科技文翻译
Unlocking the Climate Puzzle Nonetheless, in1995, after years of intense study, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), sponsored by the United Nations, concluded tentatively that “the balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on global climate”.
然而，由联合国发起的政府间气候变化专门委员会，经过数年集中的研究，在1995年，初步得到了“对照所有证据表明，人类对全球气候有明显的影响”这个结论。
The amount of that influence, the group noted, is unknown because of “uncertainties in key factors”, including the degree to which clouds and the oceans affect the rate of temperature change.
该委员会同时提到，由于“关键因素的不确定性”，包括云层和海洋对温度变化率的影响程度，人类对全球气候的影响量是未知的。
It may take decade or more of additional research to resolve those uncertainties.
解决这些不确定因素可能需要十年乃至更长时间的额外研究。
1.What causes climate change? 是什么导致了气候变化？
2.Weather is what happens outside your home this morning.
天气是这个早上出现在户外的自然现象。
3.Climate is what you can expect to happen outside during your 30-year mortgage.
气候是在30年内可以预测的发生在户外的自然现象
4.Over time small changes can make a big difference.
随着时间的流逝，微小的变化会造成巨大的影响。
5.Driven by tremendous flows of heat over the surface of the planet, Earth’s climate system is influenced by innumerable interacting variables.
由于星球表面上的巨大热流，无数相互作用的变量影响着地球的气候系统。
The role of clouds is poorly understood, but they are known to both cool earth by reflecting solar energy and warm earth by trapping heat being radiated up from the surface.
人类对云层的作用了解很少，但是知道它们会通过反射太阳能使地面温度下降，且通过储存地表散发的热量使地面温度上升。
When solar energy penetrates the land surface, it is converted into heat, most of which radiates upward quickly.
当太阳能渗入地表时，会转化为热能，其中大部分会很快上升散发到空气中。
Still, topography and land use can have major effects on climate.
地形和土地使用仍然对气候有主要的影响。
Mountain ranges can block clouds, creating dry “shadows”downwind. 在下风口，山脉会挡住云层，形成缺乏雨水的“阴影地”。
Sloping land allows more water runoff, leaving the land and air drier.
坡地让更多的水分流失，使得土地和空气更加干燥。
A tropical forest will soak up CO2 ,but once cleared for cattle ranching, the same land becomes a source of methane.
热带森林会吸收二氧化碳，但是一旦允许牲畜农场经营，这块土地将会产生大量的甲烷。
If CO2 emission increases are to blame for global warming,skeptics say,then temperatures should have risen appreciably during the postwar economic boom,when fossil fuels were burned in escalating quantity.
质疑者们说，如果CO2的增加应该对全球变暖负责，那么在战后经济繁荣期间化石燃料被越来越多的燃烧时，温度应该很明显的增加。Jerry Mahlman,director of NOAA’s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory at Princeton, however, has calculated that the surge in coal and oil use quickly increased the amount of sulfates aloft,prompting the cooling.
不管怎样，Jerry Mahlman，美国国家海洋和大气局位于普林斯顿关于地球物理流体动力学实验室的主任，曾计算过煤和油的使用量的激增会迅速增加空气中大量的硫酸盐，并促进它们冷却。
After 1970 the longer term effect of CO2 and methane overwhelmed the short-lived aerosols,accounting for the temperature rise since then.
从1970年后，CO2和甲烷覆盖了短期效应的气溶胶从而带来的长期效应，导致了温度的上升。
Furthermore,higher temperatures might be most welcome where they are most likely to occur.此外，高温在可能发生的地方也许会很受欢迎。
Science 1900,the greatest warming has been observed between 40 degrees and 70 degrees north latitude——including Europe,Russia,and the northern half of the U.S.——where much of the world’s industrial greenhouse gas emissions originate.
从1990年开始，人们在北纬40°—70°之间观察最主要的温室变化。包括欧洲、俄罗斯和美国北部半数地区，这些地区是世界上工业温室气体主要的排放地。
Most of the warming has taken place at night——presumably because increased cloud cover shades the land by day and traps outgoing heat at night.
大多数的温室变化是发生在晚上的，大概是因为在白天增加的阴云遮住了大地并且晚上高温的散发受到了限制。
The growing season in the northern U.S.has lengthened by about a week. 在美国北部植物的增长期被延长了差不多一周左右。
On the other hand, there is evidence that some kinds of events could chan ge climate radically in the span of decades.
