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高考英语语法介词考点

高考英语语法介词考点
高考英语语法介词考点

高考英语语法介词考点

介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语、表语、定语或宾语补足语。介词可分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词。

①Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语)

②This machine is in good condition.(表语)

③Where is the key to my bike?(定语)

④She always thinks herself above others.(宾补)

一、介词的分类

(1)从用法分类

介词类型例词例句

表示方位at, before, behind, below, etc.There must be something

behind it.

表示时间about, after, at, before, by, etc. He came home after 3 days.

表示原因、目的for, with, from, etc. He died from cancer.

表示对于to, for, over, at, with, etc.The book is really difficult for

me.

表示手段、方式by, in, with, etc.I will defend the motherland

with my life.

表示除去but, besides, except, etc.We all went to the supermarket

except Tom.

表示比较

as, like, above, over, than, etc. They united as one man.

表示结果to, with, without, etc. Man can’t live without water.

(2)从结构分类介词分类构成例词

简单介词只有单独一个

词的介词after, at, on, in, during, since, till, across, over, through, past, near, to, above, by,

for, down, from, of, off, behind, below,

beneath, beside, between, beyond, up,

with, about, against, along, among,

around, etc.

复合介词由两个单词

合成的介词 into, inside, onto, outside, throughout, towards, upon, within, without, etc. 形容词,分词

或副词+介词

according to, away from, down to, inside of, near to, opposite to, owing to, etc. 连词+介词

as for, as to, because of, etc. 介词+介词(又称双

重介词)

from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between, etc. 介词+名词+介词 by means of, in front of, in spite of, on account of, with

regard to, etc.

短语介词 其他thanks to, etc.

分词

concerning, considering, including, regarding, etc. 形容词或副词 like, near, opposite, round, next, etc. 连词

than, but(除……之外), etc.由其他词类转用

名词despite(不顾;不管), etc.

【考点一】考查with/without复合结构

介词with/without+名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语/动词不定式/分词(分词可以是现在分词,也可以是过去分词)在句中表状态或说明背景情况,常作伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。

With all the things she needed bought, she went home happily.

Possibly this person died without anyone knowing where the coins were hidden.

单项填空

①It was a pity that the great writer died _____ his works unfinished.

A. for

B. with

C. from

D. of

解析:选B。考查with复合结构。works 与unfinish之间为动宾关系,所以用过去分词表示被动。如果名词或代词与后面的动词是主谓关系,则用现在分词表示主动。

【考点二】考查工具、手段、方式介词

(1)by, in, on三词都可表示旅行的方式

①不涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词前不加冠词。如by sea, by water, by land, by rail, by air等。

②涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词须用单数形式,前面不加冠词或任何修饰语。如by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship等。

③当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时,用on或in,名词前加冠词、物主代词、指示

代词等修饰语。如travel to New York in this plane,leave on an early train,go to school on my bike等。

注意:步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如on foot,on horseback,on a horse,on the camel。

(2)with, by, in三词均意为“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式。

①with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。They are digging with a pick/spade.

We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.

②by, in, on, over, through等介词多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。如by hand, in ink, on the telephone, over the radio, through the telescope等。

注意:①使用语言、原料、材料时,用in表示,如in English/Japanese;in blue ink等。

②表达“用……方法/式”时,所用介词有:in this/that/the same way,by means of,by this/that means,with this/that method等。

【考点三】考查of+抽象名词的用法

“of+抽象名词”的用法与形容词相同,在句中可作表语、定语、补语。

of+great/much +抽象名词=very+名词的形容词形式

of+no+抽象名词=not+名词的形容词形式

It is of great value.=It is very valuable.

It is of no use.=It is useless.

The camel is of great help to the Arab.

=The camel is very helpful to the Arab.

【考点四】考查表示程度的介词by, to, beyond

by 表示“增加了……”;to表示“增加到……”;beyond表示“范围, 限度超出”。

This new model of car is so expensive that it is beyond the reach of those with average incomes.

单项填空

②Sorry, Madam. You’d better come tomorrow because it’s ______ the visiting hours.

A. during

B. at

C. beyond

D. before

解析:选C。考查介词的用法。句意为:对不起,女士,你最好明天来,因为已经过了开放时间了。beyond(时间)晚于,迟于。

【考点五】考查介词but的固定搭配

have no choice but to do只得做某事;can’t help but do不得不做……;can’t but do不得不只能;can’t choose but do只得做某事;but for要不是……。

I have no choice but to accept his conditions.

There was no taxi that day, I couldn’t choose but stay there for

another night.

【考点六】考查to one’s+情感类名词

to 与情感类名词连用,表示“某人因某事的发生而唤起其内心的某种情感”。常见的结构有:to+one’s+delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret=to the delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret of sb.。这种结构表示结果,用作状语,通常置于句首,也可置于句中或句末。若要加强该结构的语气,有两种方式:①在名词前加great, deep等形容词修饰;②在整个短语前加副词greatly, much等修饰。

To his disappointment, he failed again.

