffering of multitudinous 56、Teachers are required initiate 57、the professor had (obscure) 58、the treasurer (screwed up) 59、the baby kept (embedded) 60、To show our appreciation 61、To express their multitude 62、this man has (credulous) 63、these islands are(nonetheless) V Viewers in Shanghai at their disposal W1、We should not turn a blind eye to 2、We saw a lot of flattering 3、With the encouragement take comfort in 4、We had planned make up for it 5、With keen insight, 6、With the development believe in 7、We went to specializes in 8、When we visited at any given moment 9、With the support multitude 10、When she learned that impulse 11、We should carefully impulsive 12、When he was contending 13、Whether the stationed contention 14、When kids meddlesome Y1、You will be spared the fine 2、Young people tend jump ship 3、You need to bring a spare tire 改错： A project --C、by A knowledge --C、it A Brazilian--C、until A great--D、of which As you--D、learn better。 As for--B、it is Any culture--C、seeks. Aside with --A、Aside from Accordingly--D、the envy or admiration。 American fire --C、twice。 Abraham---D、would he be. By--B、facing retirement。 Brush strokes --D、himself Consider the frequently --B、that。 Civilized peoples--D、then saying that Congress has been--A、has been wooing Casualties(伤亡) are said----D、remains. During the process--A、may Despite of the fact--A、Despite the fact。 Despite his low --D、one Don’t make the---D、to say something Economists have --B、to encourage。 Every paper and--A、was Ever since the invention---C、has been Early industrial people---A、 as much energy as. Fungi are--D、decomposes。 From a business--B、nor Geothermal sources---C、would end up. He argues that--B、to have to suffer。 He had turned--D、feeling depressed His mood--B、deep depression Had they --C、would have not venture Health activists--C、were designed Human beings are playing a---C、paying for . Human beings are social--B、to live in. I would advise--C、become convinced that。 I didn’t mind their----C、objected to. I think I would--B、would have enjoyed。 In these days--A、cost of living。 In Latin America--D、fewer than those who have not。 In order to use--A、effectively。 In what following--A、what follows In spite of his--D、a young man’s. In debating --D、however In an effort--A、better protect In a recent --D、as the leas t。 If such pervasive--A、so。 If only I would--B、had read。 If our friends---C、make alternative. If asking--A、If asked If the highly--C、had anxiety attacks It is surprising --B、he has read。 It is possible--C、to illustrate。 It looked as--D、behind them。 It was an ---A、accepted.(custom in) It’s true that the---C、though. It is no doubt—A There is It is our decline--B、so that Just like--A、Just as。 Most of the people--B、most gloriously Marine biology--C、has furthered Man requires --B、but。 Musical instruments--D、for which。 No one on this --B、of taking advantage. No one can predict ---A、what On this shelf --C、in which On each side --B、were On seeing the---C、to his feet. Our first --A、 requires。 People who lose--C、what they eat. People seem to --C、depending upon Some of the support--B、earlier units。 Since the ring --C、has increased。 Since I loved--B、mother-in-law’s. Scientists reckon--C、but Sea creatures--C、were changed through So effective--B、are these techniques The trouble is that--A、is that with。 The trouble is--D、until。 The chairman of-- B、is。 The sharp --C、partly because it。 The lawyers for --C、be delayed。 The thing she--B、her age。 The more people --D、there will be The pet dog ---C、of a head injury. The first English--A、what is. The teacher said--D、it. The text and---D、ignored. The stroke left him---C、impaired. The university,faced---D、its. The current anti-procreative--C、of. The field of --D、acting on。 The suggestion that taxes--A、should be cut The agreement allows --D、expired The large number--B、is The initiative--C、in which The reason why --C、that They cannot go camping--D、 three-week-old。 Two metal surfaces --D、are reduced To meat the --A、expanding To protect --B、it To be tabled in --B、are These are some of--C、discussed There is absolutely no----D、with which. This time Williams--D、expected This has caused--C、hardly anything. Though Art Tatum --C、the other。 Today,the Park—C、protected areas Up to 30--D、shooting at Vincent Van Gogh--C、 would never have considered。 We are willing--C、how little it might be We’d rather have--A、than have Were it not--B、would not have developed Were banks increase--B、banks to increase When a person--C、is judged。 When attempt--A、when an attempt。 When they --C、which was what。 When we are going --A、buy When we speak --B、or When sailors--C、go. With the word---A、By.