从另一方面说，有证据表明一些事件会在数十年的时间内从根本上改变气候。
Perhaps the most feared is an abrupt collapse in the huge Atlantic"convey or belt"system that brings warm water north from the equator, keeping Eu rope several degrees warmer than it would otherwise be.
也许人们大多数的担忧是巨大的大西洋“传送带”会发生一种突然的
崩溃。这个“传送带”从赤道北部带来了温暖的水，使它比原来的温度高几度。
Evaporation of this incoming flow leaves the belt with a higher salt conte nt than the rest or the North Atlantic, which is fed by substantial freshwat er runoff from continental watersheds.
这种流入水的消失会使“传送带”变得比北大西洋其它地区的盐度都高，北大西洋其它的地区存储着大量从陆地流域流入的淡水。
The belt cools and becomes denser as it approaches Greenland,where it sinks.
这个“传送带”中的水在接近格陵兰岛时会变得冰冷而且稠密，在那里它下沉了。
It then travels far below the surface in a south-moving return flow.
然后它随着向南流动的回流表层下部远去。
No one knows for certain whether such things will happen.
没人确信这些事情是不是真的会发生。
Beyond that the specific human effect on climate change will remain ha untingly indefinite until our knowledge increases and the models improve.除了对气候做出特别的人为影响，这种不确定性将会一直萦绕人们的心头直到我们的知识增加和理论提高。
Toyota’s Story in Europe
It’s Monday afternoon inside Toyota Motor Corp’s Valenciennes plant in northern France, where workers turn and bend swiftly over the assembly line to meet demanding hourly production targets.
译文：周一午后，丰田汽车制造公司旗下位于法国北部的瓦朗西安工厂内，工人们为达到每小时的生产目标，熟练且有条不紊的在装配线上忙碌着。
Red neon numbers mounted high above the river of moving cars blink steadily, comparing the rate of completed autos with the company’s goal. 在汽车生产流水线上方，红色霓虹灯数字持续地闪烁着，表示与公司目标对比下的汽车生产率稳步增长。
Demand for the Yairs subcompacts this pristine plant cranks out is outstripping the 920-per-day output.
译文：对于这个新工厂迅速出产的丰田威姿微型汽车，公司要求日产量超过920辆。
So Valenciennes has hired 500 more workers and this month is adding a third shift for round-the-clock production—a first in Toyota manufacturing history.
译文：因此，瓦朗西安工厂雇佣了500多个工人，并且这个月实行三轮班制度不分昼夜地生产，这在丰田汽车制造史上尚属首次。
“We produce a car every minute. That’s the maximum. The solution is to try three shifts,”says Didier Leroy, senior vice-president of Toyota
Motor Manufacturing, France.
译文：法国丰田制造公司的高级副总裁Didier Leroy说“我们每一分钟就能生产出一辆汽车，这已经是最大限度了，相应的解决方案就是尝试三轮班制度。”
Toyota, a marginal player in Europe, is becoming a fearsome market force as it applies itself to winning a bigger share of the Old World’s roadways.
译文：在欧洲并不起眼的丰田汽车，随着其在东半球公路市场赢得了更大的份额，正在成为一股不容小觑的市场竞争力量。
Sales in Europe rose 20.6% in the first four months of this year, following a10.4% leap in 2003, to 835,000 cars.
译文：今年前四个月，丰田汽车在欧洲的销量上升了20.6%，紧接着在2003年销量又提高了10.4%，销售达到835000辆汽车。
Those gains, fueled partly by the redesigned Yaris, pushed Toyota’s market share in Westren Europe to 5.3% in April, up from 4.5% a year ago, overtaking Mercedes and Audi and edging close to Italy’s Fiat.
译文：重新设计的丰田威姿汽车在一定程度上促进了这些成绩的取得，推动丰田汽车四月份在西欧的市场份额从去年的4.5%上升到今年的5.3%，其份额超过了梅塞迪斯汽车和奥迪汽车，并逐渐接近意大利的菲亚特汽车。
European auto makers have more to fear from Toyota than a handful of hot models.
译文：相比其它少数热销车型，欧洲汽车制造商对丰田汽车有更多的事情要担心。
While the Japanese powerhouse was figuring out how to build cars attractive to European, it was also bearing down on costs to wield the efficiency needed to prevail in one of the world’s lowest-margin auto markets.