【考点七】考查名词与to构成的固定搭配

key, approach, solution, answer, entrance, visit, attitude等与to构成固定搭配:the key/approach/solution/answer/entrance/visit/attitude to...。

It is said that they have adopted a new approach to teaching English.

【考点八】考查介词by的用法

(1)by+地点名词。表示方位,意为“在……旁边”。

注意:表示“从……旁边经过”时,多与动词go/walk/pass等词连用。

(2)by+时间名词,意为“到……时(已发生某事);最晚,不迟于……,在……之前”,此时谓语多用完成时。

(3)by+名词。可用来表示方法、方式、手段等。

①by+the+可数名词(时间、长度、重量等),意为“按……计算;按……买(卖)”。

②by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词(名词前不加冠词),意为“按……计算,按……买(卖)”。

③by+表示交通工具、交通方式名词(名词前不加冠词,不用复数),意为“通过……;由……;乘……”。

④by+抽象名词或具有抽象意义的普通名词(名词前不加冠词,不用复数),意为“靠……;通过……;由……所致”。

⑤by+地点或工具等具体名词。表示路线、途径,意为“通过(某物、某地);取道……”。

⑥by+动词-ing,意为“通过……;靠……;凭……”。

(4)by+数量词。

①表示升降、增减的程度。

②表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。

(5)by+身体部位/衣服类名词。表示被抓住身体/衣物的某一部分,常与

catch/seize/take/hold/grab等动词连用。

It takes a long time to go there by train; it’s quicker by road.

The man entered the room by the back door.

The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year.

Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen.

1. Sean has formed the habit of jogging ______ the tree-lined avenue for two hours every day. (2010·上海)

A. between

B. along

C. below

D. with

解析:选B。考查介词的用法。句意为:Sean已经形成了每天沿着绿荫大道慢跑两小时的习惯。along沿着;顺着。

2. My father warned me _______ going to the West Coast because it was crowded with tourists. (2010·天津)

A. by

B. on

C. for

D. against

解析:选D。考查介词的用法。句意为:父亲警告我不要去西海岸,因为那里挤满了游客。warn sb. against doing sth.相当于warn sb. not to do sth.,表示“警告某人不要干某事”。

3. Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back ______ a big tree.(2010·四川)

A. in

B. below

C. beside

D. against

解析:选D。考查介词的用法。句意为:累坏了,吉姆背靠着一棵大树,很快就睡着

了。against倚着,靠着;below在……下方;beside在……旁边;in在……里面或(时间)……之后。

4. I agree to his suggestion ______ the condition that he drops all charges. (2010·辽宁)

A. by

B. in

C. on

D. to

解析:选C。考查特殊连词和介词的用法。句意为:我同意他的建议,条件是他应降低所有的费用。介词on和the condition that搭配起连词作用,引导条件状语从句,意为“条件是,以……为条件”。

5. Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are _______ everyone’s enjoyment. (2010·北京)

A. in

B. at

C. for

D. to

解析:选C。考查介词的用法。句意为:请你不要摘花园里的花好吗?这些花儿是供大家欣赏的。for enjoyment意为“为了寻求乐趣”。for表示目的。

6. The dictionary is what I want, but I don’t have enough money me.(2010·重庆)

A. By

B. for

C. in

D. with

解析:选D。考查介词的用法。句意为:这本字典就是我想要的,但我身上没有带足够的钱。have sth. with sb.某人随身携带某物。

7. I guess we’ve already talked about this before but I’ll ask you again just ______.(2010·浙江)

A. by nature

B. in return

C. in case

D. by chance

解析:选C。考查含有介词的固定搭配。句意为:我估计我们之前已经谈论过这件事,但是以防万一我记错了,我再问你一次。by nature天生;in return作为回报,作为交换;in case万一,以防;by chance偶然地。

8. More and more high-rise buildings have been built in big cities ________ space.(2010·福建)

A. in search of

B. in place of

C. for lack of

D. for fear of

解析:选C。考查介词短语的辨析。句意为:由于缺乏空间,越来越多地高层建筑兴建于大城市。for lack of由于缺乏;in search of寻找,搜寻;in place of代替;for fear of由于害怕。

9. It is illegal for a public official to ask people for gifts or money ______ favors to them.(2010·湖北)

A. in preference to

B. in place of

C. in agreement with

D. in exchange for

解析:选D。考查介词短语的辨析。句意为:公职人员向人们索要礼品或金钱作为给人们带来恩惠的交换是非法的。in preference to优先于;in place of代替;in agreement with 符合,同意;in exchange for交换。

10. Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients ______ name, not case number. (2010·江西)

A. of

B. as

C. by

D. with

解析:选C。考查介词的用法。方式方法可以用by表示,也可以用with表示。by+ n.(方式/方法);with+修饰词+n.(工具)。by name凭名字。

11. So far we have done a lot to build a low-carbon economy, but it is _______ ideal. We have to work still harder. (2010·江苏)