多维教程 探索课文+翻译

Unit 1 travel language旅行通用语 The Academie Francasie has for decades been the watchdog over the French language. A few years ago, French sensitivity to the influx of English words became so great that law for the purification of French was adopted. The law covers even technical applications. For example, in theory, it is now compuslory in France to refer to the Boeing 747 as a gros-porteur, leasing as credit-bail, etc. the list is very long and detailed and applies to all facets of life. Mr. Chirac, the French President, might well expand on this list and come up with some new French terms for words such as "internet" or "byte stream" just to name a couple. The mind boggles at what the world might face. 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing 也变成了credit-bail。此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。 Unfortunately (or perhaps not), the English language is not so protected. Quite apart from the unforgivable deviations from the king's English prevlent in America, where "honour" is commonly written as "honor" and "night" as "nite," many well-tested has also been give new meanings, making communication somewhat difficult. For example, the boot of a car has become to be called a trunk – a word reserved in England for the main part of a tree. The bonnet is a hood, good old nappies are diapers, and a baby's matinee jacket is a vest. It's obvious that the two countries are indeed separated by what once was a common language! From an American point of view, of course, it could be argued that the British speak English with a speech deficiency. 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。―honour‖普遍被写成―honor‖，―night‖也变成了―nite‖。许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。比如说，汽车的行李箱―boot‖变成了―trunk‖(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖―bonnet‖变成了―hood‖(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布―nappy‖变成了―diaper‖(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套―matineejacket‖也变成了―vest‖(英国的内衣汗衫)。显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。 Even worse English, however, is in use. Anyone who travels in foreign countries and observes it on menus and posters, in hotels, and indeed in everyday life can testify that what used to be the king's lingo has become in these places but a poor relation thereof. Allow me to elaborate. 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下： The travel writer Perrot Phillips has taken pains to highlight some of his experiences, which I feel should not be withheld from a wider readership. He refers to a Dutch bulb catalogue which promised customers "a speedy execution" and to an East Berlin cloakroom sign that requested guests to "please hung yourself here." One hopes that nobody took the advice literally. 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有―a speedy execution‘——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是―送货及时‖)。此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人―please hang yourself here‖——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是―将衣帽挂在这儿‖)。只希望没人会真的从字面上去理解。