译文：日本公司在解决怎样制造吸引欧洲人的汽车的同时，也在满足使用率的条件下削减成本，以便于在世界低赢利的汽车市场中占有一席之地。
Toyota’s management asked engineers to propose an innovative,
cost-saving design for the Valenciennes facility.
译文：丰田汽车公司的管理人员要求工程师们为瓦朗西安的设备？提出一个既创新又节约成本的设计方案。
The result, a compact, star-shaped factory, was a first at Toyota.
译文：最终，一个紧凑的星形工厂首次在丰田公司诞生。
It features a production area with limited space to store parts or components
译文：这个工厂的特征是，其生产区域存放零件和组件的空间有限。The 21/2 hours’worth of inventory on hand is lower than at any other Toyota factory in the world.
译文：这个工厂两个半小时的存货价值比世界上其他丰田汽车工厂都低。
“Some Toyota engineers said this plant could not work,”recalls Leroy. “They said if we had any problem, it would stop the lines.”
译文：Leroy回忆道：“一些丰田公司的工程师说这些工厂不会运作起来，他们说如果我们出现任何问题，都会使生产线停止生产。”Why Diesel-powered Cars Are In and Electric Cars Are Out? Strange as it may seem, diesel is staking a claim to be the environmentally friendly fuel of the future.
尽管听起来很奇怪，柴油将代表着未来的环保燃料
For car makers, at least,being smaller certainly seems more beautiful.
至少，对于汽车制造商来说，汽车越小，似乎就越好（就越环保）。At the recent Paris Motor Show they vied with each other to show small economical cars, such as the tiny V olkswagen Lupo and the Toyota Yaris. 在最近的巴黎车展上，制造商们争相展示小而经济的汽车，比如微型大众LUPO和丰田YARIS
The Lupo is billed as the world’s first three-liter car—the number referring not to the size of its engine, but to its merge thirst.
LUPO已经成为世界上第一个被标榜为“三升”汽车——这个“三升”不是指发动机的排放量，而是指他极低的耗油量。
It is the first car capable of traveling100 kilometers on three liters of fuel, or about 90 miles to the gallon.
LUPO是首款能够行驶100公里而只耗油3升，也就是大约行驶90英里只耗油一加仑的汽车。
Behind this unlikely turn of events is a new generation of electronically controlied, high pressure fuel-injection systems combined with new “common-rail”technology.
在这种不太可能的形势变化的背后，是新一代电控，高压燃油喷射系统与新高压共轨技术的结合。
This promises to make diesel as quiet and smooth as petrol, while offering much greater fuel economy.
这种结合将使柴油使用如汽油一样安静顺畅，同时提供了更高的燃油经济性。
It is also cleaner.
After years as the poor, filthy relation to petrol engines, diesel has cleaned itself up. Why now?
同时，（比起汽油）柴油更加清洁。
数年后，当汽油发动机变脏，性能变弱时，柴油发动机已经完成了自我清洁。为什么柴油发动机在现在变得时髦起来了呢？
Executive Forecast
Pending U.S. Regulations and legislation–- including the
8-Hour Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard and the Clear Skies Act--will drive a continue requirement to reduce allowable NOx generation for existing sources.
翻译：这条包含8小时臭氧标准的国家空气质量标准和《净化空气法案》悬而未决的美国法律条例，将推动持续发展的要求，以减少可容许生成氮氧化物的现存来源。
Since 85 percent of the large—greater than 300 megawatt(MW) facilities —concentrated sources of NO x already have been controlled through LNB and SCR solutions for the major utilities are Shifting their focus to identifying the most economical solutions for the mid-sized NOx sources which range from 100 MW to 300 MW.
翻译：由于85%的超过300兆瓦的大功率设备--对氮氧化物的集中来源,（浓缩来源中的氮氧化物）已经通过LNB和SCR方案得到控制，主要的公共事业正在将目光转移到最经济的解决方案----那些范围在100兆瓦到300兆瓦的中型氮氧化物的设备。
On a dollar-per-ton basis,the most economical solution for achieving the umbrella requirements for the foreseeable future involves integrated inprocess technologies.
翻译：在每吨一美元的基础上，为了实现综合的要求，在可预见的将来，最经济的解决方案涉及到使技术进程一体化。
Using simple spreadsheets or PC-based databases like Microsoft Excel or Access to attempt to manage permitted obligations under Tilte V of the Clean Air Act is like typing a letter without the benefit of spell check.