A. next to

B. far from

C. out of

D. due to

解析:选B。far from远远不;next to靠近;due to因为,由于; out of脱离。根据句意可知,应选B。

12. The goals of our educational system are _______ the development of our society. (2010·潍坊市5月高三适应性训练)

A. in praise of

B. in return for

C. in keeping with

D. in need of

解析:选C。考查介词短语的辨析。句意为:教育体制的目标应该和社会的发展相符

合。in keeping with 与……一致,相符。

13. After several sleepless nights, Mr. Johnson _______ a perfect solution to the financial problems of his company. (2010·福州八中质检)

A. kept up with

B. put up with

C. came up with

D. ended up with

解析:选C。句意为:经过几个不眠之夜后,Johnson先生提出了一个非常好的解决公司财政问题的方法。come up with提出,符合句意。keep up with赶上,追上;put up with 忍受,容忍;end up with以……告终。

14. ________ giving a general introduction to computer, the course also provides practical experience. (2010·山东省青岛市高三教学质量检测)

A. In terms of

B. In addition to

C. In case of

D. In spite of

解析:选B。考查介词短语的辨析。in addition to 除……之外;in terms of 就……方面而

言;in case of 防止;in spite of 虽然,尽管。根据句意,应选B。

15. If a person has not had enough sleep, his actions will give him ______ during the day.(2010·山西师大附中10月月考)

A. away

B. up

C. in

D. back

解析:选A。考查give后面的介词搭配。句意为:一个人如果没有充足的睡眠,从他整天的活动中就能表现出来。give away放弃;泄露;分发;出卖;give up 放弃;give in 屈服,让步;give back 归还,回复。

16. The goal is to make higher education available to everyone who is willing and capable _______ his financial situation. (2010·临沂5月高三模拟)

A. due to

B. according to

C. regardless of

D. in terms of

解析:选C。考查介词短语的辨析。句意为:目标是让每一个有意愿和能力的人都能够接受高等教育,而不管他们的经济条件如何。due to 由于;according to 根据;regardless of 不管,不顾;in terms of 就……方面/角度而言。

17. It is absolutely unacceptable to sacrifice people’s life and health ________ the economic development in any case.(2010·烟台市高三质量调研)

A. in hope of

B. in exchange for

C. in face of

D. in need of

解析:选B。考查介词短语的辨析。句意为:牺牲人的生命和健康来换取经济发展在任何情况下都是不能接受的。in exchange for 用……交换;in hope of 希望;in face of 面对;in need of 需要。

18. When we went boating on the lake that morning,it turned out fine, ______, very calm, without any wind. (2010·江西五校联考)

A. except

B. including

C. but

D. besides

解析:选D。考查介词的用法。句意为:那天早上我们去划船时,天气晴朗,湖面平静无风。except表示“除……之外”;including表示“包括”;but表示“除……之外”,通常位于不定代词后;besides表示“除……之外还有……”。

19. Marie Curie took little notice _______ the honors that were given to her in her later years. (2010·浙江温州中学高三下4月月考)

A. of

B. at

C. to

D. from

解析:选A。take notice of 注意到,为固定搭配。

20. Our city is more open to the outside and ranks No.2 in the country ________ the level of internationalization.(2010·安徽示范性高中联考)

A. in honor of

B. in terms of

C. in place of

D. in charge of

解析:选B。考查介词短语的辨析。in terms of 在……方面,就……而言;in honor of 向……表示敬意;in place of 取代;in charge of 负责。根据句意可知,应选B。

中考英语语法考点重点解析

中考英语语法考点重点解析 中考英语语法考点重点分析(一) 中考是一种比较激烈的选拔性考试,它承担着为高级中学挑选优秀学生的任务,所以它一定要有必要的难度和区分度,我们在认真分析了近五年上海中考原题语法和词汇部分后(20xx年至20xx年),下面扼要的总结了些上海中考的重点和考点,帮助广大学生熟悉考试的具体要求和重点,为学生们备战中考提供必要的帮助。 初中生因为刚涉及英语学习,语法方面还没有过多学复合句等问题,中考的考核绝大多数是以词法为主,20xx年到20xx年语法单项选择15道题,涉及句法的题寥寥,一般在2道左右。20xx年单项选择增加到20道考核句法的题也没有超过两道。这体现了中考英语语法考核重在考察各种词法,强调最基础的学习和积累,为以后的高中学习打下牢固的基本功。 冠词和代词注意的问题: 例:The scientists from United States live in Ninth street.(20xx 上海中考题) A. the……the B. /……the C. /……/ D. the……/ 解析:这是考察冠词的一道典型试题,需要强调的是学生要牢牢记住一些冠词的特殊用法,如普通名词构成专有名词一定要用the 如:the Great wall长城 the Shanghai Museum 上海博物馆 the New Oriental School 新东方学校。另外注意零冠词的用法:街道、广场、

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