英语多维教程-探索课文翻译

Unit 1旅行通用语 1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。 2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。“honour”普遍被写成“honor”，“night”也变成了“nite”。许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。? 3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下： 4 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution?——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是“送货及时”)。此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。只希望没人会真的从字面上去理解。 5 我还可以补充一些多年周游世界时的亲身经历。例如，奥斯坦德的一家精品店正在宣扬其货品立意新颖，却用了“revolting new ideas”，即“令人作呕的立意”。孟买的几家糕饼屋也鼓吹自己是“No.1 loafers”，目口头号游手好闲者，可是其本意是要宣称自己的糕饼全市第一。 6 我并不知道基督教影响如此之广，直到我在香港看到一位牙医的宣传：“我们由最新的循道宗信徒拔牙”，这儿的“Methodists”(循道宗信徒)显然应改为“methods”，即“方法”。 7 恐怕没人能确定这些误用实际上是体现了英语的普及还是仅仅反映了局限于地方的习惯用法。但可以确定的是，海法医学会绝对应该阻止其会员挂这样的铜招牌：“妇女及其它疾病的专家”。 8 看来旅店对多语种告示颇为青睐，希望它们会有利于人们更好地使用现代化设施。没有它们，旅店就会显得沉闷而缺乏效率。然而，在布鲁塞尔的一家旅店中，这条电梯告示只会令毫无防范的房客更愿意爬楼梯：“使用电梯时，请按要去楼层的按钮。若更多人进入电梯，请分别按各自要去楼层的按钮。电梯会按楼层的字母顺序，依次送客。没复位的按钮显示着接收到的要去楼层的指令”。伊斯坦布尔的一则旅店告示则没这么复杂：“想要客房服务时，请开门喊叫…客房服务?”。至少那儿的客人不用对付也许经常失灵的电子设备。 9 在土耳其，人们对于“直言不讳”的喜爱在一个已远近闻名的安卡拉导游册中得到了充分体现。导游册这样招揽顾客：“来我们餐馆吧，你会在欧洲救护车中享用中东风味美食”(显然这儿的救护车“ambulance”应为氛围“ambience”)。而另一家瑞士餐馆的菜单也同样吸引人：“我们的葡萄酒绝人他念”。(“our wines leave nothing to hope for'?一语双关，可本意显然是“我们的葡萄酒美味绝伦”)。 10在东欧，奥匈帝国时期的老牌大旅馆从未放弃过礼节。一则旅馆房间告示上写着“诚邀尊贵的客人在12点到14点之间占客房女服务员的便宜”(take advantage of the chambermaids)。然而，这可能造成意外的交通阻塞。最近的一次莫斯科画展也未必能让偶尔光顾者欣然前往，根据其告示，“画展将展出俄罗斯艺术家的300幅作品，他们中的大部分人在过去十年中已被处死了”。 11 曼谷一家洗衣房的广告词邀请来访的顾客“留下你的衣服，尽情享受吧!”就像是鼓励人们在这座远东娱乐首府干些出格之事。 12 罗马也有类似的邀请，一家洗衣房广而告之：“女士们，留下你们的衣服，尽情享受这个下午吧!” 13 若在欧洲的夜总会看到用多种语言撰写的广告，游客们也不应吃惊。在德国，人们对马略卡舞极为痴迷，以至于慕尼黑的一家夜总会直接借用了帕尔马的一则三语告示，只是内容令人骇异。告示上印着“舞会”的西班牙语"Baile! Baile! Baile!”，德语“Tanz! Tanz! Tanz!”，还有那所谓的英语“Balls! Balls! Balls!"。(只

研究生多维教程探索课后翻译

. ,为帮助学生学习英语，图书馆已决定将英语电影原版电影出租给他们.() , .文档来自于网络搜索 ，一到周末，如果有一家商店贴出减价广告，其他许多商店，无论大小，都会跟着贴出更多地大减价地招贴.( )文档来自于网络搜索 , , , , .文档来自于网络搜索 ，当某一语言中地一些不符合语法地表达方式流行于社会时，这些表达方式往往会逐渐地被公众所接受.()文档来自于网络搜索 .文档来自于网络搜索 ,这家企业倒闭，并不是因为资金缺乏耳饰因为管理不善.() .文档来自于网络搜索 ，广告通常以突出所宣传地产品或服务来招揽顾客.() .文档来自于网络搜索 ，有人争辩说，我们应当抑制语言发展地速度，否则我们可能每隔年就得学习一种新地语言.()文档来自于网络搜索 . 文档来自于网络搜索 ，我很感激他，因为每当我学习遇到困难时，他总是来帮助我.() .文档来自于网络搜索 ,要改变这个厂地经济状况得花大力气.( ) .文档来自于网络搜索 ，那些主张语言纯净化地人是为了保护他们地文化而保护语言.( ) .文档来自于网络搜索 ,关于说谎是否总是坏地，是否应该避免，不同地人有不同地看法.() .文档来自于网络搜索 ，伦敦最高地大楼同纽约地摩天大楼比起来，仍然算小地.( ) .文档来自于网络搜索 ，在可接受地谎言与恶意地语言之间定界是因人而异地，因文化而异地.( )文档来自于网络搜索 .文档来自于网络搜索 ，溺爱孩子地母亲常常会对自己地孩子地过错睁一只眼闭一只眼.( ’ )文档来自于网络搜索.文档来自于网络搜索 ，当暴力行为发生地时候，这个国家需要一个能使人民团结一致地领袖.() .文档来自于网络搜索 ，自私者将所有人地分成两类：他喜欢地人和他不喜欢地人.() .文档来自于网络搜索 ，她对我地话感到恼火，但我无意去伤害她.（） ’ . 文档来自于网络搜索 ，老师对调皮地学生抱有成见是错误地.() . 文档来自于网络搜索 ，在有些国家，一个人如果有意不想工作，可以很容易地退出一段时间，靠失业保险金和其他福利来维持生活.()文档来自于网络搜索 .文档来自于网络搜索 ，丈夫去世以后，使她经受了极大地痛苦.（） .文档来自于网络搜索