翻译：《净化空气法案》的指标体系很复杂，如果仅仅使用Excel 和Access这样简单的表格和数据库工具来处理空气监测数据，就如同使用没有拼写检查功能的系统来写信一样，劳神费力，却无法避免出错。Sure,the letter can be painstakingly reviewed，word by word,a dictionary can be consulted and,in the end,the letter might even be error free.
翻译：肯定的是，这封信可以借助字典一字一句的精心审查，最后，这封信可能就没有错误了。
Of course,the better option is to take advantage of very inexpensive word processing tools,like Microsoft Word,that will automatically indicate when a word is misspelled so you avoid the embarrassment of sending a document with mistakes.
翻译: 当然，更好的选择是利用非常廉价的文字处理工具，例如，微软的词库会自动显示单词的拼写错误，这样你就可以避免发送有错误的文档而感到的尴尬。
The massive compliance documentation increase imposed by Tilte V has effectively transformed environmental,health and safety(EHS) professionals from letter writers to novelists:instead of merely tracking the responses to noncompliance events , managers are now
required to track all compliance activities and to certify under oath that "all words are spelled correctly".
翻译：《净化空气法案》修正案第五部分（的实施），带来了大量合规性文件的增加，有效地使环境、健康和安全专业人员从信件作者到小说家，而不是仅仅跟踪回应违规事件，管理者现在还被要求追踪所有的合规活动，并要用“所有单词都拼写正确”的誓言来保证。
Industry leaders from different sectors offer their predictions about trends in the environmental industry…
来自不同领域的行业领导者提供了在环境产业中的趋势预测…
The Future of Pollution Control Equipment Manufacturing
污染治理设备制造业的未来
Current regulatory and economic environments have converged to influence the future of controlling nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the two largest regional markets-Europe and North America.
监管的现状与经济环境的融合将影响未来在欧洲和北美这两个最大的区域市场中控制氮氧化物（NOx）的排放。
To meet both pollution reduction requirements and plant performance goals, these markets are demanding a more cost-effective, in-process approach, which optimizes the combustion system to prevent emission generation.
为了满足减少污染和设备性能的要求，这些市场亟需一个性价比更高
的加工方法，来优化燃烧系统以降低排放。
This demand is driving significant research and development investment for new in-process technologies, which ultimately will reduce the need for the long entrenched post-combustion control technologies, including selective catalytic reduction (SCR) solution.
这种需求推动了有意义的研究以及发展投资新的加工技术，这最终将减少包括选择性催化还原法在内的早已确立的燃烧控制技术的需要。While these solutions effectively reduce NOX emissions, alternative technologies focused on pollution prevention are achieving the same results with added financial benefits and improved performance.
当这些解决方案有效地减少了氮氧化物排放的同时，致力于预防污染的替代技术也同样取得了增加经济利益和提高性能的结果。Several next-generation combustion optimization techniques not only reduce emissions of NOX, carbon monoxide and particulate matter, but also improve boiler efficiency and reliability.
新一代的燃烧优化技术不仅减少了氮氧化物、一氧化碳和颗粒物的排放，还提高了锅炉的效率和可靠性。
The European utilities recently implemented the Large Combustion Plant Directive , requiring the reduction of NOX from coal-fired electric generating units to 500 milligrams per cubic meter by 2008 and to 200 mg/m3by 2015.
“欧洲公用事务”最近实施了“大型燃煤电厂排放物规程”，该规程
要求各燃煤电厂的氮氧化物排放量（限度）在2008年降至500mg/m 3，在2015年降至200mg/m3。
The 2008 emissions limits can be achieved with a variety of in-process control solutions , including reburn , low NOX burners(LNB),combustion optimization and over-fired air.
2008年的排放量限制可以通过各种工艺控制方案来实现，这些方案包括再燃烧、低氮氧化物燃烧、燃烧优化以及充分燃烧。
Recent advancements in these technologies combined with emergent technologies , such as advanced sorbent injections , currently can attain the 2015 limits in many applications and will continue to gain ground on the incumbent SCR as the market opportunity expands.
近期这些技术的发展与新技术相结合，比如先进的吸着剂注射，目前在很多应用中可以达到2015年的限度，而且随着市场机遇的拓宽将继续普及当前的选择性催化还原法。
Post-Modernism and Urban Planning Planning, as with other fields, such as its close relation architecture, is subject to the new school of thought of post-modernism.
现代城市规划，正如其他领域，比如与他有紧密联系的建筑学一样，正受到后现代派思想这一新学派的冲击
The following sections will lay out the modernist approach to planning and problems associated with it, and detail the post-modernist approach and the differences between it and the modernist approach.
下面的部分将讲述现代主义者规划设计的方法和与方法相关的问题，详细讲解后现代主义规划方法和与现代主义规划方法的区别之处。From this, some insights into the study of urban planning can be gained. 从这样的讲解中，可以深入了解城市规划的研究。
Modernism was a movement of which planning was a part.
城市规划是现代派运动的一部分。
This school of thought for planning came out of a reform movement in reaction to the industrial cities of the nineteenth century.
现代规划思想的学派是由19世纪工业城市中的改革运动所产生的Modernism was then a cultural reaction to the processes of modernization associated with the rise of capitalism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
现代化的进程与十九和二十世纪资本主义的崛起有关，而现代派在那时对于现代化进程来说是一种文化效应
Its initial thrust was to diminish the excesses of industrial capitalism while mediating between capitalists who had developed cities which were inefficiently organized for production and those affected by it.
现代派的最初目的是减缓工业资本主义的过度发展，同时调解那些在发展城市的过程中没能有效将城市组织起来进行生产的资本家和深受其发展影响的人们之间的矛盾
Modernism can generally be characterized by “fordism”after the industrial mass production of the type pioneered in the 1920’s by Henry Ford for motor vehicle manufacturing.
二十世纪20年代，亨利福特在汽车制造领域里开辟了福特产业，在福特汽车大规模工业化生产之后，现代派就普遍以“福特主义”为特征了
The early modernist planners held utopian attitudes and a belief in a future in which social problems could be tamed and humanity liberated from the constraints of scarcity and greed.
早期的现代派规划者持有乌托邦式的态度，他们心中也有一种对未来的信念，就是在未来，社会问题可以解决，人性能从不满足和贪婪的束缚中解脱出来。
Modern architects for their part, sought to design cities that would promote industrial efficiency in the face of massive housing shortages, standardized dwelling types capable of mass production.
面对大量的住宅短缺以及标准化的住宅类型要能够满足大规模生产，
就现代派建筑师而言，他们在尽力争取使设计的城市能够提高工业效率。
Modernist planning is being challenged by the political and economic manifestations of post-modernity.
现代主义城市规划正在遭受来自后现代主义在政治和经济上所作出表现的挑战。
Problems became evident in the 1970’s and 1980’s as new political forms, economic relations, and restructured cities posed difficulties for the premises that underlie the tenants of modernist planning.
在20世纪七、八十年代，当新的政治形式、经济关系以及重建的城市给现代主义城市规划下的居民所居住的房屋形成压力之时，此类问题日益明显。
To try to put the difficulties faced by modernist planning in context, reference can be made to Robins’belief that there is a crisis of urban modernization on two levels:
若要将现代主义城市规划所面临的问题放到大环境下来讨论的话，就要提及罗宾逊的信条，那就是在城市现代化中有一场两个层面的危机。
the scale of physical and social problems in the modern city (inequality, segmentation, and alienation are inscribed in the physical and social landscape of cities) and on a higher level, the questions: What do we think cities are for?What do we think should regulate urban life? What
does civic identity mean now?
一则现代城市中物质和社会问题的规模（如不平均、分割和异化都是城市物质和社会构成的烙印），此外在更高的层面上还有几个问题：我们认为城市为的是什么？统一规范城市生活的价值是什么？现如今公民的身份又意味着什么？
Uniformity and inhumanity are evident in modern cities.
千篇一律和缺乏人文关怀在现代城市中随处可见。
These phenomena are indicative of the abstraction and universalism in modernist planning.
这些现象都昭示着现代主义城市规划中的抽象性和同一性。Moreover, according to Philip Cooke, the local dimension has been for too long neglected and over-centralized, dominating modernist culture. 除此之外，根据菲利普·库克的看法，对地方层面长久以来的忽视以及过度集中化（的现象），主导着现代主义城市文明。
The times and urban conditions that spawned modernist planning have changed and what was developed under that paradigm is now in the near and near-distant past.