研究生英语多维教程探索课文原文

Unit 2 Lies and Truth What is truth? –and the opposite question that goes with it: what makes a lie? Philosophers, teachers, and religious leaders from all cultures and periods of history have offered many answers to these questions. Among Euro-North-American writers, there is general agreement on two points. The first is that what we call a “lie” must be told intentionally – that is, if someone tells an untruth but they believe it to be true, we don’t consider them a liar. The second point is that practic ally everyone lies, and lies frequently. But there the agreement ends. One rather extreme point of view is that lying is always bad and that we should try to find ways avoid doing it. The reason is that lying hurts not only the listener, but also the liar. Each lie makes the next one easier to tell, and the liar comes not only to disrespect herself, but to mistrust others, whom she believes will lie as easily as she. In a society, where lying is common, trust becomes impossible, and without trust, cooperation can not exist. Furthermore, by lying to people, we remove their power to make important choices about how to spend money, what future career to take, what medical treatment to take. Toward the opposite extreme is the position that although some lies are evil, many others are not –in fact, they are necessary to hold our society together. We lie in harmless ways to protect other’s feelings and to better our relationship. These are not lies that try to hurt others. We laugh at the boss’s joke which we have heard before and which she doesn’t tell very well; we pretend interest in a friend’s story of something uninteresting that happened to him. If someone asks us a question that is very personal and is none of their business, we may lie in response. Sometimes we lie to protect the reputation or even the life of another person. On a larger scale, government may protect national security by lying. Each person seems to have some point at which they draw the line between an acceptable lie and a bad lie. Obviously, this point varies from individual to individual and from culture to culture. A sometimes painful part of growing up is realizing that not everyone shares your own individual definition of honesty. Your parents and your culture may teach you that liars suffer, but as you go through life, you find that often they don’t: in fact, dishonest people often seem to prosper more than honest ones. What are you to do with this realization? It may make your moral beliefs look weak and silly in comparison, and you may begin to question them. It takes a great deal of strength and courage to continue living an honest life in the face of such reality. Little white lies: This is our name for lies that we consider harmless and socially acceptable. They are usually told to protect the liar or the feelings of the listener. Most of them would be considered social lies, and they include apologies and excuses: “I tried to call you, but your line was busy.” “You’re kidding! You don’t look like you’ve gained a pound.” Some people, however, would consider it acceptable to lie to save themselves from responsibility in a business transaction: “After I got home, I noticed that it was broken, so I’m returning it and would like my money back.” Occasionally a “little white lie” may have a very profound effect on the lives of the listeners, and may even backfire. Author Stephanie Ercsson tells of the well-meaning U.S. Army sergeant who told a lie about one of his men who had been killed in action. The sergeant reported the man as