如今，曾孕育出现代主义城市规划的时代和城市状况都已发生了改变。当时那种背景下所开发出来的事物现在也渐行渐远。
In response to the shortcomings of the modernist paradigm and changes in the organization of society and economic activity, post-modernism emerged.
为了应对现代主义模式的缺点和社会组织与经济活动的变化，后现代主义应运而生。
It can generally be described as “post-fordism”and can be characterized by the emergence of new information-based industries such as IT.
后现代主义通常可被描述为“后福特主义”，并且可以表征为诸如IT 行业等以信息为基础的新型产业的出现。
To attempt to define what post-modernist planning is, it may be most effective to examine what modernist planning is not.
（如果）要试图去诠释后现代主义规划，（那么）去审查现代主义规划的反面可能是最有效的。
If modernism can be said to have broken ties with any or all historical conditions，then post-modernism can be said to re-establish historical ties. 如果说现代主义已经断绝了同历史条件的某些或所有联系，那么后现代主义则可以说是重建了这些联系。
It is concerned about reclaiming the city ,re-establishing personal and collective roots and in general , the re-enchantment of the city through the re-enchantment of identity and community.
总之，后现代派所关注的是通过公民和社区的复魅来改造城市、重建个人与集体的根源和城市的复魅。
Planning under the modernist approach uses grand plans and the “big broom”or “clean sweep”approach to development 基于现代主义方式的规划用宏伟的计划和“大扫帚”或“全胜”的方式来促进发展。
科技文本的翻译
（一）科技英语特点和翻译原则 科技文本：科学专着、科学论文、科学报道、试验报告、技术规范、工程技术说明、科技文献以及科普读物等。 科技文本的特点：用词非常严谨，行文规范，注重客观；描述平易，一般不带感情色彩；准确，正式，逻辑严密。 1. 科技英语的词汇。 i. 普通词汇 ii．半专业词汇 半专业词所表达的意义根据不同的学科内容而定 .：1. pencil 光学中：光纤锥，射束 机械中：metal pencil 焊条 2. concentration
1）Electrode potential depends on the concentration of the irons.（浓度） 2) A concentration process is important now that the depletion of high grade ores is possible. (富集) iii．专业词汇 i.词义专一，构成呈多样化，前后词缀，如：auto-, a-, semi-,micro-等。 ii.外来词多 2.科技英语中长句较多, 汉译英时注意拆分 科技英语重表示某些复杂概念时用的长复合句大大多于一般英 语。长句特点是从句和短语多，同时兼有并列结构或省略，倒装顺序，结构显得复杂。但其所表达的科技内容严密性、准确性和逻辑性较强。 见4. . 3.科技英语专业术语性强，汉译英是强调术语翻译的正确性。 专业术语语义具有严谨性和单一性 平时阅读与所译材料同类的英文材料 给概念以约定俗成的译名 .：药品的“保存期”是“shelf life”而不是“storage period” 肺活量是“vital capacity”而不是“lung capacity” 科技英语重缩略语情况也比较多，需勤查相关专业词典或参考书，采用公认的缩略形式。
小议科技英语翻译技巧
小议科技英语翻译技巧 科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末，科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下： 一、大量使用名词化结构 大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。 Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。 二、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。 We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads. 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，
科技英语翻译的原则_方法及技巧.
翻译是把一种语言里已经表达出来的事物用另一种语言准确流畅地进行重新表达的过程。与其他题材的文章相比,科技专业文章在内容、表达形式和风格上有很大的差别,具有科技性强、专业性强、逻辑严密、表达要求简练的特点,在翻译上力求准确全面、严谨明确和通顺简练。 1科技英语翻译遵循的基本原则 从科技文章的特点来看,大多具有以下几个特征:述说事理、逻辑性强、结构严密、术语繁多,语言严谨、数据精确。这就要求译文必须概念清楚、条理分明、逻辑正确、数据无误,尤其对定义、定律、公式、图表、结论等更应特别注意。科技英语作为特殊英语的一个分支,在词汇构成、遣词造句等方面都有其自身的特点,其语法结构不十分严密、语言习惯和汉语也有不少差别、词汇量大、词语繁多,因此科技英语翻译起来比较困难。另外,科技文章比较重视叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰与畅达; 避免行文晦涩,避免表露个人感情,避免论证上的主观随意性。因此,科技英语翻译力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词,而是大量使用科技词汇、专业技术用语,译者应尊重客观事实,不能随意改动数据、回避不易翻译的文字,更不能加进自己的主观想象,进行自由翻译。 我国著名翻译家严复提出的“信、达、雅”三准则一直为不少翻译工作者所接受。 “信”指的是译文要忠实于原文,“达”是指译文的通顺达意,“雅”指的是译文的用词修辞。三准则体现了译文和原文信息等值这一基本要领。 “信、达、雅”的翻译准则对各种英语文体的翻译实践都具有指导意义,是衡量一篇译文好坏的标准,也同样适用于科技文献的翻译。由于科技文章特有的文体特征,与其他类文章相比,其“达”和“雅”的内涵不同,它要求在准确传达信息的基础上,使译文更加简洁明快,流畅通顺。2科技英语翻译的基本方法
英语和汉语互译中的区别
英语和汉语的区别 一、英语重结构，汉语重语义 我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”(《中国语法理论》，《王力文集》第一卷，第35页，山东教育出版社，1984年) 我们看一看下面的例子： Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with inbuilt （成为固定装置的，嵌入墙内的；内在的，固有的）personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived。 译文：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视前休闲，到这时数字时代就来到了。 这句英语是由四个独立句构成的并列句，前三个句子都用简单将来时，最后一个句子用的是将来完成时，句子之间的关系通过时态、逗号和并列连词and表示得一清二楚。而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述，至于句子之间的关系完全通过句子的语义表现出来：前三个句子可以看成是并列关系，最后一个句子则表示结果。 二、英语多长句，汉语多短句 由于英语是"法治"的语言，只要结构上没有出现错误，许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达；汉语则正好相反，由于是"人治"，语义通过字词直接表达，不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因，考研英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子，而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。 例如：Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline （身心的锻炼，训练；纪律，风纪，命令服从；惩戒，惩罚；学科，科目）and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。 英文原句是个典型的长句，由27个词组成，中间没有使用任何标点符号，完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整：less through...and more from构成一个复杂的状语修饰动词arisen。在中文翻译中，"产生兴趣"这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达，两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达，整个句子被化整为零。 三、英语多从句，汉语多分句 英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂，而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接，整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句，加上表达结构相对松散，英语句子中的从句
科技文翻译
Unlocking the Climate Puzzle Nonetheless, in1995, after years of intense study, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), sponsored by the United Nations, concluded tentatively that “the balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on global climate”. 然而，由联合国发起的政府间气候变化专门委员会，经过数年集中的研究，在1995年，初步得到了“对照所有证据表明，人类对全球气候有明显的影响”这个结论。 The amount of that influence, the group noted, is unknown because of “uncertainties in key factors”, including the degree to which clouds and the oceans affect the rate of temperature change. 该委员会同时提到，由于“关键因素的不确定性”，包括云层和海洋对温度变化率的影响程度，人类对全球气候的影响量是未知的。 It may take decade or more of additional research to resolve those uncertainties. 解决这些不确定因素可能需要十年乃至更长时间的额外研究。 1.What causes climate change? 是什么导致了气候变化？ 2.Weather is what happens outside your home this morning. 天气是这个早上出现在户外的自然现象。 3.Climate is what you can expect to happen outside during your 30-year mortgage. 气候是在30年内可以预测的发生在户外的自然现象
英译中翻译套路
英译中翻译套路 此部分内容和“阅读理解，七选五，完形填空”关联性巨大，读不懂，做题就是玄学。 ◆谓语动词=助动词（情态动词）+ 实义动词 1.时态的翻译 ?注意事项： 时间：默认指的是“现在，过去，将来“，若有具体时间，则相应进行调整。 状态：共四种状态即“一般，进行，完成，完成进行“没有变化，对应相应的汉语意思直接翻译。 一般：经常做 进行：正在做 完成：已经做完了
完成进行：做完了还做/一直做 例句翻译： 1)Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. 2)Fifteen years ago, I took a summer vacation in Lecce in Italy. 2.被动语态的翻译 形式：be + done一般通过by + n.引出动作的施加者。 A be + done by B译为A被B做了相应的事情。 ?注意事项： be + done对应的汉语意思，常见的有“被，受，给”等词，根据具体情况进行调整。 例句翻译： 1)Students are placed into classes according to their current language skills. 2)Learning materials are provided to students throughout their course, and there will never be more than 15 participants in each class. ◆名词性从句 根据主从复合句结构表先行判断结构，确定是名词性从句。 先译除引导词外的从句内容再加上引导词的意思。 When:…的那个时间
英语科技文翻译句子1
Sentences 1 1.The North American International Auto Show has traditionally served as an extravagant unveiling of the latest in the automotive industry. 2. A new international initiative to increase grain crop yields could help raise incomes for six million farmers in South Asia and combat hunger in one of the poorest regions of the world. 3.The U.S. space agency, NASA, is celebrating the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 8 space mission. 4.At NASA, 2008 will be remembered for shuttle missions, discoveries on Mars, and mysteries revealed across the solar system and beyond. 5.Three main Internet cables from Italy to North Africa were inexplicably severed in the second such incident in a year, plunging Egypt and several other Arab countries into a communications crisis. 6.Clean energies are forms of energy which do not pollute the air, the ground, or the sea. Clean energies include: Solar power Wind power Wave power Salinity gradient power Tidal power Geothermal power 7.Solar power describes a number of methods of harnessing energy from the light of the Sun. 8.The world seems increasingly divided into those who favor genetically modified (GM) foods and those who fear them. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2316304669.html,puter makers are pushing the limits of weight and power. 10.Meanwhile, labs are testing new battery technologies. 11.One of the most promising new technologies to help achieve that goal is a new breed of low-powered microprocessors that can vary the speeds at which they operate. 12.South Korean scientists clone first dog 13.South Korea's pioneering ste 14.m cell scientist has cloned a dog 15.Snuppy, the first cloned dog, appears with the three-year old male Afghan hound whose cells were used to clone him. 16.Researchers have since cloned cats, goats, cows, mice, pigs, rabbits, horses, deer, mules and gaur, 17.Researchers determined that the specimens are around 195,000 years old. 18.Many large cities are anything but beautiful. 19.If people want to solve the problem of waste, there is no time to be lost. 20.They must work out ways of making use of good things which are just thrown away as waste. 21.When a car gets too old, it may not run any more. But the metal that the car was made of is still good. It can be put to use again. 22.When a bottle is empty, it goes out in the trash. But bottle glass can be ground into sand and used to pave streets. 23.Garbage from food can be changed into fertilizer. But first you have to fish out all the glass and metal.
科技英语原文翻译
新疆农业大学 科学技术学院 课程翻译 题目: 一心可二用 Polychromic Versus Monochromic。 课程: 科技英语 姓名: 马静 专业: 英语 班级: 092班 学号: 095237226 座位号: 指导教师: 张洁老师职称:
2011 年12月11 日 题目:一心不可二用 指导教师：张洁姓名：马静 摘要：文化还规定个人在社会进程的信息，确定优先事项、管理时间和与他人的交往。与亚洲人相比，美国人喜欢一心一意的做事，。对于那些可以一边打电话，一边写备忘录给同事一边又能听着来访商人的叙述，并且一项也不错过的中国行政官员来说，他们自己才是可以一心多用的人，即他们可以同时执行多个任务。 关键词：单一文化社会，多元文化，高语境，低语境 Polychromic Versus Monochromic Name: Ma Jing Abstract：Culture also dictates how individuals within a society process information, set priorities, manage time and interact with other individuals. When you compare Americans to people from Asian cultures, it is the Americans who like to do things one at a time .Compare that attitude with a Chinese executive who can talk on the telephone, write a memo to a colleague and continue to listen to a visiting businessperson all at the same time without appearing to miss a beat .The Chinese are considered highly polychromic that is ,they can—and refer to –do multiple tasks simultaneously. Key words:Monochromic polychromic low-context high-context Polychromic Versus Monochromic 正文： (1)Culture also dictates how individuals within a society process information, set priorities, manage time and interact with other individuals. Americans, for example, will refer to someone who is less than bright as an individual who “cannot walk and chew gum at the same time”—implying that someone who is unable to handle two tasks at once is deficient, Oddly enough, when you compare Americans to people from Asian cultures, it is the Americans who like to do things one at a time .Compare that attitude with a Chinese executive who can talk on the telephone, write a memo to a colleague and continue to listen to a visiting businessperson all at the same time without appearing to miss a beat .The Chinese are considered highly polychromic that is ,they can—and refer to –do multiple tasks simultaneously. （2）To an individual from a monochromic society ,time is used for ordering one’s life ,for setting priorities ,for making a step-by-step list for dong
科技翻译策略
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科技英语翻译480句
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科技英语翻译技巧
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